What cities produce what. What is now profitable to produce in Russia

Russia is the biggest country in the world. Its open spaces can be called endless, as they stretched over more than 17 million square meters. km, which is almost 12% of the entire surface of the Earth.

Russia is an industrialized state with rich deposits of gas, oil and other minerals. This is what helped her to take a leading position among other countries, which are almost 100% dependent on the produced fuel. The industrial cities of Russia (the list will be given below) form the basis of the economic development of the state. There are about 300 such centers. They are located on Far East, Urals, in the northern part of the Caucasus. Some of the cities are located in the center of Russia.

Classification

So what's special about industrial centers and which of them are the best? The industrial cities of Russia can be divided into several groups, focusing on certain features:

• The first group includes centers that were built back in the days Soviet Union. After perestroika, plants and factories were privatized and transferred to new standards. Of course, the modernization required a lot of time and finances, but now these production facilities meet European standards. There are about 150 cities in this group, these are Surgut, Tomsk, Krasnoyarsk, etc.
• The second group includes a part of the centers, which are the so-called industrial consumers. It is headed by the Moscow Region.
• The third group is the industrial centers of Russia. Cities have a favorable geographical position, but for certain reasons they have not yet been modernized. In order to fully restore their potential, an infusion is necessary. big money. In the meantime, these cities are developing at the expense of other areas, such as large ports, transport hubs, and tourism.
• The fourth group is innovative. The industries in these cities operate using the latest technologies. They can be called the basis of the state, which allows it to fully develop.
• The fifth group includes the two most important cities in Russia. Moscow and St. Petersburg have a great influence on the entire industrial sector of the country.

Let us consider in more detail the industrial cities of Russia. The list of the largest of them is presented below.

First place - Moscow

Capital Russian Federation has an annual turnover of 1900 billion rubles. The most developed industries here are mechanical engineering, gas and oil refining. The pharmaceutical and food industries are also growing quite rapidly. Large plants and factories operate on the territory of Moscow, there are many garages, warehouses and various bases, engineering and scientific centers. It is worth noting that the capital is the largest transport hub, which fully influences the development of the railway, automobile and aviation industries.

St. Petersburg - the second position in the list

Its annual turnover is about 1300 billion rubles. The main contribution is made by the following industries: food, engineering, shipbuilding, etc. St. Petersburg rightfully occupies a leading position in the list of "Large industrial cities of Russia". World corporations such as Nissan, Intel, Toyota successfully work here. All of them produce products that meet European standards. Deserves special attention chemical industry. Achievements in this area have brought Russia to the world level.

Third place - Surgut

Located in the north of the country, Surgut is one of the largest industrial centers in Russia. Its turnover is more than 800 billion rubles. Thanks to the extraction of gas and oil and its subsequent processing, the economic well-being of the city is growing rapidly. In comparison with similar centers, Surgut is an impeccable leader. Almost all enterprises are listed on the balance sheet of OAO Surgutneftegaz. The power industry is also well developed here.

Nizhnevartovsk in the top five

The city is located in the Urals. The wealth of the region is mainly due to the largest deposit oil. Gas is also produced and processed here, which is then exported to many European countries. In the north are the industrial cities of Russia, thanks to which the welfare of the whole country is improving. For example, Nizhnevartovsk contributes almost 500 billion rubles to the general treasury, which allows it to take 4th place in the ranking. The oil and gas complex is headed by NK Rosneft, which includes such large enterprises as NNP, Samotlorneftegaz, and others. It is also worth noting the RussNeft company, which was created thanks to the financial support of the large Swiss concern Glencore.

Fifth place - Omsk

The millionth city of Omsk is the administrative center. First of all, it is the largest transport hub. Its turnover reaches 400 billion rubles. The food and light industries, aerospace and chemical industries, as well as oil refining, are well developed here. The main giant enterprises are owned by Gazprom. Even during the Great Patriotic War, the largest factories and plants were evacuated here, the main specializations of which are mechanical engineering and the petrochemical industry.

Sixth place - Perm

The diversified industry of Perm is of great importance in the annual income of 350 billion rubles. Basically, woodworking, machine-building, gas and oil refining industries are developed here. A significant contribution is made by such industries as chemical, electric power, as well as food and printing. The average salary in the Perm Territory in 2013 was almost 25 thousand rubles. Thanks to this, Perm was included in the list of "Large industrial cities of Russia", having a fairly high performance.

The capital of the Republic of Bashkortostan is Ufa

Ufa occupies the seventh position in the rating of industrial cities of Russia. On its territory there is a large accumulation of various industries. The most important industries are wood and metalworking, oil refining, and mechanical engineering. Also not the last role in economic development play The construction of a nuclear power plant was started here, but after Chernobyl accident all work was suspended. At present, according to the federal program, the construction nuclear power plant is still planned.

Eighth place - Norilsk

The northernmost city of Norilsk is located in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The population in it is about 150 thousand people. Living conditions here are quite difficult, mainly due to climatic conditions. The mining and metallurgical industry and the industry of non-ferrous metals are the most developed. Being in eighth place in the rating "Large industrial cities of Russia", Norilsk has a turnover of 300 billion rubles. The main part of the income is palladium, platinum and other precious metals.

Ninth place - Chelyabinsk

The only city in Russia with a new self-government scheme. Chelyabinsk is located on the eastern slope of the Ural Mountains. This is a fairly large center with a turnover of 300 billion rubles. Ferrous metallurgy accounts for almost 50% of all manufactured products. It is also worth noting such industries as instrument making, metal processing, mechanical engineering. Light industry is also well developed here. The industrial cities of Russia, Chelyabinsk in particular, are famous for their high-quality alloys. It is here that most of the ore is processed, rails, pipes, as well as tractors, cranes, loaders are made.

