Work program for conducting inspections of trade enterprises selling goods for children and adolescents. Disputable real estate objects (platforms, coatings, etc.; sea, aircraft, etc.) To the Ministry of Science and Education

At the meeting, it was planned to discuss a number of issues related to "controversial" real estate objects. In particular, questions were raised about “real estate by nature” and “real estate by law”, about the status of ships, aircraft and other vessels, about the definition of immovable objects in Art. 130 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, on "two-dimensional" and "three-dimensional" real estate objects.

The session began with a presentation by Maria Popova on the concept of immovable property in French law. Maria explained that the French civil Code does not contain a definition of immovable things, but French law distinguishes three categories of real estate: real estate by nature, by purpose and based on the immovable nature of the object to which the law refers.

“Real estate by nature” includes land and subsoil, as well as inseparable improvements land plots, not harvested, fruits on trees, etc. When harvesting, separating fruits from a tree, they become movable things. By nature, pipelines, power transmission towers and similar linear objects are also considered real estate. In addition, buildings are considered real estate by nature.

Immovables by purpose include animals used for cultivating the land, agricultural tools, pigeons in dovecotes, beehives, seeds for sowing, hay and fertilizers, etc. This category also includes built-in furniture, fireplaces, etc.

According to French law, “real estate” includes not only the objects themselves, but also some rights in rem. In particular, real estate, based on the immovable nature of the object, includes usufruct and easement.

Sea and other vessels are considered movable things under French law.

After Maria Popova's report, a discussion took place, during which the participants discussed the two- and three-dimensional model of the land plot, the features of registration models used in French, German, English and Russian law. The discussion showed that it is necessary to formulate the main goals with which certain objects are classified as immovable or movable. After the discussion, the participants came to the conclusion that the purpose of classifying an object as immovable is not so much the need for registration as such, but to streamline the circulation of objects that are of the greatest value. At the same time, value is determined not only by the cost of certain things, but primarily by their significance for society as a whole. For this reason, land plots are classified as real estate, but, say, expensive cars are not.

Then Artem Krasotkin made a report. He commented on the need to classify ships, aircraft and other vessels as real estate. They fall under the definition of real estate in terms of their value, but they are of a completely different nature than traditional real estate. Artem supported the position expressed in the legal literature that these objects should not be considered real estate, although they may have a similar registration regime.

A. Krasotkin's report included comments on the issue of an apartment in apartment building as a property. A discussion arose on this problem: what exactly is a real estate object, if the external boundaries of the apartment (floor, ceiling, external walls, etc.) refer to common property apartment building owners? Is it right to single out apartments as an independent real estate object?

According to Natalia Galkina, this decision has historical reasons. During the Soviet period, the most valuable items were withdrawn from circulation. After switching to market economy it was necessary to provide citizens with the opportunity to establish a legal connection with the various values ​​involved in the turnover. Therefore, not only land plots, but also “additional” objects (houses, apartments, etc.) were identified as real estate objects.

Since in the studied legal systems not only is there no unified approach to understanding real estate as a legal category, but also to the definition of criteria for determining property as movable or immovable, the general agreed conclusion was the assumption of the likelihood that in each state there is a “political-legal contract” regarding the understanding of this category.

It is in the interests of turnover to establish clarity in this matter, as well as to build an effective and simple system for concluding transactions, subject to ensuring the rights of both owners and bona fide purchasers.

§ 49.To write correctly consonant at the end of a word or before other consonants (P or b, f or V, T or d, With or h, To or G, w or and) , you need to take a different form of the same word or pick up another word of the same root, where after the consonant there would be a vowel, and write the consonant that is written before the vowel, for example: oak, oak trees(Oak trees), sleeve, cuff(sleeves), bodice, brassiere(bodices), threshing(thresh), short, lower(low) higher(high), claws(claw), spoon(spoon) bowl(plate).

In some cases, for correct spelling consonant, you can change the word so that after the consonant there is not a vowel, but a consonant R, l, m, n, V, For example: fine- free kick teeth- dental, escape- fugitive soaked- wet.

