Breeding cows. An approximate diagram of a business plan for breeding cows

Breeding cattle is a profitable occupation, both in the private sector and in industrial scale. However, any animal requires care, and large sizes do not guarantee endurance and vitality. The owner of cattle needs a variety of knowledge about the intricacies of keeping their wards. This article contains recommendations for beginners in animal husbandry.

The best breeds for breeding cattle in a private household

The first task of a novice farmer is to choose the breed of animal, depending on the chosen direction.

For milk

The most common dairy breeds are the following:

1. Holstein- a North American breed, popular on European farms, as well as in private farms in the post-Soviet space. Excellent quality of milk - fat content 3.7%, protein occupies 3.2%, the amount of milk from one individual per year is 6500–7000 kg.
   
2. Jersey- one of the oldest, bred in the UK, easily adapts to any climate. Despite small milk yields up to 3300 kg per year, milk is valued for its fat content and sweet taste, it makes the best cream. Characteristics of milk - fat content 5.8%, protein 4%, sugar 4.7%.
   
3. Simmental- unpretentious breed, ideal for small farms. Adapted to a temperate climate, does not require a lot of feed. Milk quality - fat content 3.8%, protein 3.3%, sugar 4.8%, milk yield 3500 kg per year.
   
4. Yaroslavskaya- a breed popular in private farms, productivity up to 5000 kg of milk per year, fat percentage 4%, protein 3.5%. Milk is sweet, contains 4.7% sugar.
   

For meat

The following breeds are considered the most productive in the meat direction:




The productivity of animals depends on the care that the owner will show in the care. Farming begins with arranging a home for future wards - cows will spend the main part of their lives in it, so you need to carefully think through every little thing.

Optimal parameters and arrangement of the barn

In a small farm, loose housing is mainly used, that is, common feeders and drinkers are installed indoors, as well as pens where the cows will rest. The premises are built on the basis of:

• area required for one individual- 6 sq. m;
• for a female with a calf- 10 sq. m.

The floor is covered with a deep layer of straw or straw with peat, the floor itself must have a slope for urine flow. It is advisable to make large windows for natural light and the ability to ventilate the room if necessary.

It is better to make drinking bowls individual so that animals do not crowd near the water, interfering with each other. In addition, this will prevent mass infection if one of the individuals is sick.

Feeders can be made independently - most often they are made of wood, since it is durable. The finished feeder is fired from the outside with fire, which gives it strength. Particular attention is paid to the crate.

It must be performed taking into account the characteristics of the animal - often in narrow cells, cows cling to their horns and can be injured. There are two types of feeders: for roughage and for green (hay). Install them at a height of about 70 cm from the floor.

So that the cow does not lose productivity, she needs a certain temperature regime - 10–20 ° C. The room must be insulated for the winter; drafts are excluded. During construction, a ventilation system with dampers and protection against precipitation is laid.

The room must be lit. To provide natural light, windows are made on the south or southeast side. In the winter season, daylight hours are extended with the help of artificial lighting.

It is necessary to think over a paddock near the barn: animals need walks for at least two hours a day, they do not walk their pets only in severe frost.

Required inventory

After the construction of the barn, you should take care of the storage space for feed. It is impossible to store hay, grain or root crops in the barn itself: they will be saturated with odors from animal waste products, they will pick up moisture and begin to deteriorate.

Important! Compliance with the personal hygiene of the owner and farm worker is the key to the health of pets. On shoes or clothes, you can bring a lot of pathogenic bacteria, which are especially susceptible to unvaccinated young animals.

You should also take care of the equipment that can be useful when working with wards. You will need:

• scales (to control the weight gain of young animals);
• buckets;
• shovel;
• scraper shovel;
• rake;
• pitchfork;
• containers for products and feed;
• brushes for cleaning wards;
• overalls and footwear.

Barn cleaning and maintenance

So that the udder does not get dirty, the litter is changed as often as possible, as it gets dirty. Every day, cows are brushed and washed with warm water in the area adjacent to the udder. To prevent mastitis in heifers, lay the litter in a deep dense layer.

It is necessary to regularly clean the feeders from adhering feed so that putrefactive bacteria do not develop. It is also important to regularly inspect and clean the ventilation pipes so that dust that has collected in them does not penetrate with fresh air.

The floor from excrement and drains is cleaned twice a day, the room should not be saturated with odors. Once a week, a global cleaning is carried out in the barn, treating the room with caustic soda or slaked lime.

Feeding cattle at home

The basis of the cow's diet is green food, but to ensure full development, you need to know the seasonal differences.

Summer walk in the pasture

Important! Before grazing on a new pasture, you should make sure that there are no grasses that are poisonous to the animal: henbane, St. John's wort, buttercups, and dope.

