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Ecological principles in the concept of sustainable development. Presentation on the theme "concept of sustainable development" Environmental management in the concept of sustainable development presentation

lesson type - combined

Methods: partially exploratory, problem presentation, reproductive, explanatory-illustrative.

Target:

Students' awareness of the significance of all the issues discussed, the ability to build their relationship with nature and society based on respect for life, for all living things as a unique and priceless part of the biosphere;

Tasks:

Educational: to show the multiplicity of factors acting on organisms in nature, the relativity of the concept of "harmful and beneficial factors", the diversity of life on planet Earth and the options for adapting living beings to the entire range of environmental conditions.

Developing: develop communication skills, the ability to independently acquire knowledge and stimulate their cognitive activity; the ability to analyze information, highlight the main thing in the studied material.

Educational:

To cultivate a culture of behavior in nature, the qualities of a tolerant person, to instill interest and love for wildlife, to form a stable positive attitude towards every living organism on Earth, to form the ability to see beauty.

Personal: cognitive interest in ecology. Understanding the need to gain knowledge about the diversity of biotic relationships in natural communities in order to preserve natural biocenoses. The ability to choose the target and semantic settings in their actions and deeds in relation to wildlife. The need for fair evaluation of one's own work and the work of classmates

cognitive: the ability to work with various sources of information, convert it from one form to another, compare and analyze information, draw conclusions, prepare messages and presentations.

Regulatory: the ability to organize independently the execution of tasks, evaluate the correctness of the work, reflection of their activities.

Communicative: participate in the dialogue in the classroom; answer questions from a teacher, classmates, speak to an audience using multimedia equipment or other means of demonstration

Planned results

Subject: know - the concepts of "habitat", "ecology", "environmental factors" their influence on living organisms, "connections of living and non-living";. Be able to - define the concept of "biotic factors"; characterize biotic factors, give examples.

Personal: make judgments, search and select information; analyze connections, compare, find an answer to problematic issue

Metasubject: links with such academic disciplines like biology, chemistry, physics, geography. Plan actions with a set goal; find necessary information in the textbook and reference literature; to carry out the analysis of objects of nature; draw conclusions; formulate your own opinion.

Form of organization learning activities - individual, group

Teaching methods: visual and illustrative, explanatory and illustrative, partially exploratory, independent work with additional literature and textbook, with DER.

Receptions: analysis, synthesis, conclusion, transfer of information from one type to another, generalization.

Learning new material

Concept sustainable development

The deterioration of the ecological situation in many regions of the globe and on the planet as a whole requires more and more energetic international efforts, the unification of all mankind to protect life on the planet.

In 1983, the United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development, in its report "Our Common Future" called for " new era economic development , safe for the environment”.

The Commission noted that "humanity has the ability to make development sustainable - to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs." Thus, the transition to sustainable forms of development that require a reasonable relationship with the environment is indispensable. The perspective on this path is opened by the extensive program "Agenda for the 21st century", adopted at the UN Conference on Environment and Development in June 1992 in Rio de Janeiro.

In the documents of the Conference, the first two theses are formulated as follows:

"All nations and all people will cooperate in the vital task of eliminating poverty as a necessary requirement in order to reduce inequalities in living standards and better meet the demands of the majority of the world's people."

"To achieve sustainable development and a higher quality of life for all people, states should reduce and eliminate environmentally unsustainable production and consumption and support the necessary population policies."

The remaining theses of the Conference are directly or indirectly related to the first two. IN table No. 5, you can see the main issues discussed at the UN Conference in June 1992.

Man is a natural component of the biosphere, it arose as a result of its evolution, and, like all other species, the laws of the biosphere apply to it.

Mankind can exist on the planet only in a rather narrow range of its parameters. Like any other species, a person has his own ecological niche - a system of relationships with the environment, the laws of development, which a person needs to take into account in his activities. Departure from these laws can lead humanity to catastrophic consequences.

