1. Manuscript acceptance

First of all, the publishing house must establish rules for the preparation of manuscripts for their authors and publish them. In any case, the author should know about them before submitting his manuscript to the publisher. Among the requirements for the author at this stage: the number of submitted copies of the manuscript, the rules for formatting the text (best of all immediately in accordance with OST 29. 115-88 Author's originals and publishing texts. General technical requirements), if necessary, documents related to the specifics of the text - An examination report on the absence in the text of information disclosing state or other secrets protected by law, any letters, certificates, reviews. The manuscript is registered in a special journal, the author is issued a receipt of acceptance. A “case” is started on the manuscript, the first document of which is a receipt for its receipt, and the second is a card of the movement of the manuscript

2. Preliminary study and evaluation of the manuscript

The manuscript accepted by the publisher is reviewed Chief Editor and submits to the editorial office dealing with this topic. The publishing house specialists (editor, editorial manager, editor-in-chief) at the first viewing or selective reading of the manuscript come to a common opinion as to whether this manuscript corresponds to the subject matter and creative plans of the publishing house in principle. 3. Reviewing manuscripts

Manuscripts that have undergone editorial preparation (see paragraph 2) and included in the publishing house's preparatory plan are subjected to a deeper, more thorough evaluation, which should finally decide on the issue of publication. For this, the manuscripts are peer-reviewed.

4. Thematic planning

Manuscripts that have passed the stage of internal and external review are included in thematic plan release of literature.

A literature release plan is a publishing document containing a list of books, brochures or other products intended for publication during the next calendar year.

The literature release plan includes the following information: the author (surname, initials), the title of the work, an annotation containing brief information about him and the potential readership, the volume in printed sheets, the quarter of publication, sometimes the planned circulation.

5. Production planning

Basic indicators production activities include:

Number of titles (titles) of books or other units of publishing products,

The number of accounting and publishing and printed sheets per year,

Average volume of published books,

Average circulation.

6. Literary editing

Editing is a multi-valued concept, in our case it is a part of the publishing process, the content of which is work on the manuscript of a work in order to improve it in literary, linguistic, professional, scientific, social terms.

Initially, the lead editor works on the manuscript, improving composition, style, spelling and punctuation, etc.

7. Scientific and special editing

This stage is not obligatory, in some cases it may not occur, but often, when more thorough editing is required in terms of professional or scientific subtleties, the specifics of the text, it is carried out by specialists working in the publishing house or invited to perform this work.

8. Proofreading

Proofreading (from the Latin correktura - correction, improvement) - stage production process publications of books. newspapers, magazines and other printed materials, on which various errors and shortcomings made during editing and typing are eliminated. Proofreading is a very important publishing process designed to eliminate errors, typos, misprints and other shortcomings that reduce the perception of the text in a finished, published work. Proofreading of the same work is carried out first on the manuscript, then, after typing, on proofreading. reprints and, finally, the proofreader reads the finished signal copy of the book in order to identify errors before releasing it to the public.

9. Artistic and technical editing

After proofreading the manuscript (and often before), work begins on decoration And technical editing works. At this stage, the art editor, together with the author and the lead editor, decide on issues related to the placement, nature and number of illustrations, cover design, title page, flyleaf(sheet of paper placed between the binding and title page). If the publication is richly illustrated, an artistic layout is required. The work is attended by artists who, in accordance with their specialization, perform one or another part of the design.

Along with artistic editing, technical editing is carried out, the content of which is the choice of font size and typefaces, the use of rulers and other printing elements, the placement of text and illustrations on each page.

10. Preparing the manuscript for typesetting

Work on the manuscript in the publishing house - editing of all kinds, proofreading, artistic and technical editing in total lead to the creation of an original layout prepared for transfer to the printing house. A specialist in the production department, most often a technical editor, brings together all corrections, comments, marks, puts together illustrations and other materials accompanying the manuscript, draws up a technological specification accompanying an order for printing.

It is produced in a printing house in one of the ways, in accordance with the technology of a printing company, or in a publishing house, on a computer complex. At present, the practice of preparing a typed-up original in a publishing house is widespread. Then the printing house produces only printing and subsequent production processes.

After typing, prints, regardless of technology, including computer ones, are transferred to Production Department and lead editor. The first impressions after typesetting, called proofreading impressions, are read simultaneously by the editor, proofreader and author, after which all corrections and possible changes are brought together by the proofreader and transferred to the printing house or computer operator in the publishing house. If typesetting is carried out in a printing house, then, as a rule, the proofreader of the printing house also reads the proofs.

12. Print

After correcting the proofreading (if necessary, it is duplicated, the so-called “second proofreading” is done, and even the “third proofreading” - if a large number of mistakes are repeated), the printing house starts printing the circulation of the produced edition. To do this, the final version of the proof, signed by the editor-in-chief (or director) of the publishing house and the author with a “printing” visa, is submitted to the printing house with the final specification of the circulation number, paper type, etc. At the same time, the cover is made in this or another (due to the specifics) printing house and what - any other elements, such as colored inserts, dust jacket, etc.

13. "Clean sheets". signal instance.

The sheets printed for the entire volume and circulation are stapled without a cover and transferred to the publishing house for control (the professional term is “blank sheets”). Sometimes after this, and often even instead of “blank sheets”, several copies of the already bound, finalized edition are transferred to the publishing house.

14. Production of circulation

After receiving from the publishing house a signal copy with a visa "to the world", the printing house prints the entire circulation of the ordered products, which is reported to the customer, who must resolve the issue of its distribution immediately, due to a shortage of production space.