Diet in winter

Winter food consists of the following products:

• hay;
• root crops, vegetables;
• silage;
• grain mixes and mixed fodder;
• mineral-vitamin complexes.

As roughage, oat or barley straw is used, preferably spring. It is desirable to harvest hay from grass during the formation of buds, from cereals - during the earing period. When feeding with root crops or vegetables, they are inspected for rot and cleaned. If the product is frozen, it must first be thawed, otherwise it may cause bloating and indigestion.

As a source of nutrients, add to the diet:

• bran;
• cake;
• feed grain in crushed form.

Water and table salt additives in briquettes

Cows should always have access to fresh water. On average, the daily rate per individual is about 100 liters, a lactating heifer drinks even more. In winter, the water should be at room temperature.

Cows must be given table salt:

• in winter they are added to feed at the rate of 2–3 teaspoons per 5 kg of feed;
• in the summer they take it out to pastures in briquettes.

Salt is needed to improve digestive processes, it is also the first remedy against gastrointestinal diseases, as well as an important component in the formation of bone tissue in young animals.

Currently, the breeding of cattle for the purpose of making a profit is distributed in three areas - dairy, meat and dairy-meat. These are natural food products that are in demand. To start such a business, you need to equip the premises, select the necessary breeds of animals, determine distribution channels, and select employees. And this is only a small part of all cases. Let's take a closer look at all stages of activity, as well as the pros and cons of each of the three areas.

Registration and start of activity

The first step is to monitor the market. You need to understand whether it really makes sense to start a business. At this stage, the possibilities and needs of the region are clarified. Be sure to study the presence of future competitors and, if possible, they should be distant. Sales points can be small trading places, meat processing plants and dairies. They are considered both local and in nearby settlements. If everything is in order with this, it is necessary to issue a status individual entrepreneur. Despite the fact that the business starts its journey from home, everything must be legal. This means compliance with formalities and mandatory documentation. To reduce taxation, IP is issued under the code "livestock".

It will also be a plus to establish contacts with persons who will interact with the future farm - veterinarians. Their activities are no less important, because it is necessary information, vaccinations and much more.

It is necessary to decide in which direction the work will be organized. This can be breeding bulls for meat at home or keeping cows for dairy products, as well as combined, that is, the sale of both meat and milk. Some farmers are in the business of raising and trading calves, which is also profitable.

Site selection

The area for breeding cattle should be selected very carefully. It is necessary to choose the appropriate size and conditions for the livestock. If the site is small relative to the number of heads, then there is a risk of rapid contamination. At this stage, the size of the herd is determined. In general, the entire plan of the farm is established, which should include a cowshed, pasture, various utility rooms and sheds, warehouses for feed.

Breeding cows at home as a business implies that the future farmer has a piece of land. If not, then you can rent some empty territories and premises. It is also possible to start construction on land from scratch, if financial possibilities allow.

The territory of the paddock for cattle is determined at the rate of 10 sq.m. for one head. If there is grazing on a pasture, then in this case, about 1 ha of land will be needed for one cow. It should be noted that you need to stock up on hay for winter period, and this is another plus one hectare. For all structures on the territory of the future farm, at least 200 square meters will be required. m.

It is good when there are enterprises nearby that are engaged in the cultivation and marketing of crops and root crops. This is necessary to provide cows with quality products in terms of additional nutrition.

Cowshed and equipment

To breed cows as a business, you need to understand all the subtleties and start with a small number of heads, which do not require large areas. You can always, if necessary, buy more cattle and complete the building. The best option is 10 goals. If there is a building that was a barn in the past, then this is ideal. For beginners, building from scratch will be difficult both physically and in terms of collecting documentation. It is best to rent a room and make a suitable repair there.

It is necessary to prepare the barn in accordance with sanitary standards. This means that there are special requirements, which include the presence of a wooden floor with straw bedding, a ceiling height of 2.4 m, feeders, drinkers, walls that are insulated with bundles of straw, as well as ventilation.

On the farm, future farmers definitely need to stock up on various equipment - these are shovels, pitchforks, buckets, overalls, containers, scales. In the process, you need to purchase a car designed to deliver products. It will be a plus to purchase a mini-tractor, with the help of which hay will be harvested, manure cleaned and various other household chores.

Arrangement of the premises

It is possible to breed and raise calves and care for cows in separate boxes, in rooms with thick bedding, or in a room without a leash, but with flooring for relaxation. If we take the presence of ten heads of cattle as a basis, then an acceptable building will be 34 by 6 meters in size. For one cow, you need to allocate 2 square meters. m. When there are not many animals, stalls are built for them.