Thus, humanity today faces the important problem of developing a strategy for its survival on the planet. In this regard, N. N. Moiseev" defines sustainable development as "the implementation

The main directions of the "Agenda for the XXI century" (according to M. Keating)

STRATEGIES man, his path to the era of the noosphere, i.e. to the state of co-evolution of Society and Nature. At the same time, co-evolution should be understood as the joint evolution of social and natural systems united by close ecological systems.
ties, in which the evolution of one system depends on the evolution of another and
affects it at the same time. It should be noted that in science the problem of sustainable development has not yet found an unambiguous explanation accepted by all scientists. The concept of sustainable development today is still at the beginning of its theoretical and practical confirmation.

The main source of emissions into the atmosphere is the production and consumption of energy

In June 1997, the Regular Session of the UN General Assembly on the problems of environment and development, dedicated to the discussion of the results of the 5-year period on the establishment of sustainable development of mankind (after the 1992 Conference in Rio de Janeiro).

Representatives of over 60 countries of the world took part in the forum. The Russian delegation was headed by Prime Minister V. S. Chernomyrdin. In his speech, he noted the priority of the problems of ecology, economy, the survival of mankind in the development strategic directions sustainable development of Russia.

Requests and tasks

1. Determine, in order of greatest importance, the social and environmental problems put forward by the head of the Club of Rome A. Peccei, facing humanity

the uncontrolled spread of man populating the planet;

inequality in society;

hunger and malnutrition;

unemployment;

inflation;

energy crisis;

flaw natural resources;

outdated education system;

illiteracy of the population;

crime;

addiction;

nuclear weapons;

corruption among politicians;

bureaucracy;

degradation (destruction) of the natural environment;

the decline of moral values;

loss of faith in the future;

misunderstanding of the danger of environmental disasters;

military conflicts.

Try to justify your proposed ranking of contemporary problems.

2. List the main theses of the "21st Century Agenda" and give them your explanation.

3. Based on the definitions proposed in table No. 6, formulate your interpretation of the term "sustainable development".

Whatsuchsustainabledevelopment?

ABOUTConceptssustainabledevelopment

Sustainable development: new strategy planet earth

17 goalsVareassustainabledevelopment

Resources:

S. V. Alekseev. Ecology: Tutorial for 9th grade students of educational institutions different types. SMIO Press, 1997. - 320 p.

Presentation Hosting

The concept of sustainable development: a new socio-economic paradigm

What is sustainable development?

The term "sustainable development" was introduced into wide use by the International Commission on Environment and Development (Bruntland Commission) in 1987. Sustainable development refers to development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Sustainable development includes two key interrelated concepts:

1) the concept of needs, including priority needs (necessary for the existence of the poorest segments of the population):

2) the concept of limitations (due to the state of technology and the organization of society) imposed on the ability of the environment to meet the present and future needs of mankind.

The main objective of sustainable development is the satisfaction of human needs and aspirations. It is important to emphasize that sustainable development requires meeting the most important life needs of all people and enabling all to meet their aspirations for a better life equally.

The concept of sustainable development is based on five main principles.

1. Humanity is indeed able to make development sustainable and long-term so that it meets the needs of people living today, without depriving future generations of the opportunity to meet their needs.

2. The existing restrictions in the field of exploitation of natural resources are relative. They are related to the state of the art and social organization, as well as the ability of the biosphere to cope with the consequences of human activity.

3. The basic needs of all people must be met and everyone must be given the opportunity to realize their hopes for a better life. Without this, sustainable and long-term development is simply impossible. One of the main causes of environmental and other disasters is poverty, which has become commonplace in the world.

4. It is necessary to reconcile the way of life of those who have large means (monetary and material) with the ecological possibilities of the planet, in particular with regard to energy consumption.

5. The size and rate of population growth must be consistent with the changing productive potential of the Earth's global ecosystem.

The dynamic nature of sustainable development is especially emphasized. It is noted that it is not a permanent state of harmony, but rather a process of change in which the scale of resource exploitation, the direction of investment, the orientation of technical development and institutional changes are consistent with current and future needs [I].

Background of the emergence of the concept of sustainable development. Development or growth?