15. Distribution of circulation

- 83.42 Kb

1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………..3

2. Determination of the printing design of the publication………………...5

3. Selection and justification of the printing method……………………………………..6

4. Features of the manufacture of printing plates…………………………….8

5. Selection of printing equipment…… …………………………………....9

6. The choice of materials for the printing process ..…………………………..11

7. Preparing equipment for printing……………………………………….13

9. Stitching, binding and finishing operations………...……15

10. Quality control…………………………………………………….. .17

11. Requirements for a publication intended for children……………..... 19

12. Labor protection at printing enterprises…………………...20

13. Conclusion……….………………………………………………….....22

14. References…………………………………………………….23

INTRODUCTION

In the modern world, printing production is characterized by a wide variety of products and the technologies used for their manufacture. Such differentiation of demand leads to significant fluctuations in the production and technical parameters of publications - formats, volumes, circulation. In these conditions, it is required to quickly, professionally and correctly respond to changes. This requires knowledge of technologies, techniques and specifics of printing production.

Printing production is a process that involves a combination of different technical means used for printed reproduction of textual and pictorial information in the form of newspapers, books, magazines, reproductions and other printed products.

The production of printed products in most cases consists of:

• processing of text and visual information- originals subject to printing reproduction (original from Latin - original, original). As a result of this process, negatives or transparencies on a transparent film are obtained, containing the information of printing forms;
• manufacturing from negatives or transparencies set of printed forms required for reproduction of information;
• printing run- receiving from printed forms a certain amount identical printed sheets, notebooks or newspapers, which is actually the reproduction of information;
• performance of stitching or stitching and binding processes(manufacturing of brochures, magazines, books from individual elements) or, in some cases, finishing processes (varnishing of printed sheets, etc.). At this stage, the product acquires a user-friendly form of information. The first two processes are often referred to as prepress processes, the third and fourth can be performed in the same way as a single process on specialized equipment.

This course project will address the key issues of the production of the children's encyclopedia "Mythology" using modern methods and forms; as well as the organization of product quality control, which take place at each printing company.

Definition of printing design of the publication

Printing design should correspond to the chosen type of publication. This section provides a description of the edition under consideration, which is presented in Table 1.1. According to the intended purpose, this publication is a popular science publication. It is aimed at children of primary school age. According to the material construction - bookish. According to the symbolic nature of the information, the publication is textual and pictorial. The book was published once and therefore is not a periodical.

Table 1.1.

Printing format and sheet share	70 * 90 /
Volume in printed sheets	6
Volume in conditionally printed sheets	7,02
Circulation	10,000 copies
Edition volume, pages	96
Print method	offset
Number of colors	Binding 4+0 (and embossing); endpaper 0+0; block 4+4
Number of notebooks	6
Number of folds in a notebook	6 notebooks, 3 folds
Number of pages in a notebook	16
Type of flyleaf design	Plain
Outer cover of the book edition	Binding cover, 7BC
Block assembly method	Compilation
Block fastening method	Sweatshirt sewing with threads

Selection and justification of the printing method

At the moment, there are three main printing methods - deep, tall and flat offset printing.

way letterpress, a variety of products can be manufactured. The advantages of letterpress are:

Good resolution;

Sufficient graphic and coloristic fidelity of reproduction of images different in nature. Along with the advantages, letterpress has a number of disadvantages:

High labor intensity of preparatory operations;

Low degree of mechanization and automation of printing equipment.

Gravure used mainly for the production of illustrated products. The advantages of gravure printing are:

High printing speed;

The ability to provide expressive color and gradation effects. The disadvantages of gravure printing are:

The toxicity of the applied paints;

The need to rasterize text, as a result of which text and line images become inconvenient for perception.

Offset printing has centuries-old traditions, because for more than 100 years it has remained the main printing method, characterized by high definition, brightness and excellent color reproduction, which allows producing high-quality products in huge runs and the ability to implement complex post-print processing. Plus, offset printing allows you to apply text and images not only on paper, but also on cardboard. The main advantages of flat offset printing are:

Universal possibilities of artistic design of publications;

Quality improvements and the emergence of new, basic and auxiliary materials;

Introduction into practice of flexible and efficient options for uniform production. The disadvantages of flat offset printing are:

Humidification, because. In connection with the violation of the balance "ink - moisturizing solution", graphic, gradation and color distortions occur.

Since this is a children's edition, you should know that a book can bring a child not only benefit, but also harm, if it comes to the "external" side of the matter - the printing quality of the publication. It should be noted that with the so-called "low printing" the book becomes a source of zinc background. And "letterpress" is a source of other harmful volatile substances. The most secure "offset printing".

Therefore, taking into account the disadvantages and advantages of all three main printing methods, we will focus on the flat offset printing method.

Features of the manufacture of printing forms

Form equipment, depending on the used form plates - monometallic or polyester, allows you to build a form section in different ways. The first method is: a phototypesetter with a built-in or free-standing developer, an installation area, a copy frame and a plate processor. Its advantage is the low cost of equipment, the ability to produce the most reliable analog color proof, as well as the ability to accept orders both in the form of ideas / slides / finished files, and in the form of previously output films. The second method is the production of polyester molds using CtP. To do this, you can use the system of direct output of offset plates, on which polyester printing plates are made. It is possible to use the built-in processor, two-cassette loading, side and transverse perforator.

The general technological scheme for the manufacture of printing plates for flat offset printing (Fig. 1).

Selection of printing equipment

For the manufacture of this type of product, a reliable production system is required to achieve a high quality standard. Sheet-fed machines have a number of advantages over roll-to-roll rotary machines:

The ability to print on papers of various sizes with different weights, as well as the ability to print on other materials;

Ensuring more accurate registration in multi-color printing;

Require less paper consumption for technical needs.

In this regard, we stop our choice on a sheet rotary machine, because. The publication has a large volume of illustrations combined with the text, and the percentage of paper wasted for technical needs will be less.

A printing press is perfect for printing this publication. Heidelberg Speedmaster SM 102, with a built-in CPC system (computer print control - computer print control).