The technique of breeding cattle involves the obligatory cleaning of the barn from contamination. Often structures are built with a special slurry tank and a manure room. In more simple version you just need to change the soiled straw bedding for a clean one. It is either disposed of on personal property or sold as fertilizer.

There should be enough windows in the room, as well as doors for cleaning the boxes from manure. When breeding dairy cows, you need to think about acquiring a milking system and a regular water supply. Feeding troughs fit different ones - from collective to personal. You can also equip them with a food supply system.

Acquisition of animals

To start breeding cows as a business, you need to find a suitable farm that sells calves. It must be a reliable supplier that will provide healthy individuals. The best period for such an acquisition is the end of winter or the beginning of spring. The payback of the business depends on the types of purchased animals. It can be purebred bulls and cows, or half-breeds. There are special nurseries that monitor the purity of the breed. Such cows are able to give good milk yields and significantly gain weight. The output is only high-quality products.

Starting a business from scratch, it is best to form a small herd. In this case, you can buy young animals from households. However, novice farmers very often acquire adult cows, but not old ones. When drawing up a business plan for breeding cattle, it is advisable to work out both options and choose the most profitable one. It must be remembered that the first option with young animals is rather troublesome and risky.

In addition to the fact that the calf needs some care, it is not clear what kind of adult it will grow up to and whether it will live up to expectations. When purchasing a bull-calf, which is not yet a month old, it is necessary to feed it with milk. Up to 10 liters are required per day. If the property does not own a dairy cow, then these are costs in financial plan. The purchase of dry mixes and other related products is also an investment, and the animal may not gain the required weight. It is better to buy a calf at the age of one month and above.

In the second option, you can also make a mistake, because they can sell an old cow. If a dairy farm is planned, then it must be taken responsibly, since the cow gives maximum milk yield in the period from 3 to 13 years.

Milk farm

So, when it is decided at the initial stage of building a business that the farm must operate to obtain milk and dairy products, it is necessary to acquire good cows. This technique of breeding cattle is quite within the power of a beginner.

picking up required amount cows for milk, you need to choose thoroughbred highly productive individuals. The presence of such heads is at Russian breeding plants. Most popular:

• black-and-white is considered very common and occupies almost 50% of the total dairy population. She is able to produce approximately 5500-5800 kg of milk per year;
• the Holstein breed was bred in the 1970s and 80s and for one milking it turns out from 30 kg of milk, and per year, on average, 7400 kg;
• Kholmogory is considered an old breed and is capable of producing up to 8000 kg of milk per year with good feeding. But the average figures can be considered 4000-6000 kg.

If a novice farmer purchases animals from a breeder, he must be provided with documents and veterinary certificates.

When choosing a cow suitable for milking, you need to pay attention to the structure and shape of the animal. As mentioned above, age matters. The older the animal, the less milk it will produce. The number of years is determined by the horns. They count the number of roller lines and add two more years to this figure. Thus, the exact age is obtained.

The number of calving also affects productivity. The highest milk yields occur after the third birth. It is best for business to purchase cows after the first calving.

Animals for meat

Breeding bulls and cows for meat is no less profitable business. cattle meat direction must be prone to rapid weight gain, have product suitability, females are able to calve every year.

When choosing animals and breeding them, the breed has great importance. Especially important is the time during which the calf can gain the desired weight. More different types animals may differ in the taste of meat. Fast-growing meat breeds include Charolais, Kazakh white-headed, Simmental, Hereford. The purchase of newborn calves is the cheapest, but it is burdensome in terms of feeding. The best way to breed bulls at home is to buy individuals that can eat food and grass.

Of course, every newcomer to the farming business is interested to know why the above breeds of cattle are bred for meat. Almost all of them have a low percentage of product salting. This means that the fat content of such meat will be minimal. However, the increase in mass is rather short-lived. If we consider the Hereford breed, then it has a rather calm temperament and excellent taste. The Kazakh white-headed and Charolais can easily endure the local climate and temperature fluctuations. In this regard, they are very hardy. If Simmental cow is both dairy and meat, then the Kazakh white-headed milk production is quite low.

Breeding bulls for meat as a business requires quality maintenance and care. In the warm season, they need daily walking. It is not recommended to constantly keep such individuals in the stall, although in this way they gain weight very quickly. This method makes them aggressive and contributes to various diseases.

The arrangement of the pen involves expenses for a novice farmer. Accordingly, he must equip the right place for walking, which must be constantly kept clean. With this method, the beef is very good quality. If the number of heads is quite impressive, then most likely you will need housekeepers. Recruitment point and wages for it should be considered at the initial stage and when building a business plan.

If, nevertheless, the method of keeping bulls on a leash is chosen, then you need to take care of high-quality equipment, as they can be aggressive. In the stall, individuals should be well fixed. On the other hand, this method allows you to assess the condition of the animal, make various measurements, veterinary examinations.

