Organization of management of housing and communal services at the municipal level. Housing and communal services management system at the municipal level

municipality, management, housing public utilities, control mechanism

Kuznetsov Igor Anatolievich

To the question of the structure of the mechanism of municipal management in housing and communal services// Regional Economics and Management: electronic scientific journal. ISSN 1999-2645. - . Article number: 907. Publication date: 2007-03-25. Access mode: https://site/article/907/

Kuznetsov Igor Anatolievich
PhD, Associate Professor
Russia, Tambov State University. GR Derzhavin
[email protected]

Abstract

One of the major problems of the present stage of economic reform in the municipalities is a radical change in governance arrangements of the municipal development of housing and communal services as a system that ensures the livelihoods of the population. The main objective of the formation mechanism of municipal government in the management utilities that allows to operate effectively in a constantly changing market conditions. The article suggested and substantiated the structure of housing management mechanism.

municipal, government, housing and utilities, the mechanism of control

Kuznetsov Igor Anatolievich

On the structure of the mechanism of municipal government in housing. Regional economy and management: electronic scientific journal. . Art. #907. Date issued: 2007-03-25. Available at: https://site/article/907/

Course work

"Municipal management of housing and communal services"

Introduction

1. Analysis of the state of housing and communal services

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

Housing and communal services is an important sphere of life of human society. Without its effective functioning, it is impossible to ensure normal conditions of existence. The housing and communal services system should work smoothly, constantly and taking into account the requirements of the population paying for the relevant services. Relevance of the topic term paper is that today the housing and communal services is still an area that has been little affected by market transformations. More than 45% of the current expenses of utilities are financed through budget subsidies, the production of utilities is completely concentrated in local monopolies, there is no competition and incentives to reduce costs and losses, it is not often possible to attract private business and private investments to the industry.

Management of housing and communal services today is impossible without the effective work of the Directorate of a single customer for the management of housing stock and adjacent territories. Time dictates to the Directorates of a single customer the need to move from the formal execution of requests from residents to the development of the functions of a management company, when the life of an enterprise is directly dependent on the quality and timely provision of housing and communal services to residents, as well as improving the technical condition of housing. Abroad, such a company really manages the housing stock, guided by considerations of maximum benefit for the owner, acts as its authorized representative. A Russian companies still limited by the framework in which their predecessors operated.

The need for cardinal changes in the housing and communal services, where the most important socio-economic ties of society are intertwined, became obvious as early as the early 1990s. Since the industry includes enterprises whose activities are directly related to meeting the needs of the population in housing and utilities, it itself has a huge impact on the economic situation in the country and, above all, on the formation of municipal budgets.

Due to the chronic and constantly decreasing financing of the industry, it becomes impossible to provide the population with quality services, which ultimately leads to annually decreasing volumes of housing repairs and utilities.

Numerous problems of the industry, along with the residual principle of its financing, severe restrictions on new construction, along with the requirements to improve the quality of services provided, led to its degradation and stagnation.

In the current difficult situation, the center of gravity of economic transformations is shifting to the reform of the housing and communal sector, including the restructuring of housing construction and the housing stock according to forms of ownership, sources of financing, etc.

The purpose of the course work is to identify problems in the management of housing and communal services on the basis of its characteristics and offer recommendations for reforming the housing and communal services system.

To achieve this goal, the study defines the following tasks: theoretical studies of the economic mechanism for reforming the housing and communal sector, as one of the most important and complex parts of the modern economy;

identification of ways to solve the problem of reforming the existing system of housing and communal services;

analysis state of the art housing and communal sector as a complex organizational and economic system in Russia and the Nizhny Novgorod region.

The object of research is the system of housing and communal services, including its structural links, united by technological connections, the service market and the management system. The subject of the study is the problem of managing and reforming the system of housing and communal services.

1. Analysis of the state of housing and communal services

1.1 The state of housing and communal services in the modern period

Housing and communal services is a complex of sub-sectors that ensures the functioning of the engineering infrastructure of various buildings in settlements, creating convenience and comfort for citizens to live and stay in them by providing them with a wide range of housing and communal services.

Housing and communal services mean a lot, in particular:

Water supply - laying and repair of water pipes, water intake, purification and delivery of water to multi-apartment houses and industrial facilities, incl. for subsequent heating for the needs of hot water supply and heating. Sewerage - disposal of sewage.