Completes the top ten Novokuznetsk

Novokuznetsk is located in Western Siberia. The volume of industrial income is 260 billion rubles. It has a well-developed coal mining industry, which is one of the largest in the country. Metallurgy and metalworking also play an important role in the economy. Quite significant enterprises involved in energy are located here. More than 50 plants and factories operate on the territory of the city, which allows it to take tenth place in the top 10 "Largest industrial cities of Russia". Unfortunately, since 2013 there have been massive layoffs in some industries.

Attention, only TODAY!

Industry in Russia has always occupied a special place, and hundreds of Russian cities have grown around factories. 10 of them, in Russia and Ukraine, even made their way to the regional centers: Petrozavodsk, Izhevsk, Perm, Yekaterinburg, Barnaul, Kemerovo, Ivanovo, Donetsk, Lugansk and Nikolaev.

Do you know where the main street of St. Petersburg leads? That's right, to the Admiralty. The very word "Admiralty" evokes associations with military maps and sailing directions, along which the figures of ships are moving, planning a campaign, gray-whiskered admirals ... But the Admiralties were not engaged in the use, but in the construction of military fleets, and therefore, the St. Petersburg "trident" converges at the entrance of the shipyard. There were once stocks between the wings of the Admiralty, and until 1844 the gilded spire in the perspective of Nevsky was supplemented by masts; in 140 years, about 300 ships were built in total. With the advent of modern metal ships, the shipyard was brought to the islands at the mouth of the Neva, but until now it is called Admiralty. And even if the center of St. Petersburg is a factory, and not a temple, not a palace or a fortress, what can we say about other cities?

Petrozavodsk

Founded: 1703, Peter I
Industry: metallurgy (copper, iron), mechanical engineering (guns, shells, tractors)
City since 1782, now 272 thousand inhabitants
Center of the region: Republic of Karelia

It would be very risky to open a window to Europe, which was then concerned not with the rights of minorities, but with the capture of colonies, preferably in Russia, without the latest industry and the army - and Peter I, of course, understood this. The power of the army in those days determined the power of metallurgy, the ability to cast enough cannons, cores and bullets, and Sweden was the metallurgical leader in those years, through whose possessions the “window to Europe” was supposed to be cut through. And the goods could go for months, and Peter found an original way out: to create an industrial area near the theater of operations. Of the several factories based on the rapids of the Karelian rivers, a special place was given to Shuisky, renamed Petrovsky in 1704 - the final products, iron products and cannons, were made here, immediately sent to the Baltic coast "to threaten the Swede". With the end of the war, the need for the plant disappeared, and most of its capacity was transferred to the Urals, and its furnaces finally went out in 1736. But - not for good: in 1752 copper was smelted here, and in 1774 the Scottish engineer Carl Gascoigne arrived at Onego to build a new Alexander plant, the main purpose of which was the production of artillery and shells. They built it to the glory: the office and the houses of the authorities (now the Round Square) looked to the authorities of the young Olonets province so much that the factory village became a provincial city. There was also the first in Russia Railway horse-drawn - its fragments now lie at the factory museum. Since 1956, the Onega plant has been producing tractors for logging, but production was moved from the old site in the city center to the outskirts. However, the impressive gatehouses of the 1880s, Gascoigne's house with old appliances in the yard, Round Square, Alexander Nevsky Cathedral in the factory suburb have survived ... In 1940-56, the Karelian-Finnish SSR existed, and the former factory village turned out to be legally on a par with Kiev or Tashkent and higher than Leningrad itself.

Ekaterinburg

Founded: 1723, Vasily Tatishchev and Willim Gennin
Industry: metallurgy (iron)
City since 1781, now 1412 thousand inhabitants
Center of the region: Sverdlovsk region

Every city in the Urals is a former factory, and the ambitious one and a half million Yekaterinburg is no exception. It was here in 1723 that equipment and engineers from Petrozavodsk moved, and under the leadership of the Kalmyk Tatishchev and the Dutchman de Gennin, who succeeded each other, the largest metallurgical plant in the world was built. The very name in honor of not only the patroness of metallurgists St. Catherine, but also the wife of Peter I, the future Catherine I, spoke of the significance of this place: “the city of Peter” and “the city of Catherine” became the flagships of the main imperial projects - “Windows to Europe” and the Mining Urals. In 1725, on the way here, a convoy with a salary for workers got stuck, and in order to avoid a riot, they decided to mint the salary on the spot - this is how the Yekaterinburg Mint appeared, which minted 4/5 of all coins in Russia until 1876. Since the 1740s, there was the Mining Office, which was in charge of factories from the Volga to Altai. There are a lot of monuments of the mining past in Yekaterinburg, first of all - Plotinka, through which water has been flowing for almost three centuries. Below Plotinka - Historical square with old workshops (partly occupied by the museum) and boulders rocks Ural, ending with a colorful bridge of the 1840s. Nearby is the factory hospital (1824), and the Philharmonic on Lenin Avenue occupies the former Mining Chancellery. In total, there were three factories of that era on the territory of Yekaterinburg - Uktussky further down the Iset and Verkh-Isetsky above, now only the last of them is working, but giants of the Soviet industry appeared, first of all Uralmash - a “factory plant” that made mine buildings or rolling mills. A lot of buildings, churches, museums are directly or indirectly connected with the industry, and all this is in the frame of a rich merchant city, then a Soviet industrial giant, then a post-Soviet metropolis in the most important of the federal districts.