Machine Specification:

Specifications
Printed material
Media Thickness	0.03-0.8mm
Maximum sheet size	720×1020 mm
Minimum paper size (single-sided printing)	340×480 mm
Minimum paper size (flip printing)	400×480 mm
Maximum printable surface	710×1020 mm
grip edge	10-12 mm
Printing forms
Length×width	770×1030 mm
with Autoplate	790×1030 mm
Thickness	0.2-0.5mm
with Autoplate	0.2-0.3mm
plate cylinder
groove	0.5 mm
with Autoplate	0.15 mm
Distance from the leading edge of the printing plate to the start of printing	43 mm
offset cylinder
groove	2.3mm
Length×width of reinforced web	840×1052 mm
Height of slipway
Feeder Preset	1230 mm
Feeder Preset Plus	1320 mm
Preset Acceptance	1205 mm
Preset Plus Acceptance	1295 mm
Configuration example
Dimensions SM 102-8-P-S with PresetPlus Feeder
Number of printing units	8
Length	15.37 m
Width	3.31 m
Height	2.17 m

Description of work

This course project will address the key issues of the production of the children's encyclopedia "Mythology" using modern methods and forms; as well as the organization of product quality control, which take place at each printing company.

Content

1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………..3
2. Determination of the printing design of the publication………………...5
3. Selection and justification of the printing method……………………………………..6
4. Features of the manufacture of printing plates…………………………….8
5. Choice of printing equipment………………………………………....9
6. The choice of materials for the printing process ..…………………………..11
7. Preparing equipment for printing……………………………………….13
9. Stitching, binding and finishing operations………...……15
10. Quality control……………………………………………………...17
11. Requirements for a publication intended for children……………..... 19
12. Labor protection at printing enterprises…………………...20
13. Conclusion……….………………………………………………….....22
14. References…………………………………………………….23

Modern printing technology includes three main stages, without which no printing house can do: prepress, press and postpress processes.

The prepress production process ends with the creation of an information carrier from which text, graphic and illustrative elements can be transferred to paper (printing form production).

The printing process, or printing proper, produces printed sheets. For their production, a printing machine and a carrier of information prepared for printing (printing form) are used.

At the third stage of the printing technology, called the post-printing process, the final processing and finishing of the sheets of paper (prints) printed in the printing machine are carried out to give the resulting printed products a marketable appearance (brochure, book, booklet, etc.).

Prepress process. At this stage, one or more (for multi-color products) printing plates for printing a certain type of work should be obtained.

If the print is single-color, then the form can be a sheet of plastic or metal (aluminum), on which a drawing is applied in a direct (readable) image. Surface offset form processed in such a way that, despite the fact that the printing and non-printing elements are practically in the same plane, they perceive the ink applied to it selectively, providing an impression on paper when printing. If multi-color printing is required, then the number of printing forms must correspond to the number of printing inks, the image is preliminarily divided with the selection of individual colors or inks.

The basis of prepress processes is color separation. Extracting the constituent colors of a color photograph or other halftone drawing is a tricky job. To perform such complex printing work, electronic scanning systems, powerful computer and software, special output devices for photographic film or plate material, various auxiliary equipment and the availability of highly qualified, trained professionals.

Such a prepress system costs at least 500 - 700 thousand dollars. Therefore, most often, in order to significantly reduce investments in the organization of printing houses, they resort to the services of special reproduction centers. They, having everything necessary for performing prepress work, prepare sets of color separation transparencies on order, from which sets of color separation printing plates can be made in a conventional printing house.

Printing process. The printing plate is the basis of the printing process. As already mentioned, offset printing is currently widespread in the printing industry, which, despite its almost
100 years of existence, constantly improving, remaining dominant in printing technology.

Offset printing is carried out on printing machines, the principle of operation of which was discussed above.

post-press process. The post-printing process consists of a number of important operations that give the printed prints a marketable appearance.

If sheet editions were printed, then they need to be trimmed and trimmed to certain formats. For these purposes, paper cutting equipment is used, ranging from manual cutters to high-performance cutting machines, designed to simultaneously cut hundreds of sheets of paper of all formats common in practice.

For sheet products, post-press processes end after cutting. The situation is more complicated with multi-sheet products. In order to bend the sheets of a magazine or a book, you need folding equipment on which folding takes place ( from him. falzen - bend) - sequential bending of printed sheets of a book, magazine, etc.

If you want to make a brochure or a book consisting of separate sheets from printed and cut into separate sheets of prints, they need to be matched one to the other. For this purpose, sheet-collecting equipment is used. When the selection is completed, a thick stack of crumbling sheets is obtained. In order for the sheets to be combined into a brochure or book, they must be stapled. Currently, the most widespread are 2 types of fastening - wire and seamless adhesive. Wire binding is mainly used for brochures, i.e. printed publications from 5 to 48 pages. For fastening with wire staples, booklet makers are used. These devices can be used alone or
in combination with collating systems. More complex work are carried out on special wire stitching machines.

To fasten a large number of sheets, adhesive bonding is used, which is carried out either with the help of “cold” glue - polyvinyl acetate emulsion, or hot melt hot melt adhesive. The spine of the future book edition is smeared with glue, firmly holding the sheets until the glue dries completely. The advantages of this technology are the good appearance of the book, the flexibility and stability of the book block, strength and durability.

In the work of small- and medium-circulation printing houses, there are similar processes. However, as the main printing equipment of these printing houses, not offset machines are used, but duplicators capable of reproducing both single-color and multi-color copies.

The available assessments of the importance and role of print media confirm the growing demand for them in the world. For example, the American magazine Time at the turn of the millennium emphasizes the discovery and use of printing in its sociocultural significance, and Johannes Gutenberg's contribution to printing is considered one of the most important inventions of the past millennium. At present, the era of electronic media has come, but printed products do not lose their importance. For example, for printed media - books, brochures, magazines and newspapers - the family budget in Germany, depending on the level of education, income, etc. in 1997, from 40 to 110 German rubles were spent monthly. stamps. The market for printed products in the world today is diverse. Commercial products and periodicals are in the greatest demand. They differ from each other in the frequency of release, which also determines the production process of printing enterprises. Printing houses specialize in different segments of the printed matter market. Commercial products are non-periodic printed matter (for example, catalogues, brochures, flyers, Business Cards). Periodicals, on the contrary, are printed publications issued at regular intervals (for example, newspapers and magazines, including illustrated ones). Ordinary customers of periodicals in the printing industry are publishing houses and editorial offices. Rice. Figures 1.1-1 and 1.1-2 illustrate the diversity of printed media. Another way to classify printed products is to divide them into special product groups. The individual product groups are briefly described below.