Heat supply - ensuring the supply of hot water and heat to residents, ensuring the operation of boiler houses and thermal power plants. Disruption of work can cause a fuel and energy crisis.

Capital repairs of buildings, Maintenance internal general house engineering communications and systems (buildings).

Collection, removal and disposal of garbage and more.

Today, the system of housing and communal services, inherited from the period of development of the planned economy, is extremely inefficient and costly. The maintenance of this system in its current form is unbearable either for consumers of housing and communal services or for the budgetary system. Hence the emerging problems in this industry. The crisis state of the housing and communal services is characterized by subsidization of the industry and unsatisfactory financial position, high cost, lack of economic incentives to reduce costs for the production of utilities, underdevelopment of the competitive environment and, as a result, a high degree of depreciation of fixed assets, inefficient operation of enterprises, large losses of energy, water, and other resources. The necessary own funds for the reliable and sustainable operation of the housing and communal complex in its current form are not available separately to any of the interested parties: the state, local authorities, enterprises and the population. Therefore, in order to get the housing and communal services out of the crisis, it is necessary to pool the funds of all interested parties.

1.2 Housing management and emerging issues

The fundamental point in the approach to organizing the management of housing and communal services is the creation of a management company. The management company must be the subject market relations. At the stage of emerging economic relations in the field of housing and communal services, in order to destroy monopoly and develop contractual relations in this area, and in accordance with the current legislation, the most effective organizational and legal form for the Management Company is a Municipal Institution.

It is advisable to divide the fixed assets of the housing and communal services into three groups:

housing stock;

technology funds;

production funds;

The housing stock includes real estate with established rights of possession, use and disposal within the boundaries

property, including: land plots and residential buildings with residential and non-residential premises firmly associated with them, household outbuildings, green spaces with a long-term development cycle; residential buildings, apartments, other residential premises in residential buildings and other buildings suitable for permanent and temporary residence; structures and elements of the engineering infrastructure of the housing sector.

Technological funds include engineering infrastructure (networks, boiler houses, pumping stations, sewage treatment plants, water intakes, etc.).

Production assets consist of facilities that provide services to the funds of the first and second groups. This includes garages, workshops, administrative and industrial buildings, and the like.

The owner of communal facilities may transfer these funds to economic management or operational management of housing and communal organizations. The spheres of the housing and communal complex differ significantly in their approaches to the formation of effective economic methods of management and cost reduction mechanisms. They can be conditionally divided on the basis of the possibility of creating a competitive environment into two groups:

housing;

public utilities.

For several years of economic reforms, state and municipal ownership of the means of production, in essence, has ceased to be an object of sectoral management. In the housing and communal services, these processes began to take place especially intensively as part of the implementation of the Decree of the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation dated December 27, 1991 No. 3020-1 “On the delimitation of state property into federal, state subjects of the Russian Federation and municipal property”. Currently, almost all real estate housing and communal services is municipal property. Therefore, a huge role in reforming this sphere is assigned to local governments. Local governments, as owners of housing and communal services, are obliged to form a unified social and financial policy in the field of housing and communal services on the territory of the municipality.

The management system for housing and communal services should be based on a rational division of functions and organization of relationships between the owner-homeowner, the managing organization, contractors of various forms of ownership that service the housing stock and engineering infrastructure facilities, and the body authorized to carry out state control for the provision of housing and communal services to the population required quality, for the use and safety of the housing stock, regardless of its ownership. When choosing a management option, it is advisable to be guided by the principle of giving the owner - the homeowner the right to decide who will service the property he owns and manage it.

One of the main social problems that has been and remains the focus of special attention in the formation of market relations in the Russian Federation is the implementation of transformations (reforms) and the construction of market mechanisms in the housing and communal sector. Today we can already conclude that the past period has confirmed the correctness and effectiveness of the ways chosen by the state in the early 90s to reform the housing and communal services. Therefore, it is very important to continue work on putting things in order in the housing and communal services. Impossible without it effective work industries. The meaning of the reforms being carried out is to reduce the cost of producing housing and communal services, to create a reliable system of social protection of the population and guarantees.