Permian

Founded: 1723, Vasily Tatishchev
Industry: metallurgy (copper, iron)
City since 1781, now 1036 thousand inhabitants
Center of the region: Perm region

Although modern Perm is quite industrial, practically nothing remains of the “original” Egoshikha plant, except for the Peter and Paul Church (1757) on a hill: the workshops at the mouth of the Egoshikha belong to railway workshops, and the copper smelter founded by Tatishchev closed in 1788, when a new provincial city was built on the site of his village. However, a second plant, Motovilikhinsky, has been operating across the hill from Egoshikhinsky since 1736, the village at which only in 1727 became part of Perm, and therefore perfectly preserved the harsh historical appearance of the Ural factory village with smoked huts, over which chimneys, hills and bell towers dominate. In the 19th century, the Motovilikha plant turned into one of the largest artillery manufacturers in Russia, and its workshops of different eras, including picturesque pre-revolutionary ones, stretch along the Kama River for ten kilometers, and in the courtyard of the factory museum you can see its “products” from the local Tsar Cannon to ballistic missiles and MLRS complexes.

Barnaul

Founded: 1739, Akinfiy Demidov
Industry: metallurgy (silver)
City since 1771, now 636 thousand inhabitants
Center of the region: Altai region

Although the name of the Demidovs is associated with the Urals, where they owned up to 40 factories headed by Nizhny Tagil, Rudny Altai, the Ural "branch" in Siberia, is also associated with them. The cunning Akinfiy Demidov, a noble counterfeiter, was looking for silver here and founded several factories, which received the name Kolyvansky in honor of the first-born factory. However, the “golden age” of Rudny Altai began in 1747, when the factories became the property of the emperor and began to supply the treasury with silver. Barnaul had the status of a "mountain city", that is, it was not subordinate to the provincial authorities in Tomsk, but to the mining department in St. Petersburg, and was the intellectual center of Siberia with the first theater (1776), the second museum (1823) and the first technical library in the empire (1766). Very strong engineers were in charge here - for example, Ivan Polzunov, who equipped the Barnaul plant in 1762 with real steam engine(and it was “invented” long before Watt more than once, starting from ancient Rome), or the father and son of the Frolovs, who had previously created a unique mine in Zmeinogorsk. But like the Urals, Rudny Altai began to be rented at the end of the 19th century, and irrevocably - in the 1890s, the factories closed, and the current Altai Territory is known rather as a Siberian granary. However, the center of the mountainous city of Barnaul - Polzunova Street and the "corner of St. Petersburg" Demidovskaya Square - has been perfectly preserved. Mountain chancellery, laboratory, warehouse, pharmacy, hospital, school and church of the turn of the 18th-19th centuries form the heart of a large and noisy, utterly Siberian city. The museum, which has been living in the building of a mining laboratory since 1913, has an amazing collection of industrial rarities, whether it is 200-year-old rails from Zmeinogorsk or models of factories and mines made back in the 1820s. The plant itself, which has not been operating for a long time, with classic buildings, has also been preserved, but you can only get there with a guided tour.

Ivanovo

Founded: 1746, peasant Butrimov (the village itself has been known since 1328)
Industry: textile industry
City since 1871, now 409 thousand inhabitants
Center of the region: Ivanovo region

Most of the cities in this selection were generated by heavy industry - metallurgy, mechanical engineering. Ivanovo stands out among them - the "city of brides" or "Russian Manchester", whose region is also called the Textile Region. Although the Textile Region is much wider and includes, for example, the entire Moscow region, you cannot confuse the appearance of its red-brick towns with a huge factory above the quarters of high-rise workers' barracks with anything. They all began the same way: some peasant, perhaps an Old Believer, set up looms and began to sew something for sale; then he attached the whole village to this business, and he himself was already engaged in trade; then he built a factory near the village, and he himself was already a bourgeois, philanthropist, collector of paintings ... At the beginning of the 20th century, strikes were necessary, in Soviet times - the construction of buildings in the style of constructivism and all sorts of monuments to the liberated proletariat; in the post-Soviet - the decline of production and, at best, the settlement of factories with offices. Ivanovo went all this way, only it was much larger than any other textile city, but even now it sometimes leaves the impression of a hypertrophied village, even with high-rise buildings, trolleybuses, universities and restaurants. One of the most memorable features is polycentrism: several old districts have grown up near their factories. Red-brick industrial zones, intricate houses of manufacturers, masterpieces of constructivism worthy of Moscow, and next to them the corners of a county town, or even a village - this is the look of "Russian Manchester".

Izhevsk

Founded: 1760, Count Pyotr Shuvalov
Industry: metallurgy (iron), mechanical engineering (artillery, small arms)
City since 1918, now 637 thousand inhabitants
Center of the region: Udmurt Republic

The capital of Udmurtia is a typical, in general, Ural city-factory, only very large and lively. But everything is available - squat workshops near the dam, a spacious pond, the classicist temple of Alexander Nevsky on the hill, as if blessing the industrial zone below, and the remains of the local "Petersburg corner". Izhevsk quickly and permanently decided on its specialization - the production of small arms, already at the beginning of the 19th century, the plant annually riveted tens of thousands of barrels, and the multi-storey main building with a triumphal column instead of a spire was built as a monument to the victory over Napoleon, or rather, the plant's contribution to this victory. Under the Soviets, the city of gunsmiths (although it did not have the status of a city before the revolution, but certainly was) became the capital of peaceful Udmurtia, and the life of the legendary Mikhail Kalashnikov was connected with it after the war, to whose legacy a very interesting museum is dedicated. And in general, Izhevsk is an original and picturesque city as far as it can be applied to an industrial giant.

