Nodes can connect to ISP(Internet Service Provider) and the Internet in several ways.

Obtaining a public or private address depends on the host connection method.

Direct connection

Some customers have only one computer with a direct modem connection to their ISP. In this case, the public address from the ISP's DHCP server is assigned to only one host.

Connection via integrated router

If you need to connect more than one site to the Internet, you can connect your ISP modem not to a single computer, but directly to an integrated router. This creates a home network or a small business network. The integrated router receives public addresses from the ISP. Internal hosts receive private addresses from the router.

Connection via gateway

Gateways combine an integrated router and modem and connect directly to an ISP. As with integrated routers, the gateway receives a public address from the ISP, while PCs on the internal network receive private addresses from the gateway.

During installation of the Internet Explorer 7 Administration Kit (IEAK 7), you are prompted to select a role or version according to the license agreement. This version determines which Internet Explorer 7 package settings will be available for configuration, the steps to deploy the package, and how the browser can be managed after deployment. The following versions are available:

Installer (all versions)

Customization of Internet Explorer installer snippets is available for all versions of IEAK:

• Setting appearance the Internet Explorer installer and the extent of user interaction with this program (enterprise version only).
• Directing users to Internet servers where the latest versions of products are available.
• Deploy internal programs, custom scripts, or maintenance scripts when Internet Explorer is installed.
• Select the Internet Explorer language to include in the installation package. You must run the Internet Explorer Customization Wizard for each language version that you create.

  Browser (all versions)

  Internet Explorer snippet customization is available for all versions of IEAK.

  • URLs for the home page, search page, and support page.
  • Preload links and folders in Favorites, Links, and Feeds lists.
  • Changing title bar text and adding custom buttons to launch programs.

    Internet service registration (ISP versions only)

    There are two main ways ISPs can set up registration for customers: the server package and the client package. You should use the registration server package for users who are not yet registered with the service. Using the HTML-based registration server, you can provide these users with fully active accounts. For users registered with a server or other provider service, you can deploy a custom browser package using a simplified process without using a server. For the latter package type, one of the installation steps is to set the final parameters. additional information see Prepare for Online Registration .

    Internet Explorer logo (ISP and ICP versions only)

    Security and content scoring (for organization network administrators only)

    IEAK 7 Enterprise Edition allows you to manage browser security settings and content ratings for your organization's users and computers by doing the following:

    • Set rating preferences for users according to your organization's policies.
    • Using security zones to establish different levels of security and trust zones.
    • Set proxy settings for addresses and ports.

Each user needs a computer, a browser (web browser) and an Internet Service Provider (ISP) to connect to the Internet.

I dare to assume that you already have a computer (laptop, desktop PC, tablet, etc.) The Windows operating system includes Internet Explorer (it is also called the “built-in browser”).

If the user has a computer and a browser, it remains to decide on the Internet provider.

What is an Internet Service Provider

An ISP is a company that provides access to the Internet.

It can be called ISP for short, which means Internet Service Provider. This can be translated as an Internet provider, or better translated into Russian as an Internet service provider.

The following definition can also be given:

An Internet Service Provider (Internet Service Provider) is a company that has a permanent communication channel with the Network.

To use the capabilities of an Internet provider, you need to get access to one of its servers, through which the use of a communication channel with the Network is organized.

There are many Internet users. There are far fewer companies providing access to the Internet. Therefore, each client is provided with only a small part of the "total pie", that is, some part of the total bandwidth of the ISP's communication channel. Which part - it depends on the type of connection to the Network, as well as on the tariff plan - than more money The more you pay fast access receive. Accordingly, the fastest access is access without restrictions or the so-called unlimited access, but it is also the most expensive.

Identification of each provider is carried out using a username (login - login) and a password (password).

Consider how your computer and the ISP's server interact. To do this, let's assume that you have established a stable connection between your computer and the ISP's server. In other words, you are already using the provider's services. Using a special software(usually a browser or, also called a web browser), you send from your computer to the provider's remote server some kind of request for information (for example, a request to download this web page that you are currently reading).

The ISP's server processes your request and passes it to the required Internet server (the server that stores the requested page). It is on such servers that all sites, pictures, music, videos and other data that you can view or download from the Global Network are stored.