The current approach to the concept of sustainable development has evolved over several decades and is based on development experience. accumulated during this time. The emergence and development of the concept of sustainable development was largely facilitated by the activities carried out within the framework of the Club of Rome. A big impetus in this direction was given by the sensational work "The Limits to Growth", which attracted the widest attention to global environmental issues.

Important approximations to the concept of sustainable development were discussed in the works of the Club of Rome the concept of dynamic growth, the concept of organic growth, the concept of dynamic balance. Common to all these approaches is the comparison of the global economic system with a living organism, which is especially evident in the concept of organic growth. Quantitative growth does not play a role in the evolution of living organisms or biological systems. The main place here belongs to the vitality and ability to survive, i.e. quality improvement and adaptation to the environment. Organic growth leads to dynamic balance, because a living, mature organism is constantly renewing itself.

A society that has reached a state of dynamic or stable equilibrium is a society that, in response to changes in internal and external conditions able to establish a new balance corresponding to these changes both within itself and within its environment.

With regard to quantitative growth, which traditional economics has focused on, even from a purely mathematical point of view, it must stop sooner or later, and with the most unfavorable consequences. The most striking example of undifferentiated quantitative growth in nature is the reproduction of cancer cells. The true limits of the material growth of mankind are determined by reasons not so much physical as ecological, biological, and even cultural and psychological.

At the same time, the concept of "zero growth" is just as wrong as the concept of infinite growth.

Growth rates in and of themselves are not critical. Sufficiently high growth rates may not lead to adverse environmental impacts. At the same time, at low or even negative growth rates (i.e., an economic recession), the state of the environment can deteriorate, and non-renewable natural resources can be depleted.

Today's Russian economy is the clearest illustration of the latter. The concept of sustainable development inherited from the concepts developed in the works of the Club of Rome, first of all, the fundamental difference from the concept of continuous economic growth dominating in traditional economic science.

The distinction between economic development and economic growth is fundamental to the very concept of sustainability. Growth is aimed at a quantitative increase in the scale of the economy in its physical dimension. This implies an increase in the volume and speed of material and energy flows passing through the economy, the quantitative growth of population and an increase in the volume of stocks of products of human labor. Development implies qualitative improvements in the structure, design and composition of physical volumes and flows.

The potential for economic progress based on sustainable development implies qualitative improvements greater than economic growth based only on increasing quantitative indicators. Genuine economic progress is only such progress, which is carried out not at the expense of the environment, but, on the contrary, due to the coordination of economic activity and all human behavior with biogeochemical cycles of various levels and the full inclusion of the economic system in the structure of the global closed life-supporting environment. If economic growth based solely on quantitative indicators eventually leads to self-destruction (and thus is “unsustainable”), then economic development, understood primarily in a qualitative sense, can be sustainable.

Ideas similar to those discussed in the works of the Club of Rome were also expressed by Soviet scientists. So, N.F. Reimers proposed a "strategy of thermodynamic interaction" - a limited transformation of nature with a simultaneous change public institutions.

Traditional economics and the concept of sustainable development

Modern environmental problems, which have drawn attention to themselves and brought to life the concept of sustainable development, are to a certain extent generated by the backwardness of economic thought. Neither the classics of economic science, starting with A. Smith, nor subsequent economic schools, including the Marxist one. did not attach importance to environmental restrictions in economic development. And only in the 70s XX century, when environmental problems sharply escalated all over the world, economic science faced the task of comprehending the current trends in environmental and economic development and developing fundamentally new development concepts.

In essence, the concept of sustainable development has become a qualitatively new approach to problems that were either not noticed before, or were not recognized as important, or were considered not related to the field of economic science. The paradigm that has dominated economics so far is based on certain assumptions about the world that, while very useful for efficient resource allocation in the short run, are less accurate and useful in dealing with longer-term, broader, and more complex sustainability issues.