Nikolaev

Founded: 1789, Grigory Potemkin
Industry: shipbuilding
City since 1790, now 495 thousand inhabitants
Center of the region: Mykolaiv region, Ukraine

The city at the mouth of the Southern Bug was and trading port, and the main base Black Sea Fleet, replacing Sevastopol destroyed in 1855, and scientific center with one of the first Russian Empire an observatory (which, by the way, is well preserved), and a provincial city, and even entering the Kherson province, Kherson itself was noticeably superior. But still, from the first years of its history, Nikolaev grew as a city of shipbuilders, the most modern warships of the Russian Empire and the USSR were built at its shipyards, up to the failed series Soviet aircraft carriers- 200-meter cranes of their slipway are still visible from almost anywhere in the city. Now the Nikolaev shipyards are in deep decline, and one of its symbols is the unfinished and quietly rotting cruiser "Ukraine" standing near the central embankment. Although, of course, Nikolaev cannot be called a ghost town - there are a lot of people and cars, all kinds of cafes and shops, newfangled installations, well-groomed old houses, in general, life goes on here.

Lugansk

Founded: 1795, Carl Gaiscoigne
Industry: metallurgy (iron), mechanical engineering (guns, ammunition),
City since 1882, now 423 thousand inhabitants (before the start of the war)
Center of the region: Lugansk People's Republic

The most eastern and the poorest regional center Ukraine, now engulfed in war, was founded by Carl Gascoigne, already familiar to us, as the first metallurgical plant in the South of Russia, and for the first time in the domestic industry coke was used for smelting, and therefore coal was mined. Lugansk became the starting point of the grandiose Donetsk-Pridneprovsky industrial complex. The old plant eventually switched to the production of cartridges, and the more famous Luganskteplovoz was founded in 1892 by the German Gustav Hartmann. In Lugansk, a small historical center on a slope has been preserved, a couple of houses from the beginning of the 19th century, in one of which Dahl lived; the amazing Moscow Hotel of the 1950s, whose style is closer to Bazhenov’s “false Gothic” and two whole British tanks from the First World War out of 7 that have survived in the world ... It’s scary to guess which of these will survive the war.

Donetsk

Founded: 1869, John Hughes
Industry: metallurgy (steel)
City since 1917, now 951 thousand inhabitants (before the start of the war)
Center of the region: Donetsk People's Republic

One of the descendants of Lugansk was originally called Yuzovka, as it was founded by the Welsh manufacturer John Hughes. A typical story in general for the Donbass at the end of the 19th century, where factories were founded in huge numbers by foreigners attracted by the cheap labor of Russian peasants. The Yuzovsky plant turned out to be extremely successful, producing rails for the rapidly growing railway network of the Russian Empire, and by the beginning of the 20th century, his village had grown into a rather big city. It was a showcase of Soviet industrialization, was repeatedly recognized in the middle of the 20th century as the most comfortable industrial city in the world, and in the post-Soviet period it became one of the poles of political life in Ukraine, for which it has now paid with a war. But in general, a beautiful city: with the main street of Artyom, built up with pompous Soviet houses, over which several skyscrapers have grown, with a gloomy area of ​​​​the former Yuzovka behind the railway, near the factory, where the golden dome of the temple is adjacent to rusty blast furnaces, with a memorable symbol - an iron palm tree, which was once forged by the worker Mertsalov from a single piece of rail. Donetsk has clean streets and heavy air, and over the cozy promenades waste heaps and mine pilers hang. At least that's how it was until recent events.

Kemerovo

Founded: 1912, JSC "Kopikuz"
Industry: coal mining
City since 1918, now 546 thousand inhabitants
Center of the region: Kemerovo region

Kuzbass, unlike the Donbass, is mainly the brainchild of Soviet industrializations - and yet it began under the tsar, when Joint-Stock Company"Kopikuz" (i.e. "Mine of Kuzbass"), and its center was Krasnaya Gorka - the high bank of the Tom between the villages of Kemerovo and Shcheglovka (closer to the second, so the city formed in 1918 was originally called Shcheglovsk). And in the 1920s, enthusiasts from Holland, led by engineer Sebald Rutgers and architect Johan van Lohem, came there, who created the unique look of the workers' settlement. The current center of Kemerovo is behind Tomyu, there is also a grandiose coke plant. At the bridge to Krasnaya Gorka, he meets a terrible monument to the dead miners by Ernst Neizvestny. And the central estate "Kopikuz", exactly opposite the coke plant over the slow and majestic Siberian river, is now occupied by the museum.

Business on participation in trade chains "we buy imported - we sell to compatriots" ceases to be profitable. There are many reasons for this, from geopolitical to economic. For Russian production of any scale, the green light is on today. How to navigate among the opportunities that have opened up, what can a small business bet on?

The time of intermediaries is running out.

From the very beginning of economic freedoms in Russia and until recently, domestic small businesses preferred the sphere of trade and services. Often the business model was elementary: we buy abroad, we sell at home. Low competition, a huge choice provided high profitability projects.

* - with annual revenue up to 1 billion rubles. (2014 criteria)

The crisis, sanctions, a high dollar and a weak ruble dictate new rules of the game: competition in trade and services is increasing, demand is narrowing, profitability is falling. The most significant decrease in revenue for the 1st half of 2015 was recorded in the wholesale and retail, in cargo transportation . It's time for small businesses to adapt to market changes: today, production and implementation are in trend innovative projects. This is where a lot of free / little competitive niches. Let's figure out what is profitable for small businesses to produce in Russia now.