PAGE_BREAK--

Today, housing and communal services in many regions are experiencing great difficulties and are far behind modern requirements. One of the main reasons for this is the lack of funds allocated from the budgets of all levels, as well as widespread non-payments and late payment of housing and communal services by the population. Yes, and investment bypasses this industry. And yet the most important, “crisis-forming” problem is the existing structure of housing and communal services management. The lack of specialists in management and marketing hinders the development of a competitive environment in the housing and communal services. The combination of these two factors - the lack of funds and qualified managers - in combination with the morally and physically obsolete scientific, technical and industrial base leads to high costs and, as a result, the high cost of services, which, in turn, leads to non-payments.

On behalf of the owners of the municipal housing stock, as a rule, the administration of the municipality acts. Private owners are represented by legal entities and individuals owning housing stock, homeowners associations or other organizations that unite owners of residential and non-residential premises in residential buildings (condominiums).

The separation of the functions of the owner of the housing stock from economic activities for its management and maintenance is especially important for the municipal housing stock. It is necessary to stop the current practice, when local governments, represented by their structural divisions, perform economic functions for managing the housing stock.

The local self-government body, as the owner of the housing stock, must ensure:

compliance with regulatory and technical requirements for the maintenance and use of housing and communal infrastructure facilities;

ensuring the necessary level of financing for the maintenance of his real estate;

conclusion of contracts for social hiring, hiring or leasing residential and non-residential premises in the housing stock belonging to him;

conclusion of an agreement with a selected (created) organization for the management of municipal housing stock;

ensuring systematic control over the implementation of contracts for the implementation necessary work to ensure the safety of the housing stock, the parameters of the volume and quality of the provided housing and communal services.

The management company must ensure:

maintenance in proper condition and development of real estate received from the owner for management in accordance with the requirements of the owner and state standards for the quality of the provision of housing and communal services;

financial flows.

So, the problems of housing and communal services management are in the lack of funds, qualified personnel, the constant search for alternative sources of financing, the need to attract private business, which needs to be interested in resolving issues of reforming the housing and communal services system.

2. Solving the issues of reforming housing and communal services

2.1 Analysis of the progress of housing and communal services reform

The issue of reforming the housing and communal services in the country is the most important issue of social and economic policy currently. The reform should improve the state of the housing stock, the quality of public services, protect its legitimate rights and interests, increase the efficiency of the industry as a whole and ensure the transition from budget subsidies to full payment for housing and communal services by consumers, including the population.

In accordance with the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated April 2, 1997, No. 425 “On the reform of housing and communal services in the Russian Federation”, a “Program for reforming the housing and communal services in the Kaliningrad region” was developed and approved in 1997.

The main objectives of the Reform Program were:

improvement of the management system of housing and communal services in the region;

development of a competitive environment in the provision of public services, transition to a system of contractual relations;

improvement of the system of payment for housing and communal services and social protection, streamlining the system of benefits.

The key problem in organizing the management of housing and communal property is the improvement of contractual relations and the financial mechanism in particular: the collection of utility bills, the provision of subsidies and benefits. Currently, subsidy services are created separately, but for their work they use a single database on the housing stock, tenants, benefits, i.e. almost all the data that is used to calculate the cost of housing and utilities. The development and implementation of a unified system for collecting housing and communal payments from the population and providing subsidies will reduce budget costs for the existence of two services and automate the process, which, in turn, optimizes the collection process itself in terms of time and volume.

Legal documents regulating the delimitation of the functions of the owner, management, service in the housing and communal services sector at the municipal level, in accordance with the concept of housing and communal services reform in the Russian Federation, are not currently fully adopted in any municipality.

In some municipalities, the functions of the Customer’s service are formally assigned to housing maintenance or diversified enterprises of housing and communal services, which leads to the combination of the functions of a customer and a contractor for their production activities, and thereby violates the essence of the housing and communal services reform. At the same time, it should be noted that the already created customer services do not always effectively solve the tasks facing them. This is largely due to the lack necessary qualifications and work experience of employees, the lack of information on the regulatory framework, and sometimes not quite the right approach when choosing the forms and methods of organizing their activities.