Books

The invention of Gutenberg and his first printed editions in the middle of the 15th century, based on the manufacture of printing plates composed (typed) from individual type characters, caused a revolution in the production of books. This

contributed to the development of education, culture and an increase in the degree of accessibility of information to the population in comparison with previously existing handwritten books. As a result, illiteracy receded into the background in subsequent centuries. The discovery of Gutenberg contributed to the increase in the colorfulness of printed matter. For over 500 years since Gutenberg's invention in the dominant way

printing in the manufacture of books remained letterpress printing. Only in the 1970s did phototypesetting and offset printing become widespread. The book has become a relatively inexpensive medium, not only because of the rational ways of producing it, but also because of the availability of cheap paper. For the production of a printed book, not only type-setting, but also illustrative forms began to be used. There has been a transformation of fonts imitating handwritten letters into a font designed with aesthetic requirements, readability, style, assortment, etc. in mind. The number of new titles of books published every year is constantly increasing. Today, in the era of electronic media, the annual output of book production in Germany reached 80,000 titles per year. Germany is one of the largest book producing countries in the world. In 1997, only China and Great Britain produced more titles (Fig. 13.3-8). In 1998, the total circulation of books in Germany exceeded 500 million copies, with a total value of over 3.5 billion euros. On the one hand, the book market relies on the demand for books, on the other hand, on the corresponding
printing performance, whether it is valuable volumes with sewing threads and in leather binding with a "golden" edge or simple, glued, cheap editions. The book assortment includes both single-color editions and high-quality albums with color reproductions. At present, in Germany, not only the book market is large in terms of output, but also the market for other printed publications, for example, magazines, including illustrated ones, newspapers, brochures, etc.

Magazines

The range of magazine products mostly consists of periodicals. These are special scientific and industrial journals, magazine publications for a wide range of readers, illustrated monthly advertising magazines, etc. Special magazines cover a limited area of ​​knowledge that is of interest to a small circle of readers. In contrast to books, the cost of publishing magazines is covered not only by buyers. Often, more than half of the cost of a publication is offset by advertising revenue. Magazines, as well as books, are produced mostly by publishing structures. But unlike books, they have a shorter lifespan. This is due to both the peculiarities of their content and the frequency of release. Due to the limited period of use and content different from books, magazines have a different external form. The production of magazines with large circulations is very different from the technology of making books. They are folded notebooks, glued together or sewn with wire, and covered with a soft cover. Depending on the circulation, magazines are printed on sheet-fed or web-fed offset presses. For mass production of magazines, gravure web presses and other related techniques are often used.

Newspapers

One of the most significant media today is the newspaper. The first newspapers appeared in Europe in early XVII century. The forerunners of the newspaper were leaflets issued in the 16th century. Most newspapers are published daily in large circulations. Some newspapers are printed in the morning and evening to increase the relevance of their content. by the most significant categories newspapers are daily and weekly. Outwardly, newspapers differ significantly from magazines.
cash. Newspapers usually consist of independent sheets of large format, matched in a set. In this case, the newspaper has several different content parts. Newspapers are printed on special printing machines. These are rotary high-performance newspaper complexes, which ensure the cost-effectiveness of issuing publications on newsprint. The classic newspaper print was black and white. Modern web printing machines allow
to bake economical multi-color printing. Thereby appearance newspapers correspond to the reader's modern visual habits (color photographs, television). Colorful advertising placed in newspapers also meets the requirements of customers. Since advertisements and advertisements cover most of the cost of a newspaper, the price of a copy for the end user becomes relatively low.

Brochures

Many prospectuses, descriptions and other small volumes of various consumer products are currently being produced. These types of printed publications are called brochures. Unlike magazines and newspapers, they are not published periodically. Another significant difference between brochures and newspapers and magazines is the very low circulation. Brochures are mostly produced in multi-colour and are supplied in the form of folded sheets or bound notebooks. Brochures before
produce higher quality products than newspapers. They serve mostly to represent a company or product on the market. The costs of producing brochures are usually borne not by readers, but by customers of circulation.

Rice. 1.8. Structure of production of electronic, printed media and multimedia products Rice. 1.9. Block diagram of the printing process

Printing production is a combination of various technical means and technologies used for printing reproduction of textual and graphic information in the form of newspapers, books, magazines, reproductions and other printed products.

Printing information presented in the form of text, digital data, tables, mathematical and other formulas is called text information, and illustrations, graphs, diagrams, ornaments, drawings, rulers, maps, and other images are called visual information. Traditionally, a printing company had two separate sections, one of which processed textual information, and the second - pictorial. Combining textual and pictorial information is carried out in the third section, where the layout of a particular publication is carried out.

The basis of the production process in the printing industry is printing. Printing is the repeated receipt of identical prints of text and images by transferring the ink layer from the printing plate to the printed material: paper, cardboard, polymer film, etc.

carrier graphic information printing is a printing form, which is, as a rule, a plate or a cylinder, on the surface of which there are printing and non-printing elements.

The printing element is the parts of the form that receive the printing ink and subsequently transfer it to the printed material. Gap elements are areas that do not accept ink on themselves and, therefore, these areas on the printed material will not be covered with an ink layer.

The formation of printing elements on the form can be carried out due to their spatial separation or the creation of various physico-chemical or other properties of printing and blank elements. The printing process is carried out in a printing press, which requires ink and printing material.

In the printing industry, various types of printing are used, but the main ones are three types: letterpress, flat and gravure printing.

Letterpress printing plates (Fig. 1.1, a) have a spatial separation of printing and blank elements: relief printing elements 1 are in the same plane, and blank elements 2 are deepened by a different amount depending on their area. In letterpress printing, the printing elements are covered with an ink layer 3 uniform in thickness (Fig. 1.1, b) and therefore, in all areas of the print, the thickness of the ink layer is almost the same (Fig. 1.1, c)

Printing forms of flat printing ( fig. 1.2) have printing 1 and space 2 elements ( fig. 1.2, but) almost in the same plane, but have different physicochemical characteristics: the former are oleophilic (they accept paint), the latter are hydrophilic (they do not accept paint).