Breeding bulls as a business for the production of meat products in a paddock is less expensive than stall keeping. One of the reasons for this conclusion is that much fewer employees are needed to work.

Combined breeding method

For business, such universal breeds as Simmental, Lebedinskaya, Swiss, Red Gorbatovskaya, Kostroma are suitable. All of them are able to achieve a large body weight, and females give milk yield on average from 3000 to 5000 kg per year. For slaughter, almost every breed is able to give out from 50% of the weight. The growth of calves is quite active and by six months they weigh quite impressively.

All listed living creatures have high rates of taste of meat and dairy products. For successful business this is a clear plus.

Sales of products

This is an equally important step in the business. Having decided what kind of product should be the output - meat or milk - the farmer needs to sell it.

If the farm is aimed at breeding and growing meat heads, then after acquiring the young, the meat will be in about a year. Dairy cows give milk all the time, except during calving. You can also supply related products. These are skins, milk (cheese, butter, kefir, sour cream), semi-finished meat products. At the beginning of the article, it was also mentioned about such a direction as the sale of young animals. With the ability to organize the rearing of calves, this can be an additional profit.

Any of the goods, be it milk or meat, can be sold wholesale or retail. Many processing plants often cooperate with farms. It is also possible to conclude an agreement with points Catering and shops. Guided by the main advantage - environmental friendliness of products - it is necessary to establish high-quality sales of products.

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Write comments on the topic of cattle breeding as a business, as well as why you need to act in this direction and what other advantages there are.

You may also be interested

Is it profitable to keep a cow - many novice farmers think about this. And some expect to breed animals as a business. What a cattle breeder needs to find out in order to make money on such agricultural activities, we will consider further.

Before starting a business with cows, every farmer is advised to take a deeper look at what the whole process of raising horned animals consists of. In the case of cow breeding, several basic points stand out:

• feeding the cow and keeping it in the stall;
• regular walking and grazing of the animal in the pasture;
• harvesting hay for the winter;
• milk collection;
• breeding and raising offspring (both dairy cows and bulls);
• conducting timely veterinary examinations, as well as vaccination against the most common ailments.

Knowing how to write a detailed business plan can give you a head start on growing your own business. However, to begin with, write down the main points for raising cattle and then determine what costs will be needed for a particular process.

How to calculate costs and calculate risks

Breeding cows as a business is a profitable occupation, as many experts say. However, in order to appreciate the high results, you as a farmer need to understand that the main focus is on the choice productive breed, as well as creating all necessary conditions for its cultivation. And such a process requires a lot of effort and financial investment. Therefore, the second most important point is the need to calculate the estimated costs. At the same time, do not forget to take into account possible risks(diseases, low productivity of cows, etc.).

Premises and equipment

Breeding cows for milk and meat will bear fruit if you approach the equipment of the barn with all seriousness. It is advisable to identify the cow in a brick building with heat-shielding walls. Be sure to apply plaster and whitewash to the surface. Thus, there will be enough light in the barn. Another important point: the presence of wooden floors, and even under a slight slope. Follow these rules, and it will be much easier for you to clear the barn of manure.

As for the feeder, it is also desirable to make it wooden, while its capacity is important. This container should hold at least 7 kg of hay - consider this requirement when building a feeder. Since your cow will spend a lot of time in the stall, especially in winter, consider having a vent pipe in the roof.

The floor should be covered with straw or sawdust.

And in general, in the barn, you need to maintain a dry microclimate and heat. Remember that harmful gases (ammonia and hydrogen sulfide) accumulate here in large quantities. Their formation can be prevented by timely cleaning of the barn and regular change of bedding on the floor.

Purchase of livestock and feed

Raising calves for meat at home will be a profitable activity for you if you take the organization of the process seriously. Of course, the purchase of livestock is of great importance: you need to buy a cow in special farms. As for feed, the cost of buying them will be significant, but you can’t do without it.

The most expensive are concentrates, that is, grain and bran. In general, farmers usually spend up to 12 thousand rubles a year on this. If you need to purchase hay, be prepared to determine about 4 thousand rubles for an annual supply. Separately, you need to spend money on juicy feed. In general, the amount of estimated financial expenses for one feeding per year can reach 18.5 thousand rubles.

Sales of products

Breeding calves as a full-fledged business is unthinkable without you defining the main ways to earn money. Here everything depends solely on you. You can look for suppliers, cooperate with various enterprises. Some novice farmers prefer to make money on the marketing of dairy products on their own, selling them on the market. Find out for yourself in advance where you will put cow's milk, and you will be able to assess the profitability of your business. Only in this way will you prepare properly for this lesson.