Assessment of the current situation by SME sectors for the 1st half of 2015

* - index of the current situation - expert review state of affairs in the past
Source: Small Business Pulse survey, Alfa-Bank, June 2015

Prospects for production: where to look for profit

Imported products are now available in any Russian stores: food, sports, children's, household, electrical and other goods. Often under the inscription "made in Russia" a product assembled from foreign components is hidden. Small business can start successful production any of these products. The main thing is to identify what product, what quality and price will be in demand.

When deciding on production, it is worth considering the moods/preferences of consumers in the B2B and B2C sectors. Russians - individuals buy less, save more. The direction of using free money has changed.

What are Russians willing to spend on?

Russian enterprises are focused on the purchase of goods/services that allow maintaining/increasing the level of sales while reducing costs, i.e. they are looking for inexpensive ways to increase the efficiency of business processes and reduce product costs. For example, by replacing imported components with Russian ones.

What is profitable to produce in a crisis by industry

1 Furniture: landfill chic

Italian cuisine is becoming an unaffordable luxury for many. It's time to offer compatriots high-quality eco-friendly furniture Russian production. Our consumer now counts money, is sophisticated in the practicality of furniture and has tried Ikea.

Therefore, a successful furniture business idea should be:

• cheap in production, competitive in price;
• fresh and original, using design solutions;
• environmentally friendly, using the ideas of recycling.

Furniture made from pallets (wooden construction pallets) meets these requirements. It can be country, garden, intended for offices and creating residential interiors in country, loft or industrial style. At the same time, it is not necessary to disassemble the pallets, they are used as modules, constructing author's models. The secret is in the right handling. Pallets are a cheap and grateful "building" material.

An important nuance. Furniture should look stylish and functional, not clumsy. Professional designers should participate in the development of models.

2 Products for animals: cheaper and healthier

According to VTsIOM, 76% of Russians have pets. We are third in the world in terms of the number of pets per capita after the US and China. What is profitable to produce in Russia for small businesses for smaller brothers?

The Russian pet food market is growing despite the crisis. In the most profitable market segment - food for cats and dogs - today there are two leaders: Mars and Nestle (joint share - 86%). They can and should be squeezed out by domestic producers. The main thing is to choose the right niche.

It is believed that Russians do not save on pets even when they themselves have nothing to eat. In real life, people switch animals to economy-class feed, preferring the most useful options available.

Healthly food for cats and dogs - meat and bone minced meat with vitamin and mineral additives. Such feeds are used by specialized kennels, they are hunted by knowledgeable cat and dog owners. The production of "natural cutlets" for animals is carried out in Russia by a few small producers. The niche is uncompetitive.

For the production of natural food for cats and dogs, an expensive technological line is not needed, everything can be organized on a minimum area with little investment.

To start a complete production cycle equipment required:

• cutting table for meat products;
• meat grinder and minced meat mixer;
• molding machine / scales;
• shock freezer and "hot" table for packaging;
• freezer.

The cost of natural feed is lower than that of industrial “drying”, even if it is produced from mechanically deboned meat, which is used in the manufacture of sausages. The business model is simple. The main limitation of sales is that there must be refrigeration equipment at the point of sale.

3 Building and finishing materials: money out of thin air

The building materials market is shrinking. According to a study by RD Construction analysts, a decline in production in January-July 2015 compared to the second half of 2014 was recorded for cement, ready-mixed concrete, reinforced concrete, red ceramic bricks: -12, -30, -15, -1.5%, respectively. This is how the reduction in the pace of mass housing construction backfired on building materials - the demand for housing is falling.

The main product of the recycling of old tires, crumb rubber, is used in the production of:

• rubber tiles / paving stones;
• coverings for sports grounds and fitness halls;
• wall finishing materials;
• innovative coatings for roads;
• accessories for cars (rugs, mudguards, etc.).

The cost of technological lines for "grinding" tires into crumb rubber depends on productivity, degree of automation of the process, quality and size of the output fraction. But in general we are talking on costs of 1 - 12 million rubles. In addition to Chinese equipment options, there are also Russian ones: the plants of Vtorrezina Ecoprom LLC, Alfa-SPK LLC and others offer lines of their own design. It is better to prefer domestic equipment - both the quality of the product and the reliability of the machines are higher.

It is more profitable to produce goods with high added value, i.e., in addition to crumb rubber issue tiles and coatings. The last two products are cold or hot molded from chips, polyurethane adhesive and dye. The cost of equipment starts from 2 million rubles.

The payback period for a mini-factory for the production of rubber tiles is from 6 months. The indicator is excellent, but the investments for the start will require impressive. There is a more economical entry option: many manufacturers (EcoStep, Masterfaybr, etc.) offer to start a franchise business. From 500 thousand rubles.

4 Goods for tourism: wide is my native country

The growth of major world currencies and the rise in the cost of labor in China have a positive effect on the domestic light industry market. In 2015 the share Russian manufacturers in this industry has grown to 24% and continues to increase. What should a startup focus on?

Russians save money on vacation trips abroad. Most have to be content with local color and sponsor domestic tourism. They need equipment.

• tourist clothing and equipment of the middle price category;
• budget tents (up to 5,000 rubles);
• fishing goods low- and mid-price segment (up to 3,000 rubles).

The production of backpacks, ventilated caps / hats, windproof hats, gloves, encephalitis, thermal underwear, sweaters is a profitable business. You can choose a very narrow niche and engage in the production of mobile baths or thermal bags.

It is not necessary to develop innovative raincoats-boats or T-shirts-life jackets. It is enough to make practical and functional products a la the Expedition clothing range. But at reasonable prices.