When applying printing ink 3 (Fig. 1.2, b), it sticks only to oleophilic printing elements. Before each impression is made during the printing process, the form is first moistened with a certain aqueous solution, which wets only the hydrophilic blanks. Since all the printing elements are in the same plane, they are all covered with a layer of ink uniform in thickness and therefore all print elements (Fig. 1.2, c) consist of an ink layer of the same thickness.

Intaglio printing forms ( fig. 1.3) have the same spatial separation of whitespace and printing elements. Printing elements 1 (Fig. 1.3, but) are deepened by different or the same value. They represent, regardless of the nature of the image (text, illustrations), separate cells of a very small area, which are separated from each other by thin partitions - spaces. These partitions and other gap elements 2 (Fig. 1.3, a) are elevated and are on the same level. Gravure printing plates are usually made on a cylinder.

When printing, low-viscosity ink 1 (Fig. 1.4) is first applied in excess to the entire surface of the rotating form 2. Then a special knife (squeegee) 3, in contact with the surface of the cylinder, completely removes the ink from the gaps and excess ink from the printing elements. As a result, the paint remains only in the cells (Fig. 1.3, c). The form, in contact with the paper, transfers the paint depending on the depth of the cells of the form, and can transfer the paint even in the same layer.

The production of printed products usually consists of three separate but interrelated processes:

1) processing of textual and pictorial information - originals subject to printing reproduction. As a result of this process, negatives or transparencies on a transparent film or immediately finished printing plates are obtained. This stage is called prepress processes and includes a number of technological operations, the composition of which depends on the chosen printing plate manufacturing technology and printing method;

2) printing circulation - obtaining from printing forms a certain number of identical printed sheets or newspapers, which is the reproduction of information. This stage is called the printing process;

3) execution of stitching or stitching and binding processes (manufacturing of books, magazines, newspapers, brochures from individual elements) or, in some cases, finishing processes are performed (varnishing of printing sheets, etc.)

Printing process. The transfer of a colorful image from various printing forms to the printed material occurs, as a rule, as a result of pressure. The material to be printed can be in direct contact with the printing plate or with an intermediate elastic element.

When printing, two cylinders are used, on one of which the printing plate is fixed, and the other provides pressure (Fig. 1.5, a). This ink transfer is typically used in letterpress and gravure printing. In this case, the image on the form must be reversed (mirror) in order to get a “direct” image on the print.

In the case of using an intermediate elastic-elastic (cloth) three cylinders are involved in printing (Fig. 1.5, b).

The printing plate 2 during the printing process transfers the image to the plate 3, which takes on the ink from the printing elements of the form, and then transfers it to the printed material 1. In this case, the image on the printing plate should be direct, and on the rubber-fabric plate it should be reversed, and on paper as a result, we get a direct image.

For the reproduction of textual and graphic information in the printing industry, a wide variety of printing forms are used, which can be classified according to a number of features ( fig. 1.6):

Colors of printed products - forms for single-color (in most cases black and white) printing and multi-color (usually two-, three- and four-color) printing;

Significant nature of information - pictorial forms containing only pictorial information, textual - textual information and text-pictorial, which contain textual and pictorial information;

Types and methods of printing - forms of high, flat offset, gravure and special printing methods;

The method of transferring (recording) information from the original or intermediate information carrier to the form material.

Most printed forms can be divided into two groups: a) forms obtained by formatting information, i.e. simultaneous recording of all points of the image on the form material and b) forms obtained by element-by-element recording of information on the form material sequentially, with very small individual elements.

Printing plates obtained by format recording of information can be produced by photochemical methods (using mainly photographic and chemical processes) and electrophotographic methods based on the use of electrophotography.

In the manufacture of printed forms by element-by-element recording of information, the technique of element-by-element electronic scanning (scanning) of the original information and the formation of printing and blank elements is used, usually due to electromechanical engraving or laser exposure.

In the classical version of the manufacture of printing plates, photochemical processes were most widely used, which made it possible to obtain photoforms from publishing originals. Further, information from them was usually transferred by contact method of copying to form materials.

The processes of making photoforms and the operations preceding them are often called processing (more precisely, processing) of text and pictorial information. Text information processing is a complex of operations, including: editing and typing, proofreading, layout of publication pages, production of publishing text originals, production of photoforms (recording information and chemical-photographic processing). The processing of image information includes two groups of operations: image transformation for the purpose of its printing reproduction and production of photoforms. Depending on the nature of the pictorial originals, the first group may include various operations, but in general they usually include: image scaling and screening, color separation, gradation and color separation correction.

An original for printing publications is a text or graphic material that has undergone editorial and publishing processing and is the basis for creating a printed publication by means of printing.

Originals for printing publications can be divided into three groups:

Publisher's original;

Original layout (reproduced original layout - ROM).

Publisher's original- text or pictorial material that has undergone editorial and publishing processing, signed in a set (for printing) responsible persons publishing houses for the manufacture of printing forms at a printing company.

The original layout is publisher's original, each page of which coincides with the page of the future book in terms of the number of lines and their content. The original layout can be typewritten (printed on a regular office typewriter), signed for typesetting and printing, and sent to a printing house for typesetting and printing.

Reproducible original layout(ROM) is an original prepared for the manufacture of a photoplate or printing plate by photomechanical means or by scanning as an image. Recently, with the spread of computer typing and computer publishing systems, this type of original is widely used for printing operational small-circulation publications (author's abstracts, conference materials, leaflets).

The quality of the original determines the quality of the printed reproduction. Only an irreproachable original creates the prerequisites for a good end result. Minor flaws of the original can be removed by printing retouching, and any significant interference is fraught with the danger of distorting the image. Therefore, very high demands are placed on the quality of originals for reproduction.

types of originals. In printing processes, there are mainly three types of originals: drawings, photographs and objects. Previously, the main type of originals were drawings, and now 90% of all originals are color photographs.