In other municipalities, the functions of the owner and customer are performed by structural subdivisions of the local self-government body. This violates the principle of market relations - the separation of these functions, since there is no way to move to contractual relations in housing and communal services, and therefore creating conditions for competition and investment.

2.2 Creation of economic mechanisms in housing and communal services

What are the market mechanisms for the functioning of the housing sector? The specifics of the housing sector lies in the fact that the underdevelopment of competitive relations in this area is caused, first of all, by the costly economic structure of the maintenance of the housing stock and the administrative management system that developed in the pre-market period.

The creation of a competitive environment in the housing sector depends in a key way on the effective division of functions and the formation of contractual relations between the owners of the housing stock (or organizations authorized to act on behalf of the owner), management companies and housing contractors.

One of the most important and key conditions for the formation of a new economic policy in the housing and communal sector, which ensures the protection of the interests of consumers, guaranteed quality of service, and the destruction of monopoly, is the restructuring of the management of municipal housing and communal property, i.e. the creation of the "Customer Service", which was discussed (municipal management company) as a subject of a market economy for the management of municipal housing and communal services. The most important condition for reforming the housing and communal services is the price and tariff policy in this industry.

Today, the real level of payment of the population for housing and communal services has not been established in any municipality of the region. There is a large spread in the cost of housing and communal services in municipalities, since tariffs are approved by the local government, as a rule, without proper economic justification. At the same time, no measures are being taken to reduce the cost of housing and communal services. Tariffs for housing and communal services have turned from economically justified into political ones on a local scale.

The most significant and most typical shortcoming of the existing tariff regulation system is that municipalities, being the owners of the property of municipal enterprises, do not formulate the goals of their activities before the latter (practically any municipal enterprise does not have both a production and an investment program). The absence of targets for utility companies leads to the fact that relations between housing and communal services enterprises and the municipality take on an administrative nature, and the boundaries of responsibility for providing public services to the population are blurred.

Practice shows that in the overwhelming majority of cases, the tariff is formed by adding a certain percentage of profitability to the estimated cost. Obviously, such a formula for determining tariffs (“costs +”) does not encourage enterprises to reduce costs, since the profit included in the tariff is directly proportional to the costs of the enterprise, and in such a situation, the enterprise is interested in increasing the cost.

It is not uncommon for a tariff to not include all components related to the provision of public services. For example, the structure of tariffs often does not include the funds necessary for servicing instruments and metering units, consumption of utilities.

Tariffs are set for an unfixed period, which creates a situation of economic uncertainty for both the enterprise and consumers. In practice, tariffs may not be reviewed for 3 or more years, despite the obvious jumps in inflation. All this leads to the fact that utility companies find themselves in a situation of chronic underfunding of both their current activities and programs for the renewal of fixed assets. The process of setting tariffs is extremely politicized, since it affects the interests of the population living in the territory of the municipality. Decisions to change tariffs are made in the light of the upcoming elections, and the issues of financing the activities of municipal utilities fade into the background.

2.3 Functions of an economic entity

When organizing the management of housing and communal services, it is necessary to select a contractor for the performance of work and the supply of resources for the provision of housing and communal services on the housing stock entrusted to him. In case of economic feasibility, these works can be carried out by the Management Company itself (in small towns). Conclude contracts with contractors selected on a competitive basis to perform work and provide resources of a given quantity, quality and cost. Provide a system for monitoring the implementation of contracts; organize the collection of payments for housing and communal services.

When forming or choosing an organization that will ensure the management of real estate in the housing and communal sector, the owner should be guided by the following considerations:

The management company must be a subject of a market economy.

The management company should be maximally focused on meeting the needs of tenants and homeowners in terms of providing them with housing and communal services.

The management company and its staff must be interested, including financially, in the quality of their work.

Such an orientation can be achieved by choosing appropriate organizational, legal and financial mechanisms. The functions of the Management Company for the housing stock can be performed by the subject of any organizational legal form(HOA, associations of owners of youth housing complexes, building cooperatives and others). It is very important that the Management Company be the balance-holder of the housing stock, and the objects of the production base should be transferred to the economic management of enterprises. To manage municipal housing in Nizhny Novgorod region carried out through the executive authorities of the Nizhny Novgorod region authorized by the Government of the Nizhny Novgorod region; in the event that all premises in an apartment building are state-owned by the Nizhny Novgorod Region, the management of such buildings is carried out through managing organizations determined on a competitive basis. (Law "On Housing Policy in the Nizhny Novgorod Region". Adopted by the Legislative Assembly on August 30, 2007). Municipal Management Companies may be created in the form of a Municipal Institution. Housing management is a potentially highly competitive field of activity. The increase in the attractiveness of this sector of the economy, including for private capital, will occur with the formation of real contractual relationships in it.