5 Automotive equipment: Thule from Tula

What is profitable to produce in Russia for cars, where is the free niche? Comparing our popular Swedish plastic autoboxes from Thule brand with analogues is the same as putting Rolex against ordinary watches. The Thule customer pays for style and brand first. Moreover, luggage boxes from the point of view of production are the simplest products. Thule cost in Europe in the range of $400-970. The price, which is not humane at the current dollar exchange rate, is already at the place of production, in Russian retail stores turns into completely amazing: premium solutions cost 60,000 - 100,000 rubles.

The middle price segment of the autobox market in Russia (10,000 - 20,000 rubles) is now under the gun of Polish, Czech, Italian and Chinese manufacturers. Items from the Middle Kingdom deserve special attention: they are widely presented, but the quality is objectively low. Time to make car trunks in Russia. Domestic manufacturers of boxes for cars exist as a class, but are counted on the fingers (brands ATLANT, VetlaN, LUX). Moreover, some have a meager assortment, others specialize in "luggage systems from European components" (read: they depend on fluctuations in exchange rates), and the quality of others is lame.

During the crisis, mini-production of universal luggage boxes (for all car brands) made of high-quality plastic with a reliable opening / locking system in low and medium price categories is beneficial.

This will require:

• vacuum forming equipment(Russian - from 350 thousand rubles);
• Press forms;
• raw material is ABS plastic.

Cheaper to manufacture soft autoboxes made of polyester, PVC and other plastic polymers. But it's already clothing industry and a completely different story.

The USSR was one of the leaders (and the first in many types of products) industrial production in the world and independently produced necessary equipment and machine tools. What of this have we lost and what have we kept in the 25 years that have passed since the beginning of the privatization of enterprises?

bloody chronicle

The pocketing of the former socialist property was not without contract killings, which peaked in the early 90s.

The oil industry turned out to be the bloodiest - they were in a hurry to suck on the inexhaustible tap with black gold at any cost. 50 contract killings were linked to Samara Oil alone. The second branch along the length of the bloody trail was metallurgy. Many murders remain unsolved.

Here are just a few of them: D. Zenshin, Director of Kuibyshevnefteorgsintez, stabbed to death in 1993; Y. Shebanov, Deputy Director of NefSam, shot dead in 1994; F. Lvov, CEO of AIOC(aluminum), shot dead in 1995; V. Tokar, director of non-ferrous metals plant(Kamensk-Uralsky), killed in 1996; A. Sosnin, owner of several Ural factories, killed in 1996. There were later murders. For example O. Belonenko, General Director of OAO Uralmash, shot dead in 2000, and State Duma deputy V. Golovlev, according to one version, he fell victim to a killer in 2002 for participating in the illegal privatization of the Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works.

In 2011, the Urals killer V. Pilshchikov for 24.5 years in a strict regime colony. In May 1995, he killed Sverdlovsky businessman A. Yakushev, related to the capture in 1994-1995. Yekaterinburg Meat Processing Plant (EMK). A year later, A. Sos-nin, the owner of several Ural factories, was ordered to him.

In St. Petersburg in the 90s, only during the privatization of Steel Rolling Plant JSC, four contenders for this property were killed in turn. In 1996 he was killed in his office P. Sharlaev- the real leader of the knitting factory "Red Banner", who was listed as the deputy general director there. He came close to creating a financial and industrial group that would unite the cotton-growing collective farms of Uzbekistan, St. Petersburg factories and banking resources. This is the first, but by no means the last, murder of factory managers.

In the 90s, the thieves' common fund was used to privatize the most tidbits of state property. The thieves tried to buy blocks of shares and participate in the privatization of various state district power plants, pulp and paper mills, as well as Voronezhenergo, Samaraenergo, and Kurganenergo. Among the objects of interest to the mafia were Lenenergo and Sea port St. Petersburg.

"Legal plunder"

In the USSR, the bulk of resources - material and human - were directed to the development of their own heavy industry. By level industrial development The country was in second place in the world.

By 1990, in the RSFSR there were 30 thousand 600 able-bodied large and medium industrial enterprises, - speaks doctor of economic sciences, professor Vasily Simchera.- Including 4.5 thousand large and largest, with up to 5 thousand people employed at each, which accounted for over 55% of all industrial workers and more than half of the total industrial output. Today there are only a few hundred such enterprises in Russia.

The creation of such a powerful industry was a natural phenomenon - being a superpower, the USSR carried out large-scale projects, and they needed industrial products, especially heavy industry products.

The workers were not offended

The RSFSR provided itself and other union republics with the main types of industrial products. In the year of the death of the Union, 1991, the RSFSR produced 4.5 times more trucks, 10.2 times more grain harvesters, 11.2 times more press-forging machines, 19.2 times more metal-cutting machines, 33.3 times more tractors and excavators, 58.8 times more motorcycles, 30 times more precision instruments and aircraft.

The industrial working class exceeded 40 million people, half of whom were skilled workers. Highly skilled workers, turners, locksmiths, equipment adjusters received significant salaries, which consisted of a rate and bonuses for qualifications (digit system). At the same time, the salaries of plant directors could not be higher than the salaries of the highest paid workers of these enterprises. In the early 1980s, the salaries of "top" specialists amounted to 500-1000 rubles. If we add to this a variety of benefits, the possibility of sanatorium treatment, priority in the queue for living space and other bonuses, then it can be argued that the life of highly skilled workers in the USSR was very acceptable, and salaries were comparable in amounts to the salaries of the scientific nomenclature - university professors and directors scientific institutes. The social package in the USSR, when translated into money, was about a third of the nominal salary, however, the volume and especially the quality of services differed depending on the categories of workers. Ordinary workers large enterprises with developed social structure received a surcharge of up to 50%.