Drawings. There are two main types of drawings: painting and commercial graphics. Painting is the result creative activity the artist and when creating it, the task of reproducing it by printing methods is not worth it. Therefore, the task of printing is to ensure the maximum identity of the print to the pictorial original. This will be determined by the capabilities of the imaging system and the printing process.

A special place among the drawings is occupied by printing prints that can be used as originals. The raster structure of the print makes special demands on the image processing process.

Commercial graphics are developed immediately with the calculation of further reproduction. In this case, the developer performs it in the color gamut that the playback system can provide.

Photos. The most common type of photographic images are color or black and white transparent originals. The format of such originals varies widely: from 35 mm slides to A4 sheets. A slide is a film that has been exposed in a camera and therefore has distortion determined by the capabilities of the optical system.

Color prints are made from a color negative. In this case, two optical systems are involved: one in the camera, and the second in the magnifier. Therefore, the loss of image sharpness in this embodiment is greater. However, color photographic prints can be produced in future press, and this makes it easier to evaluate the quality compared to a slide.

At present, the photographic image, presented in electronic or digital form, is increasingly being used.

Goods samples. The most common objects for reproduction are samples of goods: Decoration Materials such as tiles, plastics, paints, etc. Photographing such objects, as a rule, is carried out with a studio camera with a digital CCD scanner, which ensures high quality reproduction when printing.

When digitizing images and preparing for printing, the following requirements must be considered:

Technological requirements for the original;

Production requirements (form and printing processes, features of material sealing);

Quality control and evaluation.

Upon release printing products in addition to the generally accepted units of measurement (SI), special units are used to measure certain quantities - typographic units of measurement: author's sheets, printed sheets, etc.

To measure the linear dimensions of printing forms and their individual elements, as well as the formats of the stripes and the size of the lines, typographic units of measurement are used - points and squares.

One typographical point (p.p.) is equal (except for England) to 1/72 of a French inch, i.e. 0.3759 mm, or, rounded, 0.376 mm. The larger unit is 48 kb squared, or approximately 18 mm. These units were proposed in France in the 18th century. In England, the USA and some other countries, 1 t.p. equals 1/72 English inch, i.e. 25.4: 72 = 0.353 mm. In the Russian Federation, the French system of typographic measurements is used.

The paper industry produces sheet paper (in the form of separate sheets) and roll paper (in the form of a tape wound on a sleeve). The paper size is expressed in mm, with the sheet paper size being the product of the width and the length of the paper sheet, for example 600 x 900 mm, and roll papers being measured by the width of the roll. In the Russian Federation, the formats of printed papers are standardized depending on the type of printed products: book and magazine, newspaper, cartographic, etc.

The standard size range of paper for printing book and magazine products in the Russian Federation is established by GOST 1342.

Roll paper, in agreement with the consumer, can also be produced in widths: 360, 420, 640, 820, 1050, 1800 mm; sheet paper can be produced in additional sizes: 600 x 1000, 610 x 860, 700 x 750, 800 x 1000, 900 x 1000, 920 x 1200 mm.

The formats of printed products, as well as the formats of printing, printing and other equipment, are consistent with the paper formats.

The format of the publication determines its size in terms of width and length, expressed by their product in millimeters. The format of book and magazine publications is determined by the size of a block of a book, magazine, brochure cut off from three sides. In this case, the first size indicates the width, and the second - the height of the publication.

Based on GOST 5773-90, the format of publications is indicated by the size of a sheet of paper for printing in centimeters and parts of a sheet (symbol), for example, 60 x 90/16, where 60 x 90 is the size of a paper sheet, and 16 is the number of its shares (parts). Usually for book and magazine publications, the share is equal to a page. Therefore, a 60 x 90/16 paper sheet contains 16 pages on one side and the other, i.e. only 32 pages.

To determine the format of an uncut book and magazine publication, it is necessary to decompose the share of the sheet into two largest factors, and then divide the smaller side of the paper sheet into a smaller factor, and the larger one into a larger one. So the format of publications 84 x 108/32 will be equal before cropping: 84: 4 and 108: 8, i.e. 210 x 135 mm. Since the width of the book is usually less than the height, this format is written as 135 x 210 mm.

The size of the finished publication (or its page) is less than a fraction of its sheet, since the block is cut off on three sides. 3-4 mm along the upper field, 5 mm along the anterior field, and 6-7 mm along the lower field. Thus, the format of the previously considered example after cropping will be 130 x 200 mm.

Newspaper formats are indicated only by the width and height of the strip in millimeters, and sheet publications, depending on the type and format of the main publication, both in millimeters and shares of a paper sheet.

Table 1.1. Standard formats according to GOST 1342

Document without a title

Paper edition sheet size, mm	Leaf shares	Symbol	Maximum edition size, mm	Minimum size, mm

Note: M - machine direction

Formats book editions must comply with those specified in table 1.1

The original product of information transmission for visual perception is the original. Quite often, the original is the result of the author's work, presented in the form of text, drawings or poetry. To measure the amount of work of the author, as well as publishing workers, the concept of an author's list is introduced.

An author's sheet is a unit of measurement for the volume of text and pictorial material. It is equal to 40 thousand printed characters. Printed characters are all visible characters - letters, punctuation marks, numbers, etc. and spaces in between. In the case of a poetic text, one author's sheet is equal to 700 lines of poetic text, and for pictorial material it is 3 thousand selection "> Publishing or publishing sheet - a unit of measurement for the volume of a printed publication (text and pictorial material) and is equal to the same as author's 40 thousand characters, or 700 lines of poetic text or 3 thousand selection"\u003e Printed sheet is a unit of measurement for the volume of printed matter, which includes two concepts: a physical printed sheet and a conditional printed sheet. A physical printed sheet is a paper sheet of any standard size printed on one side, or half of it, but printed on both sides.