R. Costanza and K. Folke identify three hierarchically interrelated problems, the solution of which is associated with sustainable development. They boil down to maintaining:

1) a sustainable scale of the economy, which would correspond to its ecological life support system;

2) fair distribution (distribution) resources and opportunities not only within the current generation of humans, but also between current and future generations, and between humans and other biological species;

3) efficient distribution (allocation) resources over time that adequately takes into account natural capital.

Most representatives of traditional economics believed that the distribution problem should be solved by political, and not economic methods. The problem of scale was not even considered as significant, since the possibility of an endless substitution of resources and technological changes was recognized. It is important that the problem of scale and the distribution problem cannot be solved within the framework of the market mechanism, even if the market is perfect in the sense of taking into account all external costs. Rather, the solution to these problems must be found outside the market, the market can be used as effective tool to put these decisions into practice.

The traditional paradigm largely ignores the problem of scale and the distributional problem as being "outside the realm" of economics. Economics is seen as limited to solving the technical issues that arise in connection with the efficient allocation of resources. But if one defines economics more broadly, namely as "the science of economic management" (this is the meaning of the Greek word "economics"), then it must address all the problems that arise in the course of such management, including the problem of the scale of the economy and the distributional problem, even if the latter do not fit into the framework mathematical models and traditional prescriptions used in solving the problem of efficient allocation of resources.

Three points of view united in the concept of sustainable development

Of course, the concept of sustainable development could not become so widespread if there were no appropriate prerequisites both in the depths of traditional economic science itself and in society. The main prerequisite was the grandiose changes that took place in the world in the middle XX century. If before the arena of economic growth were only a few countries in Europe and North America, then now based on common principles world economy turned out to be included almost the whole world.

The development model used by developing countries in the 1950s and 1960s focused on achieving economic efficiency.

By the early 1970s, the growing number of poor people in developing countries and the lack of benefits of economic development led to an increase in attempts to directly correct the situation with income distribution. It became clear that the only thing that could improve the situation was concrete actions taken on a large scale and agreed on a global level. The development paradigm shifted towards balanced growth, which explicitly took into account social goals (especially the goal of reducing the number of poor people) and gave them the same importance as economic efficiency.

The third main task of development was the protection of the environment. By the beginning of the 1980s, a large amount of information had accumulated indicating that environmental degradation is a serious obstacle to economic development. It has been pointed out that the neglect of environmental issues cannot be justified by the need to solve other, seemingly more urgent tasks.

Thus, the concept of sustainable development has emerged as a result of combining three main points of view: economic, social and environmental. In line with this, the three goals of sustainable development are often spoken of: environmental integrity, eco-efficiency, and eco-equity.

Economic rationale for the concept of sustainable development

From an economic point of view, the concept of sustainable development is based on the definition of income given by J. Hicks. "IN practical life income determination aims to tell people how much they can consume without making themselves poorer.” This is quite consistent with the concept of sustainable development, for which the following definition of income made by Hicks in the order of successive clarifying steps turned out to be the most fruitful: "... an individual's income is what he can consume during the week and still expect that by the end of the week his situation will be the same as it was at the beginning" .

Indeed, from understanding that the income received today is actually not income if the same cannot be received tomorrow, to the realization of the futility of economic growth not correlated with resource opportunities, there was only one step left to take. and this step was taken by the authors of the concept of sustainable development. Hicks' definition directly implies the key importance for the concept of sustainable development of the economically optimal use of limited natural resources.

The scarcity of resources has long been recognized as a fundamental economic fact. However, the conclusion about the actual non-freeness of the "free goods of nature" was made only within the framework of the concept of sustainable development. Currently, there are a large number of very different approaches to assessing the value of natural resources. However, when addressing the issue of substitutability of production. natural and human capital, and especially in the valuation of natural resources, there are problems of interpretation.