Handed out for free

Today, there are barely 5,000 large and medium-sized industrial enterprises in the Russian Federation, including former Soviet ones. In the first year of privatization, 42 thousand enterprises (large, medium and small) were transferred to new owners. And only 12 thousand new economic entities were created on their basis, most of which were then also cashed out. Therefore, I have reason to trust the figure circulating on the Internet: 30,000 large and medium-sized enterprises, not counting many small ones, were destroyed by privatizers and reformers, and their property was plundered. The industrial census, which I insisted on conducting when I was the director of the Research Institute of Statistics of Rosstat (and which could give a more reliable picture), is still stubbornly blocked by those interested in malicious privatization.

Factories were sold under the hammer for next to nothing: for example, the Likhachev Plant, the famous ZIL, was sold for $130 million, the treasury received $13 million. While a similar Brazilian auto giant was sold to a private entrepreneur by the Brazilian government for $13 billion, Sibneft, which was privatized for $100 million, is now worth $26 billion.

Treasury income from voucher privatization amounted to 2 trillion rubles, or $60 billion, which is half the amount received by the state budget from privatization in small Hungary, where 10 million people live. According to estimates, the value of the privatized property was underestimated by 10 times and amounted to 20 trillion rubles, or $600 billion.

As a result of privatization, Russia's economic development was thrown back to the level of 1975. In addition, the country lost $1.5 trillion.

Therefore, a review of the results of fraudulent transactions is inevitable. It is necessary that the current real owners of the privatized plants compensate the country for the damage caused and pay all due taxes from the real market value received property. Or let them return what they cheated.

Name enterprises	How much did you receive budget	Market grade
1. Norilsk nickel"
2. Surgutneftegaz
3. Oil company Yukos
4. Kovrov Mechanical Plant
5. Samara steel plant
6. Uralmash
7. Chelyabinsk steel plant
8. Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant
9. Novolipetsk Iron and Steel Works
10. Oil company "Sidanco"

Instead of shops and machines - now ruins

Once upon a time, life was in full swing in these factories. The ships, watches, cranes, etc., produced on them, were transported throughout the USSR and around the world.

How "Yantar" was divided

The Oryol watch factory was the leader in the USSR in the production of large-sized interior clocks and alarm clocks. In 1976, the plant was named Yantar.

In the USSR, up to 9 thousand people worked in the Yantar Production Association, the delivery of products went to 86 countries of the world. But in the 90s, the head of the plant was forced to resign. At the enterprise, disruptions in wages began, employees responded with protest rallies.

The new director ruined the plant within six months. In the 90s. businessmen began to think first about themselves, and then about their homeland. Therefore, in our region there are almost no leaders of industry left who worked not only for the entire USSR, but also for foreign countries, - says former mayor of the city of Orel, Efim Velkovsky.

In 2004, the plant was purchased by ALMAZ-HOLDING LLC, which distributed the property among other companies. As if in order to save production, Yantar LLC was created. From the former team left 80 workers, the rest were on the street. The plant, instead of development, was waiting for bankruptcy. The equipment was sold at bargain prices. Yantar LLC ceased to exist - as unnecessary.

Approximately the same fate befell Orleks CJSC - the former Oryol plant of air conditioning and gas analysis devices. Devices from Orel were in mines and mines, ship and railway refrigerators, on submarines and rockets. In the late 90s, it was transformed into Orleks CJSC. And they started killing. In 2011, the plant was declared bankrupt. Ready-to-use buildings with total area 10 thousand m2 were sold at a price of 10 thousand rubles. per square meter! Workers went to rallies, demanding to pay their wages. At the same time, orders were received, and there were no analogues in Russia for part of Orlex's products. However, in 2015 the enterprise ceased operations.

Plant "Yantar", 1983 Photo: RIA Novosti / Valery Shustov

Who killed "Katyusha"

In the shops of the Voronezh plant them. The Comintern once produced the first Katyusha rocket artillery systems.

After the war, the company produced excavators, cranes, loaders, and agricultural machinery. And in the 90s, along with the entire Voronezh mechanical engineering plant, the plant plunged into a crisis. With Soviet volumes of 1,190 excavators per year in the 2000s, production barely reached 40 machines. And yet the enterprise could keep afloat, if not for the location - 24 hectares of land almost in the center of the city. Tasty…

The workers, who had not received their wages for months, went on strike and went on hunger strikes, but the protests did not prevent the plant from being sold piecemeal for mere pennies. One factory property could be scrapped for hundreds of millions of rubles.

The plant finally ceased to exist in 2009. The workshops were gutted barbarously: everything was cut off - from overhead cranes to cables. To this day, a dull landscape can be observed on the territory of the enterprise: windows are broken, roofs are broken in the former workshops, heaps of garbage are everywhere.

According to experts in the field of industrial real estate, the chance to revive the plant has been lost forever. In addition, part of its territory is already built up with high-rise buildings. And Voronezh residents are forced to buy imported equipment.

And in Nizhny Novgorod in 2015, on the threshold of its 100th anniversary, the Nizhny Novgorod garment factory "Mayak" was closed. And in Soviet times, and even in the early 2000s, she was among the top ten garment enterprises countries. From here clothes were sent to Moscow, to the Urals, there were foreign contracts.

Since the late 1990s, the factory began to fade. They sold unique equipment, rented space. So the Nizhny Novgorod coats became another line in the history of the death of Soviet industry.

Mistake or Salvation?