Since standard paper sheets differ from each other in area, it is more convenient to use a conditional printed sheet equated to the format of a paper sheet of 600 x 900 mm to determine the total volume of publishing products. Then the reduction of any format to conditional diets is carried out by coefficients that take into account the area of ​​the given sheets. So the conversion factor for the format 600 x 840 mm will be 0.93, and for 700 x 900 - 1.17, etc.

The volume of newspaper publications, as a rule, is calculated in the pages of the main format of newspapers, i.e. A2 (420 x 595 mm) as well as printed sheets.

Edition - a product of printing production that has undergone editorial and publishing processing, printed and intended to transmit the information contained in it.

Circulation - the total number of copies of a particular publication.

Copy - each separate independent unit of this publication.

The total circulation is the sum of the circulations of all, for example, book, magazine and other products issued by the publishing house for a certain period.

Notebook - printed and folded paper sheet. It is a unit of measurement of the amount of work in the performance of some operations of the postpress process. The sheet folding option determines the order in which the strips are placed during certain prepress operations.

The main task of the printing industry is the processing of information and its dissemination. However, in addition to this main task, printing production products also perform many other functions, so the range of these products is very diverse. It is very difficult to develop a clear classification of printing products, primarily because of its diversity.

Printed products can be conditionally divided into five groups, taking into account its purpose:

1) publishing products that serve mainly as a means of information;

2) label and packaging products, which are mainly a means of packaging (labels, packaging, etc.);

3) business products (various forms, technical documentation and many others);

4) special products(monetary paper tokens, shares, certificates, postage stamps, forms of government documents, etc.);

5) products and semi-finished products, which are later used in other industries and industries (wallpaper, prints with the texture of various materials, etc.).

Of all the products of the printing industry, the most widespread is publishing.

Currently, publishing products have a lot of highly competitive different types of information (radio, television, and much more). However, publishing products are very convenient for use, have a great safety, enough low cost reproduction, more acceptable to the general population.

Publishing products can be classified in many ways. However, the most commonly recognized are the following five signs:

1) by material construction - book, magazine and sheet editions. Sheets include: newspapers, posters;

2) according to the symbolic nature of information - text editions, art editions, cartographic, musical, etc. general view according to the symbolic nature of information, all publications can be reduced to three types: text (contain only text), pictorial (contain only images) and text-pictorial (include text and images);

3) according to the frequency of publication:

Periodicals issued after a certain period (week, month, etc.), i.e. a constant number of issues for each year and at the same time the same type of design (magazines, newspapers);

Non-periodical publications issued once without the terms of reprinting provided for them (books, brochures);

Continuing editions issued at indefinite intervals as materials accumulate (collections scientific papers and etc.);

4) by purpose and nature of information - official and scientific publications, monographs, literary and artistic publications, textbooks, workshops, encyclopedias, industrial publications.

IN different countries world printing industry in terms of production in value terms is from 1 to 12% of the volume of production of the manufacturing industry.

IN developed countries the volume of the printing industry is 0.5-4% of the gross domestic product, and in developing countries it can be at the level of 20%. In different countries, the volume and importance of the printing industry varies widely. For example, the US printing industry as an industrial sector ranks sixth, which determines its economic significance for the country. In the entire volume of world production of printing products, its various types occupy a different specific gravity. Currently, commercial products dominate. The distribution of the world market volume for certain types of products is characterized by the following data: books - 7%, newspapers - 16%, magazines - 9%, catalogs - 4%, packaging labels - 18% and advertising and letterhead products - 46%.

A non-periodical printed publication of more than 48 pages is considered a book, and an edition of more than 4, but not more than 48 pages, is considered a brochure. The basis of the book is book block B, which is enclosed in cover A. Books can also be issued in covers. A book block consists of several notebooks or sheets fastened together in a spine in one way or another.

The outer elements of the block. These elements include: spine, flyleaf, captal, spine material, trimmings and ribbon bookmark.

The spine is the left end side of block B (Fig. 1.7, a), along which notebooks or sheets of the book are fastened. Depending on the type of design, straight, round and mushroom-shaped roots are distinguished.

The flyleaf is two four-page sheets of paper selection "\u003e Kaptal K (Fig. 1.7, b) is used to more firmly connect notebooks in a block, as well as an element for decorating books of medium and large volume. Kaptal is a fabric braid with a thickened colored edge, which glued to the top and bottom edges of the cut book block.

Spine material formula" src="http://hi-edu.ru/e-books/xbook842/files/for4.gif" border="0" align="absmiddle" alt=", which increases the bonding strength of the block with the lid.

Edges are called the end sides (front, top and bottom) of the book block and to improve the design of the book and to prevent contamination, they are sometimes painted over. The front edge, depending on the shape of the spine of the block, can be straight or concave.

ribbon bookmark L facilitates the use of the book. It is made of braid, one end of which is attached to the upper part of the spine of the block, and the ribbon itself is inserted into the block and goes beyond the edge of the lower edge.

Internal elements of the book block. In addition to the body text pages, a book block can have the following additional elements:

Title page T (fig. 1.7) is the first output page of the book. Basically, a single (two-page) title page is used. On the title are placed: the title of the book, the surname and initials of the author, the name of the publishing house (issuing company), the place and year of publication, and some other information.

Sometimes a title page is used, consisting of two adjacent pages of a book spread. This is used in multi-volume, serial or specially designed editions. The design of the title page can be font, decorative font or illustrated.

A Schmutztitle is a page with an unsealed back before a title that protects it from damage. In essence, this is an additional title page, on the odd page of which large headings, illustrations or various book decorations are placed.

The frontispiece is an illustration of the selection "> The initial or descending page is the first page of the book or its constituent parts(chapters, sections). The text on it usually starts with some indentation from the top edge. This place can be filled with an ornament or a picture-saver for the decoration of the book.

The end strip is the last strip of a book or section, chapter. Usually it is not completely filled with text. On the free part of the strip, an ending in the form of an ornament or a pattern can be placed.

All other stripes are ordinary and can contain only text or an image, or be text-pictorial.