The server located in the Global Network (indicated by number 3 in Fig. 1) receives a request from the server of your Internet service provider (number 2 in Fig. 1) and, if it can provide the requested information, then transfers it to your provider's server. The ISP's server, in turn, redirects the received query results to your computer (number 1 in Fig. 1).

Rice. 1 Scheme of using the Internet

As a result of such a chain of actions, you will either receive a response to your request on your computer, that is, the desired Web page, or you will see a notification about the impossibility (for various reasons) to find the required Internet server or information on it.

As you can see, the Internet is complex, but quite easy to use.

How to find a provider

Different providers serve different areas and geographies. It is best to find out from your acquaintances, neighbors and friends how they are connected to the network and what they think about the quality of communication provided by a particular provider. Find out also about the cost of services of each of the providers and choose the one that suits you best (if there is one to choose from).

You can also find on the Internet thematic with user reviews about the work of a particular Internet provider.

Typically, services are provided on a monthly basis. If you do not like something, then after a month you can switch to another provider.

5 nuances when connecting to the Internet

First nuance

The sequence of connection and configuration steps home network using a router (or without it) consists of the following 4 points:

1) Select "your provider" with which you are going to work and who will provide you with Internet access. Almost all ISPs have their own websites.

On the website of the Internet provider of your choice, read:

• with the requirements for equipment that should be on your part,
• with features (limited or unlimited, speed, coverage area, other moments),
• with the cost
• with the terms of provision (for free or for money, monthly payment or immediately after the limit of the provided Internet traffic has been exhausted).

After that, you can contact the selected Internet provider, clarify any questions with them, if you have any, and conclude an agreement with the provider for connecting to the Internet and further maintenance.

When you have signed an agreement with the provider, then everything will be done by its technical support: a master will come at the time agreed with you, who will install and configure the Internet.

2) On the provider's website or by phone hotline(or by calling their technical support phone number) listed on the site, read the rules for setting up the equipment installed on your side.

3) In the same place, read the rules for setting up your computers and gadgets so that they can access the Internet without problems.

As a rule, modern routers are such that special settings for computers and gadgets are not required, but there may be exceptions.

4) Do not forget to regularly pay for the services of the provider, and everything will work well. Possible incidents will be eliminated by the technical support of the Internet provider.

For example, if as a provider, then you need Yota modem, which connects via USB to work on only one computer. And to access the Internet at the same time several computers and gadgets, you still need to purchase a router with the capabilities WiFi sharing. The Yota modem and router will need to be configured by following the instructions that came with the modem and router.

On the part of computers and gadgets Settings are not required. The operating system that is installed on your computer, as a rule, does not matter for connecting to the Internet.

The second nuance

The Internet provider provides Internet access for a fee. But the PC user does not always pay for the Internet connection.

Sometimes you can get internet access free of charge, via Wi-Fi. Modern laptops and tablets support Wi-Fi connectivity. Therefore, when in the zone of action WiFi access to the Internet can be obtained free of charge without a password, or with a password that you are provided as a client. This is possible at some metro stations, sometimes in cafes, in hotels at the reception, in universities, etc., where the provider is paid for by the organization that provided you WiFi connection.

The third nuance

Providers can provide Internet access with per-minute billing, according to the volume of downloaded traffic (incoming and outgoing), or they can provide unlimited access. It is desirable to learn about such "nuances", more precisely, about tariffs before you go online. Otherwise, at the end of the month, you may be unpleasantly surprised to see the submitted bill for the use of Internet access services.

Once I had the Internet for a month with a limit on the amount of traffic. Once it turned out that this limiting volume was slightly exceeded. For this, I had to pay an amount exceeding the payment for the Internet for a month by 1.5 times. Since then, I have no choice but to be very inquisitive and attentive in relation to the tariffs of Internet providers.

The fourth nuance

You can connect to the Internet in a variety of ways. The slowest of them is the connection using a telephone modem and a regular home telephone line (dial-up method). It is better to use high-speed connections, for example,

• ADSL modem, which significantly increases the speed of data exchange over a telephone line,
• connection via a dedicated LAN line (for this, the provider must have the technical ability to "reach out" this line directly to your PC),
• WLAN connection to a mobile telephony service provider using a SIM card (for this, your PC must have such capabilities, or you need to connect additional devices to it)
• and etc.