It is important to emphasize that it is the economic approach that is the core of the concept of sustainable development. At the same time, the concept of sustainable development made it possible to take a fresh look at the very concept of " economic efficiency". Moreover, it turned out that long-term economic projects, in the implementation of which natural laws are taken into account, in the end turn out to be cost-effective, and those carried out without taking into account long-term environmental consequences are unprofitable.

social point of view

The concept of sustainable development is socially oriented. It is aimed at maintaining social and cultural stability, including reducing the number of destructive conflicts. IN global scale it is also desirable to preserve cultural capital and make fuller use of the practices of sustainable development available in non-dominant cultures. To achieve sustainable development modern society it will be necessary to create a more effective decision-making system that takes into account historical experience and encourages pluralism.

It is the awareness of the paramount importance of the decision social problems was the impetus for the creation of the Club of Rome and, ultimately, for the emergence of the very concept of sustainable development.

Without a fair distribution of resources and opportunities among all members of human society, sustainable development is impossible [I]. Achieving a life of dignity and well-being for all citizens of the world must be main goal the world community. For sustainable development, first of all, it is necessary to create a more equal society at all levels of human organization without exception. Some guaranteed minimum level life should be an inalienable right of any citizen.

At the same time, the question arises about the social maximum, i.e. about those upper limits beyond which consumption and waste become reprehensible and even criminal. The key is not one or another growth rate, but the distribution of income hidden behind them. Material abundance brings with it problems as much, if not more, than poverty.

The development of the social component of the concept of sustainable development has become the fundamental idea of respecting the rights of future generations. The natural resources of the Earth are the common heritage of all mankind, including both present and future generations. For sustainable development, this permanent reserve fund must be passed down from generation to generation as little depleted and polluted as possible.

PAGE_BREAK-- Environmental component of the concept of sustainable development

From an environmental point of view, sustainable development must ensure the stability of biological and physical systems. Of particular importance is the viability of local ecosystems, on which the global stability of the entire biosphere as a whole depends. Moreover, the concept of natural systems and habitats can be understood broadly to include human-made environments such as cities. The focus is on preserving the ability of such systems to change rather than keeping them in some "perfect" static state. Degradation of natural resources, pollution and loss of biodiversity reduce the ability of ecological systems to self-heal.

The concept of sustainable development should also be distinguished from "extremist" eco-logo-economic concepts, in particular from various concepts of ecotopy - the theory of any limitation of economic development. The main directions of the ecotopia concept are a return to nature, biological and cultural diversity, simple technologies, a complete rejection of scientific and technological progress. The choice of this type of economic development will undoubtedly affect the lowering of the living standards of society, so it seems unlikely. At the same time, modern Western standards of quality of life and consumption simply cannot be extended to all of humanity.

The preservation of the biosphere, therefore, cannot be an end in itself for sustainable development. Its goal is the survival of man as a biological species. At the same time, an increasing number of people realize that the very further existence of mankind will be impossible if the degradation of its natural habitat exceeds some, so far unknown, and possibly fundamentally undetermined, critical level.

Development in harmony with the environment can contribute both to satisfying a range of basic human needs and to strengthening one's own basis for development. A clear relationship has long been observed between environmental stewardship and levels of local food production. This indicates the fundamental possibility of practical implementation of the concept of sustainable development. Indeed, if the Earth's biosphere has existed for hundreds of millions of years, despite all cosmic cataclysms, sometimes quite destructive, why should a stable economic system, based on the same principles, i.e. "steady"?

Problems of implementation of sustainable development

The work on the creation of the concept of sustainable development cannot be considered completed. A certain imprint is also left by the fact that the fundamental document on sustainable development was created as a result of a long search for compromises between people of very different views and beliefs.

To date, there is not even a generally accepted definition of sustainable development. The complexity of the practical application of the concept of sustainable development is especially often emphasized.

Nevertheless, increasing attention is being paid to the practical implementation of the concept of sustainable development in the world. The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (Rio de Janeiro, 1992) was devoted to these issues. At it the international community adopted a program document on the implementation of the concept of sustainable development. The Special Session of the UN General Assembly (June 23-27, 1997) was devoted to the implementation of this program. Many countries of the world have their own programs of transition to sustainable development. IN Russian Federation The concept of transition to sustainable development was adopted in 1996 . Considerable attention has recently been paid to the practical implementation of the concept of sustainable development by many international organizations especially the United Nations and the World Bank.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Our common future. Report of the International Commission on Environment and Development. M., 1989.