How to file your business

A private farm will bring a full income if you think about the need for official registration at the stage of purchasing livestock and determining key costs. Without this, you won't get far. What is required of you is to collect required package documents. As a rule, beginners in this business are recommended to open individual entrepreneurship.

As for taxes, it is best to choose a simplified taxation system. Making a business plan to account for all costs is not difficult. However, your efforts will be in vain if all this is not registered at the state level.

Is breeding profitable?

Many beginners think about whether it is generally profitable to keep a cow on the house plot. Whatever you say, but based on the opinions of experts, in recent years there has been a significant reduction in the number of cows in the country. However, in fact, all this is due to the laboriousness of the process of caring for animals, and not because of unprofitability. Agree, a cow will have to devote a lot of time. Grazing regularly, feeding, milking twice a day, veterinarian checks and keeping the barn clean will all take a lot of your energy.

There is an opinion that “living well” in a village is much more difficult than in a city. In fact, this is far from being the case, because success can be achieved in any area, the main thing is to choose the right direction.

From time immemorial people lived in the village at the expense of animal husbandry and crop production. Today, when the 21st century is in the yard, absolutely nothing has changed. This publication will focus on one of the most promising business areas for rural areas, which is to breed cattle for meat.

So, the first thing that worries the future livestock breeder is the procedure for the official registration of his business:

• Working “on a grand scale”, it is unlikely that you will be able to hide from the long arm of the law, so it’s better to contact the tax office and do everything necessary procedures For .
• Also for successful implementation wholesale goods cannot be dispensed with without a quality certificate, the absence of which will surely become a stumbling block for cooperation with serious organizations (meat processing plants, restaurants, supermarkets, etc.).

In principle, these are the two main “papers” necessary for the legal conduct of this kind of activity, but since the legislation tends to change constantly, it is better to clarify the list of all necessary documents in the same tax or district administration.

Required space and facilities

Before acquiring calves, it is important to take care of their future habitat. Here you need to understand that fattening cattle takes a lot of time, respectively, the animals will find both severe frosts and sultry heat. An ordinary barn can cope with the cold, and the presence of heating in it is not necessary, the main thing is the absence of drafts and moisture.

The room temperature should not fall below -10 degrees.

In the summer, a special paddock with a canopy and a place for walking is used. The design of the facility must necessarily include a feeder and a sloping floor, thanks to which all waste will be collected in a pan (a linear recess across the entire paddock).

Please note that calves are rapidly gaining weight during this period of the year, and in order not to endanger their health, regular walking is necessary. It is carried out until puberty, further outings on the pasture are fraught with consequences: a minimum - a skirmish between bulls, a maximum - physical damage to the person responsible for the procedure. Do not neglect this requirement, because animals that are constantly in the stall become inadequate and aggressive.

The required area for keeping 10 bulls on the basis that 10-11 m 2 is laid on one head, is about two acres of land. In total, the cost of the square meters themselves and total costs for all Construction Materials will be about 100-150 thousand rubles. Of course, the construction of buildings will take a lot of time, effort, and most importantly - desire.

Equipment

• The diet of a healthy bull consists of a wide variety of ingredients, mainly cereals and melons, as well as herbs. The last point requires special attention, it will take a lot to feed even 10 goals. That is, such volumes cannot be prepared with an ordinary scythe, so you can’t do without a lawn mower (7 thousand rubles).
• Naturally, transportation of grass will require transport, even an ordinary car with an equipped trailer will do.
• If the future farm will be located in an ordinary private courtyard, in order to avoid conflicts with neighbors due to an unpleasant smell, it is necessary to organize waste disposal beyond the line locality. The fact that such material also acts as a fertilizer practically eliminates the possibility of any problems at this stage.
• Of course, ideally, to purchase a tractor, but this is a rather serious investment, which will almost double the total budget of the money allocated for the project. But with the help of such equipment and in the presence of various attachments and a carriage, it will be possible to transport cargo and harvest, and much faster and more efficiently than it can be done by a conventional machine.
• Also, do not forget about the processing of grain crops (wheat, barley, corn, etc.), an ordinary mini-mill will help turn them into flour, you can buy it at any market.
• Of course, such running tools in the countryside as choppers, shovels and pitchforks should be prepared in advance, because they will be used every day.

Selection of breed and purchase of animals

It is best to make a deal at the end of winter or the beginning of spring, because then by the next winter it will be possible to calculate the first profit. It is important to find a decent farm where all the livestock are kept in optimal conditions, which greatly reduces the likelihood of any infections in the animal's body.

As mentioned earlier, it is not recommended for beginners to start with a large herd, 10 goals will be enough to start. In this case, it is quite possible to purchase domestic calves that have proven themselves much better than farm ones.