Continuation
--PAGE_BREAK--

The cost of providing services to the management company should be included in the cost of housing and communal services. In the coming years, it is necessary to make a transition to professional management of the municipal housing stock on a competitive basis. In this regard, it is necessary to develop methodological recommendations at the local and regional levels for the development of a system of contractual relations between the owner of the housing stock, the managing organization, contracting and resource supplying enterprises.

Organization professional management housing stock will improve the state of the housing stock in the medium term, and in the long term - reduce the cost of housing and communal services.

The source of funds invested in the modernization of the housing stock may be an increase in housing fees in connection with the improvement of living conditions. The source of funds for capital repairs is the inclusion of deductions for capital repairs of the housing stock in the payment for housing.

It seems appropriate to abandon the existing practice in some municipalities of introducing a system of direct payments for utilities to resource-supplying enterprises of housing and communal services, since such a payment procedure will never allow realizing the investment potential of resource saving in the housing stock.

Creating equal conditions for involving organizations of various forms of ownership in the management of municipal housing stock requires the adoption of certain legal decisions at the municipal level. At present, as a rule, the municipal housing stock is assigned to municipal unitary enterprises in economic management or to municipal institutions in operational management. A contractual relationship between organizations of this legal form and the municipality is not necessary in this case. The housing fund is on the balance sheet of these organizations, both the municipal and the privatized share of the common property of the owners of residential premises.

The involvement of private business in the management of municipal housing stock excludes this form of legal relationship. In order for organizations of different forms of ownership to have equal opportunities to manage the municipal housing stock, existing legal relations must be changed. The municipality, as the owner of the housing stock (its part in the form of non-privatized apartments), must conclude an agreement with the management company for the management of the housing stock in the form of a contract for the provision of services for compensation. Similar contracts for the management of the housing stock are concluded by other homeowners in this apartment building. The share of the municipality in the housing stock is on the balance sheet of a specialized municipal service (municipal management company). The managing organization takes into account the housing stock transferred to it for management on the balance sheet account. At the same time, the balance-holder of the housing stock is the municipal management company.

With the demonopolization of the housing sector, it is advisable to hold tenders for the implementation of specialized works(maintenance of elevator facilities, garbage collection, installation and maintenance of heat, water meters, etc.).

The development of competition in the field of housing stock management will have a significant impact on the introduction of alternative new technologies in the field of heat and electricity supply, which allow serving relatively small groups of consumers. This will contribute to the development of competition in the field of energy supply. The management company will have the opportunity to consider alternative options - to create its own local source of energy supply or use the services of a centralized energy supply system.

The specialization of settlement and cash centers should be in the prompt monthly calculation of household payments, depending on the actual consumption of housing and communal services. This implies the presence of a specialized information and computing base. Therefore, in cities where there will be several management companies, it is advisable to transfer the functions of making settlements on household payments under the terms of a contract to specialized cash settlement centers that collect all information on payments made by consumers to housing and communal services enterprises. In municipalities where the management of the municipal housing stock is carried out by only one management company and it is municipal, it is advisable to create a cash settlement center as a structural unit of this company.

Property reform in the housing sector should lead to the development of competition in two directions:

competition in the field of real estate management for obtaining an order from the owner to manage the housing stock;

competition between contracting organizations for obtaining an order for the provision of housing and communal services from the management company. The impetus for the development of competition in these areas should be the emergence of a variety of associations of homeowners.

Creation of homeowners associations within the boundaries of a single complex of real estate (condominium), which includes land plot and a residential building located on it, is today one of the most effective ways to protect the rights of homeowners and organize the management of an apartment building with different owners of individual premises.