In addition to the main elements, additional reference elements are also placed on the strips: column numbers, footer, signature and norms.

The column number defines the serial number of the page and can be in the middle or on the side of the bottom or top margin of the page.

A header or footer is a line placed on the top (or bottom) margin of a page with the title of a section or topic in a book. It makes it easier for the reader to use the book.

Signature - a number that determines the serial number of the notebook in the book block. Next to the signature, the norm is printed - a line of text with the author's surname or short title books. These elements are necessary for the correct completion of notebooks in a book block and they are placed on the first page of the bottom margin of each notebook.

Around the strip are unprinted margins that improve the readability of the book and protect the edges of text and images from damage. The margins are determined by the layout of the book.

The magazine is one of the types of periodicals. Journals are very diverse in their readership. Most of the journals are designed for a wide range of readers, but there are also special scientific and industrial journals designed for the professional reader. Currently, advertising magazines occupy a significant volume. The magazine differs from the book in its periodicity and efficiency of production, wide subject matter and variety of articles, as well as highly artistic design. In general, journals differ from each other in purpose, frequency, specialization, volume, design, design, and other features. Unlike books, the cost of publishing magazines is partly offset by advertising revenue. Magazines have a short lifespan.

Many magazines have large circulations and their production differs significantly from the technology of book production. As a rule, a magazine consists of folded notebooks, fastened by sewing with wire or glue and covered with a cover. The circulation of the magazine determines the printing option and, as a rule, sheet-fed or web offset machines are used. In the case of mass runs, it is economically feasible to use gravure printing machines.

Large format magazines require a different design of the pages. The text on the strip is arranged in several columns, there are no leading and trailing strips, and the outer and inner sides of the cover are printed with text and graphic material.

Illustrations on the pages can be placed under the "bleed".

Newspapers - periodicals containing current information, official materials, articles on topical socio-political, scientific, industrial and other issues. Newspapers can carry advertisements, include literary works, and more. In addition, newspapers of purely advertising content may be published. Newspapers usually consist of separate sheets of large format, matched in a set. Newspapers are published on strictly fixed days of the week and time of day. The volume of newspapers varies quite widely. IN Russian Federation newspapers are produced in three formats: A2 (main), equal to 420 x 594 mm, A3 - half of A2, equal to 297 x 420 mm and A4 - quarter of A2, equal to 210 x 297 mm. Unlike books, there is only one page format for each newspaper format. So, for example, for A2 newspapers, the page format is 21.5 x 30.5 square meters, i.e. 387 x 549 mm. A newspaper page usually consists of text and images. The text on the page is arranged in the form of columns, the number of which depends on the format of the newspaper (from four to eight). The most used line format is from 2.5 to 4 square meters. The newspaper is distinguished by a wide variety of headings and headings, typed in fonts of various designs and sizes.

For printing newspapers, rotary high-performance newspaper complexes are used, which ensure the speed of issuing a newspaper with good performance in terms of efficiency. At present, newspaper complexes also provide multi-color printing of newspapers with good economic indicators. The advertising part of the newspaper covers a significant cost of publishing the newspaper, which makes it possible to reduce the price of its copy for the reader and makes it accessible to a significant mass of the population. The most significant categories of newspapers are daily and weekly.

The brochure is a non-periodical publication, from 5 to 48 pages, in soft cover, in the form of bound and stapled sheets of printed material.

Brochures are now widely used for brochures, descriptions and various consumer products. The volume of brochures is small and they are published in very small circulations. However, certain types of brochures, especially those aimed at advertising, are subject to very high quality requirements. Most brochures come in multiple colors and come in folded sheets or bound notebooks. The costs of producing brochures are reimbursed directly by the customers.

Other printed matter mainly relates to packaging and various types of promotional items. Packaging can be made from various materials: paper, cardboard, metal, plastic, etc. Printing on packaging is carried out by all known methods, and the choice of printing type is mainly determined by the packaging material used.

Electronic media were widely used at the end of the 20th century and have great importance in the field of dissemination of information. In 1995, the latter occupied a niche of 30% in the print and electronic media market. Trends in recent years show that electronic media have a steady growth of 9% per year, and print media have a growth of 3% per year. As a result, by 2010 the volume of printed and electronic media services will equalize. The intensive introduction of electronic media is ensured through the powerful use of computer technology and the Internet. High efficiency and the possibility of obtaining a large amount of information on any issue favorably distinguishes electronic media from printed ones. Radio and television, familiar to all of us, new forms of video and audio information using compact discs (CD-ROM and DVD-ROM) significantly expand the scope of electronic media.

Technological, technical and design capabilities of electronic media are very high. A traditional recording of a conventional film recorded on film can be converted into a video film. Any book can also be presented in electronic form. Information in the form of a web page using a computer can be presented both in real and virtual space.

Electronic media can be distributed both on long-term storage media (CD-ROM, video film, audio recording) and in real time (transmission of a concert, theatrical productions and etc.).

Output devices can be computer monitors, television screens, various types projection devices, audio reproducing systems, etc. Of course, special software is also needed.

Multimedia are computer-oriented methods of presenting information using a combination of different components: text, image, animation, graphics, video, audio, etc. As the most accessible example, this is a book with an attached CD-ROM.

In multimedia, information is presented in a complex form and with the simultaneous use of several channels for its creation.

A CD-ROM laser disc may not always be a multimedia product. By itself, CD-ROM is only a medium that can carry various information (text, sound, video, etc.). A CD-ROM becomes a multimedia product only when it combines text, sound and animation. Different kinds information on the Internet becomes a multimedia product only after they are linked together. A generalized structure for the production of electronic, printed media and multimedia products is presented in rice. 1.8

The Computer to Plate process is widely used, as it has high level automation, is very efficient, provides high quality printing and economic indicators approaching the Computer to Film process.

With this method, the printing plate itself is exposed, and the production of a color print is carried out in 6 stages, including printing.

The most efficient way is Computer to Press. It is carried out in 4 stages thanks to the use of digital technology. In this way electronic information directly transmitted to printed form, which is located in the printing press.