To find those who want to sell bulls, you will have to improvise, as an option - post ads in nearby settlements.

The breed plays a key role in choosing an animal, it depends on it how much time the calf will gain the necessary weight. In addition, each of existing species differs in care, as well as in the taste of meat. The best option is fast-growing meat breeds. The most popular ones look like this:

• Charolais.
• White-headed.
• Simmental.
• Hereford.

The age of the animal at the time of purchase determines its final cost. So, the cheapest option is to purchase an individual up to 10 days old, but in this case, the risk of losing the invested money increases significantly. The fact is that a small bull-calf up to a month old feeds exclusively on milk (about 8-10 liters per day), therefore, if there is no cow on the farm (although a goat will do for this purpose), it is better to refuse such an acquisition.

Of course, everyone knows about the existence of milk powder, which can replace natural product. But again, this is to some extent a risk of getting a weakly growing animal, because not a single concentrate can replace cow's milk. Whatever it was, the best option remains the purchase of monthly calves who by this age are already accustomed to regular food.

Care, feeding, breeding and slaughter

If it was decided to save money and purchase newborn bulls, you need to be prepared for round-the-clock care for them during the first month of life. Calves need to be fed with milk or a substitute three times a day, it is best to make a schedule and stick to it on an ongoing basis.

The most common problem in this procedure is the reluctance of the bull to eat on its own. Therefore, you will have to stock up on an ordinary baby bottle for feeding with a nipple and practically forcibly pour liquid into the throat. However, after a week, when the animal realizes that it is not poison, it will begin to drink on its own from a bucket.

A calf begins to be accustomed to grass at the age of one month; in no case should a freshly cut plant be used for this purpose.

A young body is not able to digest such heavy food, which can lead to diarrhea, and this is an alarming sign. More than 50% of the bulls who started to vilify do not survive, so at first they put hay or straw in the feeder. At the same age, the calf begins to pour compound feed into the milk and gradually replace the milk with water.

At the moment when animals get used to such food, they can be safely taken out to pasture, but there are some nuances here:

• Walking should be done after the dew has evaporated.
• Do not leave individuals in the open sun.
• Give them time to drink.

During this period, the health hazards of the calf become much less, and additional ingredients can be introduced into its diet:

• Carrot.
• Beet fodder.
• Potato.
• Salt.
• Corn without fruits.
• Melons, etc.

Of course, you can get by with one grass and mixed fodder, but then you should not expect the maximum weight gain. You do not need to believe those who claim the need for castration, it is reliably known that uncastrated bulls grow faster (+ 15-20 kg in 1 year).

With such a diet, calves are kept up to the age of 1-1.5 years, followed by slaughter. This process is not for the faint of heart and requires certain skills, so it is better to involve a professional. Those who decide to carry out the procedure on their own will have to stun the animal with a heavy object (with a sledgehammer or the back of an ax), and then cut its neck.

Then, with a sharp knife, the skin is carefully removed so that no meat remains on it. Of course, you need to try not to damage the skin itself, which also costs money. Finally, the stomach and other entrails are removed from the carcass and divided into four parts with the help of an ax, having previously separated the head and hooves. It is in this form that the meat is sent for sale.

Sales channels

The immediate final part of this business project is the sale of meat. Here it must be said that the product is in great demand among the consumer, so it will not be so difficult to find your client. Of course, if the livestock exceeds the size of 5-10 heads, it is unrealistic to realize such volumes in rural areas. Although there is always an option to hand over live weight calves to butchers, this will significantly affect the final profit (-30%).

In order to take the maximum, you need to either trade yourself, or find companies that are supplied by the same butchers.

The first thing to consider is the additional cost of transporting meat to the point of sale. If you have your own transport, they are not so great. There are a lot of options where to trade yourself. It can be any market with a rented outlet or even an ordinary passage lane, in general - any place with a large crowd of people and without strict requirements from the law.

However, it is much easier, and most often more efficient, to supply meat in bulk to various establishments and organizations. And to find such a client, you will have to show not only perseverance, but also bold marketing moves.

Total cost and profit

An example calculation is as follows.

• Rent land plot and the construction of buildings - 100-150 thousand rubles.
• Purchase of equipment, including a lawn mower and a mini-mill (without a tractor) - 50 thousand rubles.
• Animals directly (10 heads) - about 100 thousand rubles.
• Feed - 100-150 thousand rubles. for all livestock.

The total is about 350-450 thousand rubles. Based on the calculation that average weight calves will be 250-350 kg, the cost of one individual will be 45-55 thousand rubles, and ten - 450-550 thousand rubles. respectively.

Thus, the business pays off in the first year of its existence and already in the second gives net profit a little less than half a million rubles.