3. Market mechanisms for the functioning of public utilities

3.1 Creating a competitive environment

The utility sector in the Nizhny Novgorod region is mainly municipal property. Utility enterprises are mainly municipal, to which technological funds are transferred on the right of economic management - engineering infrastructure facilities (heat, water, sewer networks, water intakes, treatment plants, heat sources, etc.) and technological production funds (equipment, workshops, production and operational base and etc.)

The most important element of the reform should be the creation of a competitive environment in the system of management and maintenance of the communal sector, which will allow the owner of communal facilities to choose the organization that can provide the necessary level of quality of work and services at the most low prices. The development of competition in the public utilities sector is carried out in order to create conditions for overcoming the negative consequences of a monopoly or dominant position (including technologically determined) of housing and communal services organizations by:

formation by local governments of a municipal order for the maintenance and development of housing and communal facilities;

organization of a system of payments for produced and consumed housing and communal services on the basis of contracts, as well as the application economic sanctions for breach of contractual obligations;

attraction on an equal basis of organizations of various forms of ownership for the provision of housing and communal services.

A necessary prerequisite for the development of competition is the demonopolization of public utilities. The areas of activity in which the development of competition is possible include:

management and maintenance of public utilities;

involvement of organizations using alternative forms of providing public services, including autonomous life support systems, facilities not connected with the network engineering infrastructure (rooftop boilers, gas supply from capacitive and bottled gas, and others);

performance of individual works on maintenance of public utilities (repair and cleaning of networks, garbage collection, operation of elevator facilities, etc.);

design and survey and construction work for the development of public facilities and the like.

It should be borne in mind that the reform of the public utilities is aimed at increasing the role of local governments, the independence and responsibility of economic entities of various forms of ownership that provide direct service to consumers of housing and communal services and have legal and financial opportunities not only for the implementation of current operational activities, but also for the development of housing and communal facilities.

When solving these problems, special attention should be paid to:

carrying out by local governments of the necessary transformations in the field of management, financing and pricing, aimed at ensuring a more efficient functioning of the public utilities;

formation of structures (management companies, associations of homeowners and others) representing the interests of all homeowners and protecting the rights of consumers of housing and communal services;

introduction of contractual relations at all stages of production and provision of housing and communal services;

completion of the process of transferring departmental communal facilities to municipal ownership.

When choosing a management option, it is advisable to be guided by the principle of dividing the fixed assets of the public utilities into two groups:

the first group is technological funds, which include engineering infrastructure (networks, boiler houses, pumping stations, treatment facilities, etc.).

the second group is production assets, which consist of objects that provide services to the funds of the first group. This includes garages, workshops, production buildings and the like.

The local self-government body, as the owner of communal facilities, may transfer these funds for economic management or operational management to communal contractor organizations.

Thus, the public utilities management system should be based on a rational division of functions and organization of relationships between the owner of the engineering infrastructure, the managing organization, contractors of various forms of ownership that service engineering infrastructure facilities, and the body authorized to exercise state control over the provision of housing to the population. utilities of the required quality, for the use and safety of the housing stock, regardless of its ownership.

Engineering infrastructure is a life support system for cities and towns and cannot be the object of exclusion from municipal property on the one hand. On the other hand, it is necessary to create conditions for market relations in this industry.

To solve this problem, based on the current legislation, it is necessary: ​​to transfer the technological funds (engineering infrastructure) of the public utilities with the right of operational management to a municipal institution (Municipal Management Company), and production assets can be transferred to the economic management of Municipal unitary enterprises.

Thus, communal facilities are serviced by municipal unitary enterprises and/or joint-stock companies while maintaining control over the safety of life support facilities by the local government, through the Management Company. This makes it possible to take into account the different procedures for the privatization of the production and technological groups of fixed assets when corporatizing enterprises of the housing and communal services.

Organizations specializing in the field of management, among other things, carry out a rational distribution financial resources between producers of certain housing and communal services.

Continuation
--PAGE_BREAK--

The function of the servicing contractor is the timely and high-quality performance of the work specified in the contract for the maintenance of public utility facilities.

Municipal organizations for servicing housing and communal services, as independent economic entities, should not be rigidly assigned to the corresponding territorial unit.

This will allow, when organizing tenders for servicing technological fund objects, to stimulate competition not only between municipal organizations and private companies, but also between municipal organizations themselves. At the same time, it is advisable to create equal working conditions for both private and municipal organizations. (provision of non-residential premises without charging rent, equal conditions for the provision of official living space, etc.).