However, high-speed Internet connections are not available everywhere. Unfortunately, the choice of connection method is usually determined not by the user's personal preferences, but by the area in which you live and the opportunities provided to you.

True, everything changes quickly, so after some time after connecting to the Internet, you can be very surprised how the tariffs have changed and, accordingly, choose a more suitable tariff for yourself, or change the service provider to another, cheaper or better one.

Fifth nuance

remember, that You pay the ISP for one Internet connection. Once you set up your home network, you can use the same connection for multiple computers, mobile phones, TVs, and other devices that require an Internet connection.

If you have " wired Internet”, then you can configure a laptop connected to the Internet so that it will distribute Wi-Fi for your other devices, for example, for a tablet, for a smartphone.

Please vote!

Please take part in the survey "How do you access the Internet?". You can select multiple options.

Most companies or organizations get their IPv4 address blocks from Internet Service Providers(or ISP). An ISP usually provides a small number of usable IPv4 addresses (6 or 14) to its customers. Larger blocks of addresses can be obtained upon justification of need and at an additional cost.

Role of the ISP

In a sense, the ISP lends or leases these addresses to the organization. If we want to move to another ISP, the new ISP will provide us with addresses from the blocks that were given to him, and our previous ISP will return the blocks that he lent us to further allocate them to another client.

Internet Service Provider Services

In order to access Internet services, we must connect our data network to the Internet using Internet Service Provider (ISP).

An ISP has its own set of internal data networks in order to manage Internet communications and provide related services. Other services that an ISP typically provides to its customers include DNS services, email services, and websites. Depending on the level of service required and available, customers use different levels of ISPs.

ISP levels

ISPs are defined by a hierarchy based on their level of connection to Backbone of the Internet. Each lower layer receives a connection to the backbone through a connection to more high level ISP as shown in the picture.

Level 1

At the very top of the hierarchy are the Tier 1 ISPs. These ISPs are large national or international ISPs that connect directly to the Internet backbone. Tier 1 ISP clients are either a lower level ISP, or big companies and organizations. Because they sit at the top of the Internet connection, they design highly reliable connections and services. Among the technologies used to maintain this reliability are multiple connections to the Internet backbone.

Key Benefits of Tier 1 ISP Clients - Reliability and Speed. Because these clients are only one connection away from the Internet, they have fewer opportunities for traffic bottlenecks or outages. The disadvantage for a Tier 1 ISP client is the high cost.

Level 2

A Tier 2 ISP gets its Internet service from a Tier 1 ISP. Tier 2 ISPs usually focus on corporate clients . Tier 2 ISPs offer more services than the other two ISP tiers. These second tier providers often have the IT resources to manage their own services such as DNS, mail servers and web servers. Other services that a Tier 2 ISP can offer include website development and maintenance, "business ecommerce and VoIP.

The main disadvantage of a Tier 2 ISP compared to a Tier 1 ISP is slower Internet access. Because Tier 2 ISPs are at least one more connection away from the Internet backbone, they also tend to have lower reliability than Tier 1 ISPs.

Level 3

Tier 3 ISPs buy their Internet service from Tier 2 ISPs. These ISPs focus on local retail and home markets. Tier 3 clients typically don't need many of the services that Tier 2 clients need. Their primary need is communication and support.

These clients usually have little or no computer or networking experience. Tier 3 ISPs often combine Internet connectivity with web and computer services for their customers. Although they may reduce throughput and reliability compared to the providers of the first two levels, they are usually - good options for small and medium companies.

The Internet has both a technical component and a business structure. Internet Service Providers (ISPs) play a key role in this business structure; ISPs are companies that connect customers to the network. Some ISPs cater to individuals and families using network access from home; they provide remote access service and computer account to allow customers to read email and browse the web. Some ISPs serve businesses. These ISPs may provide high-speed links to customers' computer systems, or they may provide a "hosting" service whereby customers' Web sites reside on the ISP's machine.

One group of service providers such as AT&T, MCI, and Sprint operate network links and routers at the "Center" of the Internet, called network backbone through which data is transmitted over long distances (long-distance Internet traffic). These services are provided mainly for other providers. Many of the backbone service providers are also telephone companies, with networks that have international access. Data can travel thousands of miles through routers over copper or optical cable owned by one company.