Animal breeding video

In the following video, you can visually see the organization of a business using the example of a peasant farm:

Animal husbandry is a complex, but interesting and sought-after subspecies. Agriculture. Breeding cattle as a business: profitability, feedback from farmers on meat and dairy production to help a budding entrepreneur.

Description

Breeding cattle for the production and sale of meat and milk is carried out mainly in rural areas, where there is enough space for keeping large animals. Without minimal knowledge and skills in agriculture, it is risky to take on such a business, because if you make a small mistake in nutrition or care, you can lose the entire livestock.

Experts estimate the profitability of the business at about 50% with a payback period of 1.5-2 years. Consumer demand for meat and dairy products is always high, but the farmer may have problems selling at the desired price. Local producers compete with imported goods from other regions and abroad.

Business plan

It includes the following steps:

1. Market analysis.
2. Legal registration of activity.
3. Equipping the territory for breeding cattle.
4. Herd formation.
5. Buying feed.
6. Hiring workers.
7. Sales of products.
8. Calculation of expenses and income of the project.

It should be borne in mind that the farm will begin to receive the main income from the sale of meat products approximately one year after the purchase of young animals.

Market analysis

Where to start the project? Before proceeding with the production of cattle, it is necessary to study future buyers - meat processing plants, markets. Knowing the minimum purchase cost, it is possible to determine the degree of savings at the initial stage of the project and in the formation of the cost of production.

You also need to establish direct competitors - farm and personal subsidiary farms(FPH and LPH), livestock alliances. It makes no sense to launch a project near similar enterprises if they completely fill the market with products.

Based on the current situation, it is necessary to determine the main parameters of the cattle farm - how many heads and the composition of the herd. Building a large-scale farm will require investments of millions, most likely with the involvement of borrowed capital. A small barn can be formed much more economically on your own, but the income and development prospects of the cattle business plan will be very modest.

Decor

The activities for the production and sale of meat and dairy products are regulated by several supervisory authorities:

• fire inspection;
• sanitary and epidemiological station;
• Rospotrebnadzor;
• veterinary service.

Required documents for work:

1. Sanitary books for all employees.
2. Passports for all animals.
3. Trade Permit.
4. Work permit from fire supervision and SES.
5. Information about laboratory research products.
6. Product certificates.
7. Specifications for products.
8. Veterinary certificate.

The retail sale of raw milk is not explicitly prohibited, but there are individual requirements on packaging and additional examination of products.

Territory, premises and equipment

The farm plan includes:

• barn for keeping the herd at the rate of 1.5 sq. m. per animal;
• corral for finding the herd in the fresh air at the rate of 10 sq. m. on the head;
• utility room for workers;
• warehouse of equipment and inventory;
• food storage room;
• room for the preparation and storage of products.

To accommodate all the buildings and graze the herd, an area of ​​​​at least 200 square meters will be required. m. Often, the farmer already has the necessary areas in use. If not, you can rent an abandoned barn or empty land, and build all the necessary buildings from scratch.

Room for finding cattle in the plan farming must comply with sanitary standards:

1. Wooden floor with clean straw bedding.
2. The height of the room is about 2.4 m.
3. The height of the windows above the floor is 1.3 m.
4. total area windows is 10% of the floor area.
5. Wooden feeders measuring 0.6 m x 0.7 m x 1 m.
6. Drinkers with clean fresh water.
7. The walls are insulated with bundles of straw.
8. There must be good ventilation without drafts.

In practice, several methods of content are used:

• In separate boxes.
• In a common room with thick bedding.
• In a divided room with slatted floors, aisles for feed and manure.
• In a common room without a leash with equipped wooden decks for relaxation.

If there is a free start-up capital it is possible to equip a cowshed automated system supply of feed and water, purchase equipment for the preparation of feed.

It is necessary to provide a sewage disposal system. Spent litter should be changed frequently to fresh. You can dispose of it on your territory or sell it as a fertilizer to agricultural producers.

With a large number of cattle heads, you will need a mini-tractor with attachments for making hay, transporting feed and removing manure.

On a farm, there must be a sufficient number of buckets, forks, shovels, overalls, tethers for livestock, containers for storing products and large scales for weighing livestock. Delivery of milk and meat for sale is carried out by a refrigerated vehicle.

Herd formation

Different breeds have different characteristics. Meat cattle are the Hereford, Limousin, Salers and Kazakh white-headed breeds. The dairy direction is the red steppe, Yaroslavl, Kholmogory breeds. The mixed direction is the Simmental and Black-and-White breeds.