The privatization of the 90s was a rare case in the history of Russia, when the state did not take property from the people, but gave them something, and for free, he believes senior expert of the Institute economic policy them. Gaidar Sergey Zhavoronkov.

According to economist Vladimir Mau, at the time privatization began, the state was unable to effectively control its property. A mass phenomenon was the seizure of control over enterprises by their directors, who were determined to make quick profits.

Few people know that before privatization, the Russian oil industry was unprofitable: oil production was subsidized. And after privatization, our oil production began to grow at the level of 7-8% per year. coal industry at the end of Soviet power it was also subsidized, and after privatization it became profitable.

It is impossible to revise the results of privatization; this will only give rise to a wave of unnecessary conflicts. It is necessary to look how effectively the privatized enterprise works. If Norilsk Nickel has become its donor from a freeloader of the state budget, then what difference does it make who owns it and how it was privatized?

Click to enlarge

What was built in the new Russia?

IN modern times Of course, fewer enterprises were built than in the Soviet period. But among them are not only infrastructure and transport facilities, military-industrial complex and fuel and energy enterprises. There are real giants of the industry, including heavy industry.

In 2006, the Khakassky aluminum smelter (over 1,000 jobs) with a capacity of 300 thousand tons of aluminum per year was launched in Sayanogorsk. In the same year, the Antipinsky oil refinery for thousands of jobs was put into operation in Tyumen. In 2010, Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Rus was launched in Sestroretsk, the first full-cycle foreign auto plant in Russia, which provided 2,000 jobs. It became part of the St. Petersburg Auto Cluster - a group of enterprises for the production of cars and auto components in St. Petersburg and the Leningrad Region. Other large car factories are the Scania-Piter bus manufacturer in St. Petersburg and the plant cars"Ford-Sollers" in Vsevolozhsk (launched in 2002).

In 2011, a plant for the production of domestic YaMZ-530 engines was launched in Yaroslavl, which employs 500 people. This plant has no analogues in Russia. In 2012, Europe's largest Tikhvin Freight Car Building Plant was put into operation, employing 6.5 thousand people. In 2013, one of the world's largest polymer producers, the Tobolsk Polymer Plant, began operations. In the same year, the Serpukhov elevator-building plant for 700 employees was launched, and in the Ingush city of Karabulak, the largest flour mill in Russia (1.5 thousand jobs). In 2013, the NLMK-Kaluga metallurgical plant was opened in Vorsino, Kaluga Region, for 900 thousand tons of steel per year (over 1,200 jobs). In 2015, the Hevel plant, the country's first manufacturer of solar panels, was launched in Novocheboksarsk, Chuvash.

The importance of industry in the economy of any country can hardly be overestimated: it is plants and factories that supply everything necessary materials, equipment, fixtures and many other goods for all other sectors of the economy. At present, there are approximately 460,000 industrial enterprises in Russia, employing over 15 million of our compatriots. We present you the top 10 most large factories our country.

10. Aviastar

The specialization of the enterprise, founded in 1975, is the production of modern passenger and cargo aircraft Tu-204 and transport aircraft Il-76. In one year, 50 "flyers" come out from under the roof of the plant. The capacities of Aviastar also allow re-equipment and modernization of domestic and foreign airliners. The plant is rapidly developing a program of technical re-equipment, which allows saving up to 30% of the time for aircraft manufacturing. To date, the production area of ​​the plant is 1,400,000 m².

9. Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant

What can a tractor factory produce besides the tractors themselves? And much more! This company makes bulldozers, pipelayers, loaders, forestry equipment, engines and much more. working equipment. The potential of ChTZ provides a full technological cycle for the creation of machines, from blanks to assembly and testing. The company is located on an area of ​​2,500,000 m².

8. Energoprom

Energoprom provides the carbon-graphite industry National economy, producing electrical components and parts for transport, electrodes for metallurgy and graphite masonry for nuclear reactors. The unique production technology allows deliveries of products to more than 50 countries of the world.

7. Severstal

This smelter is the world's largest facility that supplies the mining and steel industries. Reinforcement is produced here, steel structures for the construction of buildings and construction of bridges, pipe blanks, rolled products for quarry and construction equipment, as well as special types of steel armored rolled products for the automotive industry.

6. "T-platforms"

Supercomputers are manufactured at the enterprise, and over the years of work, more than 300 developments and innovative technologies. The most famous project of the plant is the Lomonosov supercomputer, specially created for the Moscow State University, which can perform 1.7 quadrillion operations in one second.

5. OJSC "Lebedyansky"

The company is a leader in Russian market for production baby food and juices. The history of the company begins in 1967 with a small cannery. Currently, this is a whole holding, which includes several food and beverage manufacturing plants.

KamAZ is one of the largest truck manufacturers in Russia. The plant carries out a full cycle of automotive industry: from the creation of a project to production and further after-sales service. The concern includes its own foundry and forging plants, an engine production plant, a repair and tool plant and other enterprises for the manufacture of spare parts.

The plant covers an area of ​​about 4,000,000 m², and every year more than 800,000 cars are produced here. It is hard to imagine that the length of the conveyor system is 300 km, and the length of the main one is 1.5 km. Experts calculated that almost 28,000,000 cars have left under its wing during the entire existence and operation of the enterprise.

"Uralvagonzavod" is a real research and production association that develops and produces not only the latest military equipment, but also road-building machines and wagons for trains. On the basis of the enterprise, there are several research institutes, design bureaus and factories producing components and spare parts.

At the Izhora plant, everything is produced, well, or almost everything. Here they create something that cannot be found anywhere else in the world: powerful excavators, sheet metal, power equipment and even cases for nuclear reactors.