2. Munasinghe M., Cruz W. Economic policy and the environment. Experience and conclusions. World Bank Environmental Publications. Issue. 10. Washington, DC, 1995. As a manuscript.

3. Political Economy of the Environment. training kit. Washington, D.C., 1996.

4. Bobylev S.N. Ecologization of economic development. M., 1993.

5. Peccei A. Human qualities. M., 1980.

6. Pestel E. Beyond growth. M., 1988.

7. Tinbergen Ya. Revision of the international order. M., 1980.

Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

(“the current use of resources, taking into account their mandatory availability in the future”)

The concept of sustainable long-term development is considered in several aspects:

Political and legal aspect.

Economic aspect.

Ecological aspect.

Social aspect.

International aspect.

informative aspect.

Despite the ecological orientation, the problem of sustainable development remains in general more social and economic

History of CSR development

Since 2000 CSR has become one of the priorities of the EU

IN Great Britain established the post of Minister for CSR.

2005 declared the year of social responsibility in the EU.

Today CSR is an important factor in shaping the policy of the USA, Great Britain and other countries.

Definitions of CSR

According to the classical definition of the European Commission, the concept of CSR reflects

the voluntary decision of companies to participate in improving society and protecting the environment.

CSR - social impact management and measuring this impact (founder of the British expert organization David Logan)

CSR - actions that comply ethical, legal, commercial and public society's expectations of business or exceed these expectations (org. business for Social Responsibility - BSR)

CSR is a concept according to which business , in addition to complying with laws and producing a quality product/service, voluntarily assumes additional obligations to society.

The European Union Social Green Paper defines corporate social responsibility as

concept, according to which companies integrate social

activities and activities to protect the environment in their business practices and its interactions with shareholders on a voluntary basis, while recognizing that responsible behavior promotes

success in business

Five reasons to be socially responsible:

The social topic will remain hot for a long time. The social sphere is the sphere of common responsibility of the state and business.

Responsibility is inextricably linked to empowerment and influence.

Business resources, especially in the social sphere, are limited. Pressure on business from the authorities, non-profit organizations and society is increasing. Under these conditions, business is forced to look for more cost-effective and more efficient ways to respond to societal expectations.

Expanding social sphere from traditional assistance to the socially vulnerable to the solution a wide range socially significant problems (from retraining of personnel to environmental safety), business receives a serious channel for the implementation of its main

interests.

Pressure remains the main motive for the social activity of business. When the vast majority of companies are engaged in socially significant activities, and you have to do it, no matter where this pressure comes from.

Rule of "Three D"

Corporate Social Responsibility:

Voluntary Additional

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Slides captions:

Sustainable development

1972 - Dennis and Donela Meadows - "The Limits to Growth" - "... the established mechanism for the formation and satisfaction of needs leads to disaster ...". Dennis Meadows

Sustainable development: Birth rate should be approximately equal to death rate, Investment rate should be approximately equal to the depreciation rate of capital, Non-renewable resource consumption rate should not exceed the rate of development of sustainable renewable replacements, Emission intensity should not exceed the ability of the environment to absorb them.

UN - Commission "Our Common Future" - development of the theory of sustainable development. Those. the formation of a new moral person, changing his needs, taking responsibility for the lives of other people. The need to harmonize the relationship between man, society and nature.

1992 - United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development. Policy document "Agenda for the 21st century". National programs for the transition to sustainable development.

1996 – Russia developed and adopted the Concept of Russia's transition to sustainable development.

2002 - international forum "Rio - 10" - programming practical activities on the ecological arrangement of the world.

Sustainable development Implementation of the concept of sustainable development requires coordinated actions of all mankind!

2008 was declared by the UN General Assembly as the International Year of Planet Earth!

Thank you for your attention! Teacher GBOU Special School No. 8 Klimkina I.A.

On the topic: methodological developments, presentations and notes

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