Service providers focused on retail customers include: America Online (AOL), Earthlink, and Mindspring, telephone companies such as AT&T Worldnet, Verizon, and many smaller providers that serve some restricted areas. The latter wholesale high-speed connections from one of the major ISPs to connect their customers with global Internet. Small local providers are often bought up by large ISPs, but there are still many of them.

In order to connect your home computer to the Internet, it must be assigned an IP address. Depending on your ISP agreement and connection type, your system may have a fixed IP address, or it may use a dynamic IP address each time you connect to the network. People or organizations that need a computer connected to the network all the time have fixed IP addresses.

In addition to providing a network connection and an IP address, ISPs usually offer packages of services including email, access to news (Netnews) and Web server space for users who want to create a personal page that anyone can see.

Some service providers also function as content providers, meaning their systems contain information that only their customers can see. For example, AOL has many travel, sports, hobbies, health, and current affairs pages that are only available to AOL customers; they are not on the web. Prodigy and CompuServe are two other ISPs that offer copyrighted content. But, with the rise of the World Wide Web, the number of content providers has increased and many of their content is free and available to everyone. Thanks to the Web, content providers make money by selling ad space instead of accessing content directly. In this new market, convenient mail service (email) and Web access are as important to ISPs as content.

Module 6: Computer security

With the increasing role of computer technology in facilitating work and communication, many people are connecting their computers to the Internet. While this trend empowers users to share information and manage businesses, it also opens up many avenues for attackers to break into computer system.

Tools for hacking computer systems that require minimal knowledge of a computer system are becoming more and more available. As a result, more and more people are able to hack into computer systems, steal secret data from computers, modify or even corrupt computer systems. Attackers can use your computer to attack your organization, other corporations, and even governments. Computers can be used to cause harm if we, as computer users, are not aware of weaknesses protection and will not take steps to prevent computer attacks.

According to Spectrum Systems, Inc., since 2002:

• Estimated losses from computer crimes range from $300 million to $500 billion annually
• Computer scams committed in the US exceed $3 billion every year.
• Penetrations through computer protection are growing by 20% per year.
• 91% of respondents found computer security breaches
• 94% found computer viruses
• 91% found permission abuse.
• 40% detected an external intrusion.
• Cases of entry have been identified. Less than 1% of all compromised computers have been compromised.
• 34% of detected cases were reported
• There are over 3,000 hacker sites

To secure a system, you first need to know where the system can be vulnerable and what attackers can do. This information is presented in the section Security Threats (security Threats). Then, in the section Security Technologies(security technologies), told about modern technologies data protection. Finally, information about existing tools and best practices for intrusion prevention and detection, as well as for recovery from an attack - is given in the sections Prevention, Detection and Recovery.

Keeping a computer secure depends largely on its users. At the end of this module, you should be an informed user of security measures and countermeasures to provide better protection for your computer system.

Security Threats

Before delving into how security can be compromised, let's look at the characteristics of security systems.

Security systems support the following:

• Data privacy– access to data is limited to personnel with access rights
• Data security- data is not changed unintentionally
• Data Availability- services that provide access to data

The consequences of weak home computer security include:

• Exposure of unsecured information - for example, an attacker can use your password and credit card number to steal your money.
• Loss of data - for example, attackers can delete or damage important documents such as a financial report or a business proposal.
• Loss of system functionality - attackers can take over your processor and memory using malware, blocking the system.

Additional consequences of weak protection of a working computer include:

• Loss of time and money spent on security issues (for example, loss of possible income during system downtime)
• Loss of customer confidence in the system, resulting in loss of revenue, reputation, jobs, and potentially the entire business. For example, if attackers could get information about customers' credit cards through an online store, then no one would use the site and the business would no longer be profitable.

To understand how to secure a computer system, we must first understand attackers, who they are and how they attack. The general attack methods discussed in this section are divided into three groups: identity theft and privacy attacks, malware (such as viruses, worms, and Trojan horses), and repelling attacks on system services. Identity theft and privacy attacks generally violate the confidentiality of data. Malicious software can compromise data confidentiality, integrity, and usability. The purpose of attacks on system services is to access system resources.

We will look at each category of attacks in more detail in order to improve our understanding of these threats to the security of a computer system.