The spelling of consonants that cannot be checked by changing the word is determined in dictionary order, for example: general, football, wholesale.

Note. Word wedding spelled with a letter d(wedding), although the words of the same root woo And matchmaker have a consonant T; ladder, hole spelled with a letter With, despite the presence of forms, I climb, open.

§ 50.Rule §49 also applies to prefixes, For example: enter(get in) prick(to crack) trim(cut) throw up(change) introduce(provide), give away(unlearn) do(to be able) reset.

In consoles without -, who -, vz -, from -, bottom -, once -, roses -, through - (through -) before the deaf To, P, With, T, f, X, c, h, w, sch spelled With instead of h , For example: useless, bring up, plow, bite, subvert, scatter, painting, striped, But: tasteless, mediocre, take a nap, excite, spare and so on.

§ 51.Rule §49 applies to T, d before With, c And h at the beginning of suffixes, For example: childhood(children), saucer(dish), trough(trough), thug(young), companion(paths). Letter T before h it is also written in cases where the suffixes -chik, -chin-, -chat - and so on. attached to a stem ending in -To, -ts, -h, and the letter T the final consonant of the stem is replaced, For example: innkeeper(tavern), tiled(tile), kpypitchaty(grain), tabular(table), ciliated(eyelash), card reader(file cabinet), miner(mining).

Note. In verbs before -sya the spelling of the form to which -sya joins, For example: run around, worn, forget yourself.

§ 52.Adjectives must be distinguished -c-cue (-ts-koy) from adjectives on -d-sky (-d-sky) or -t-sky (-t-sky) :

1. -ts or -To, -h(if in these cases they change to c), then it is written -c-cue (-ts-koy) , For example: German(German), fishing(fisherman), weaving(weaver), Galician(Galic; there is also a form Galician);
2. if the stem of the word from which the adjective is derived ends in -d or -T, then it is written accordingly -d-sky (-d-sky) or -t-sky (-t-sky) , For example: Swedish(Swede), urban(city), Soviet(council), Marxist(Marxist).

In adjectives formed from foreign proper names (geographical names) ending in -ts with a preceding consonant, except -ts, is written -c-sky, For example: Palatinate(Pfalz), Constance(Constance) Mainz(Mainz).

In adjectives formed from foreign proper names ending in -ts, with a preceding vowel, and also on -zz-, usually written -c-cue, and double c the basics are preserved, for example: Suez(Suez), Goritsky(Goritsa), noble(Dvorzhets), Nice(Nice), abruzzo(Abruzzo).

§ 53.In a group of consonants (for example, stn, stl, zdn etc.) one of the consonants may not be pronounced. For correct spelling, you need to change the word or choose another word with the same root so that after the first or second consonant of this group there is a vowel, for example: honest(honest) bone(bones), but: inert(kosen); whip(lash) lay(steel), but: send(send), pasture(shepherd), Hello(robust), heart(cordial), Sun(solar).

However, it is written flash(although shine) splash(although splashing), bottle(though glass) ladder(even if it's a ladder).

§ 54.To know when to write sch, and in what shh, or zhch, or mid, or zch, or stch, or zdch, you need to understand the composition of the word.

Is written sch in cases where it refers entirely either only to the root, or only to the suffix, for example: brush, pike, forgive, looking, waxed, plank; split(cf. splurge), flatter(cf. flat), drover(cf. drive); woman(cf. wife).

Is written mid at the junction of the prefix and the root, when With refers to the prefix, and h to the root, for example: count, dishonest, exhaust, too much.

Is written shh, zhch, mid, zch, stch or zdch:

1. at the junction of the root and the suffix, if the suffix begins with h and this sound is preceded by consonants w, and, With, h, st, zd, root, for example: defector(cf. run across), carrier(cf. transport), peddler(cf. spread), ranger(cf. to travel around);
2. in stems ending in combinations shk, lcd, ck, zk, stk or zdk, if when replacing a suffix instead of To in these combinations sound appears h, for example: sharper (sharp), biting (biting), freckled (freckles).

Note. In words happiness, sandy spelled mid.