On Russian territory The following types of cattle are most popular:

1. With a black-and-white skin - one-year-old gobies weigh up to 400 kg, and adults up to a ton. They quickly gain weight, they are not picky in nutrition. Cows weigh about half as much, milking between 5,000 kg and 8,000 kg in 305 days, depending on location. Fat content of milk - 3.5% - 4%. They adapt well to the climate.
2. With a red skin - newborn calves weighing 30 kg by six months gain weight of 150-180 kg, adults weigh about 800 kg. Cows weighing 400-500 kg give 3000 kg - 5000 kg of milk per year.
3. Simmental - calves are born large - 45 kg, grow quickly and weigh up to 180 kg in six months. An adult bull can gain weight in excess of a ton. Cows are also massive - from 600 kg to 1000 kg, the average milk production is 4000 kg - 5000 kg, and sometimes more than 12000 kg.

To begin with, it will be enough for a farmer to start a herd of 20 heads, consisting of 14 bulls and 6 cows. Animal husbandry where young animals are purchased meat breed, should return all Required documents on KRS. To reduce the risk of disease and improper early feeding, experts advise taking six-month-old calves and raising them to a weight gain of 500 kg - 800 kg. cows dairy direction best to buy at the age of two.

Diet

From proper nutrition depends on the health and weight gain of young bulls. Up to six months, the basis of the diet is whole milk or its high-quality substitutes. In the future, the menu includes, for 1 animal per month:

• compound feed - 92;
• vegetables - 60;
• hay - 150;
• silo - 180;
• vitamins and nutritional supplements per 1 kg of live weight.

It is cheaper to buy feed from wholesale suppliers, and it is best to harvest on your own farm.

In the warm season, gobies and cows graze on the pasture, consuming green pasture. One individual accounts for about one and a half tons of feed per month. Animals also need a lot of clean drinking water.

Employees

Careful care for 20 heads of cattle, subject to all veterinary and sanitary standards, cannot be carried out independently. Therefore, the farm needs to hire 2 workers with experience in cattle breeding.

The main responsibilities will be:

1. Herd feeding.
2. Manure cleaning.
3. Animal cleaning.
4. Maintain order in the area.
5. Hay preparation.

To monitor the health of animals and carry out vaccinations, you must conclude an agreement with a qualified veterinarian. During the period of slaughter, it is necessary to attract temporary workers of the appropriate specialization.

Administrative work, the sale of products and accounting, the farmer carries out independently.

Sales of finished products

The main livestock products are beef and milk. Milk is sold all the time, except for the calving period (2 months) and the same period of feeding newborn calves. Harvesting of meat takes place approximately one year after the acquisition of young animals and growing them to marketable weight. From one head of cattle, you can get up to 70% of beef.

Additionally, you can implement:

• skins for making leather and fur;
• wool;
• young livestock;
• milk processing products (sour milk, cheeses, butter);
• meat semi-finished products.

Sales can be organized both at retail and wholesale - in the markets, conclude agreements with processing enterprises, cafes, restaurants and shops.

competitive advantage farm products is her ecological cleanliness.

Economic calculations

An investment in a mini-farm for raising cattle consists of:

№	expenditures	Amount, rub.
1	Registration of business and obtaining permits	50 000
2	Territory rent, 2 months	150 000
3	Barn and outbuilding equipment	200 000
4	Acquisition of equipment and inventory	1 000 000
5	Acquisition of a herd, 20 heads	450 000
6	Purchase of feed for the year	600 000
7	Salary for workers, 2 months	80 000
8	other expenses	100 000
Total		2 630 000

The largest component of the start-up costs is the automation of the feeding process, the purchase of a tractor and a car. It can be reduced in price if, before the income arrives, you set the feed in manual mode, rent a tractor, and buy a used car.

The monthly costs of the farm are:

Additional costs may arise for the repair of equipment, the involvement of specialists in animal husbandry, the replenishment of livestock and feed stocks. The annual cost of the farm will be about 2 million rubles.

The farm receives its main income from the sale of milk and meat. Moreover, milk is sold every day, and meat products will be available a year after the start of the project. Six cows with an average milk yield of 20 liters per day give an annual milk yield of 32,400 liters. (2 months for calving are excluded from the calculation and 2 months for 10 liters will go to feed the calves). From bulls, with an output of 70%, about 350 kg of beef will be obtained from the head, in total from the herd - 4,900 kg.

Prices for both milk and meat are very different in different regions. For example, dairy products are purchased in bulk for 40 rubles/kg, retail for 50 rubles/kg; wholesale meat products cost 300 rubles/kg, retail 400 rubles/kg. Products are sold to intermediaries and end consumers in equal proportions. Then the annual income of the farm is:

The business pays off on average in 18-24 months, and the profitability is at the level of 55%. For agriculture, this is a profitable branch of capital investment.

Video: breeding cattle for meat and dairy.