Contracting organizations are exempted from registration and accounting functions that are unusual for them, passport and accounting work, collection of payments from the population for housing and utilities, registration of benefits and subsidies, and other forms social services population.

Public utility facilities can be serviced by organizations of various forms of ownership if they have a license for the right to service engineering infrastructure facilities.

Existing system management of engineering infrastructure facilities and tariff regulation makes it almost impossible to attract private investment in the development of communal infrastructure, since it does not interest enterprises in reducing costs. Attracting private investment in urban engineering infrastructure is one of the main goals of the work on the reform of the tariff regulation system.

3.2 The process of reforming the tariff system

Effective regulation of utilities should be based on a three-part system. The first part is the setting of goals for the activity of communal enterprises (the formation of their production and investment programs), the second part is the formation and approval of tariffs as a means of financial support for these programs, and the third part is the monitoring of communal enterprises. Together, these three components provide an opportunity for local governments to fulfill their obligations to provide the population with quality public services.

The definition of goals for specific communal enterprises should be based on the developed long-term schemes for the development of heat supply and water supply systems for cities and towns. The system of tariff regulation should ensure the feasibility of the production and investment programs of the enterprise, approved for the next period of regulation. To do this, the tariff regulation system should:

encourage utilities to reduce costs, improve the quality of services provided;

promote investment in utilities;

provide utility companies with the formation of sufficient financial resources to achieve their goals;

take into account the formation of competitive relations in a number of sub-sectors of housing and communal services;

have built-in mechanisms to reduce the politicization of the process of setting tariffs for utilities.

In addition to creating economic mechanisms that would encourage enterprises to independently identify reserves for reducing the costs of providing public services, a mechanism should be provided for identifying obviously irrational costs as an element of the tariff regulation procedure. In particular, when making a decision on setting tariffs, the results of comprehensive surveys of utility enterprises, including independent examinations and audits (at the expense of budgetary funds), should be used.

The process of setting the tariff for utilities should be to find a compromise between the technical tasks and financial needs of service providers and the solvent demand of consumers.

The system of regulation of utilities should ensure the predictability and predictability of tariff changes. The establishment of tariffs should be carried out for a certain period (regulation period), which should be consistent with the period of regulation of tariffs set at the federal (gas) and regional (electricity) levels. This requirement serves three purposes. Firstly, it creates a situation of certainty regarding the future cash flows of the enterprise, which reduces the risks of investing in it. Secondly, during the regulated period, the company can take measures to reduce costs, and spend the resulting savings on the return of borrowed funds. Thirdly, this measure will contribute to the growth of economic certainty for utility consumers. Establishing the period of validity of the tariff should be supplemented in an unstable economy by determining external factors, the change of which should lead to a mandatory automatic recalculation of the tariff or a change in the production program of the enterprise.

Tariff regulation procedures should ensure the publicity of the tariff formation process. This is necessary in order to achieve confidence on the part of utility consumers, as well as to help achieve a balance of interests in the process of tariff regulation. The publicity of the system should ensure the necessary methodological and informational interaction between the individual elements of this system: the procedures for monitoring, preparing and considering applications for tariff revision, their approval and entry into force. An important factor in effective tariff regulation should be the increase in the professionalism of the regulatory body, ensuring its work with the most detailed formalized procedures. In accordance with the legislation, the regulation of the activities of municipal enterprises is the competence of local governments. In regional centers and large cities, local governments are able to form professionally functioning regulatory bodies or attract highly qualified specialists to their work within the framework of interdepartmental commissions. For small municipalities, it is advisable to delegate the function of regulating the tariffs of utility infrastructure enterprises to the regional level, which should improve the quality of decisions made.

The Housing and Public Utilities Reform Fund will ensure the participation of small enterprises in programs for the overhaul of houses and the resettlement of dilapidated housing apartment buildings and resettlement of emergency housing. “Orders worth at least 5 billion rubles will be distributed among such companies,” V. Putin said. small 2It is necessary to change the accounting system at utility companies of energy and resource supply in order to move from the established practice of minimizing tax payments to the practice of ensuring transparency and stimulating investments in the energy and resource supply sector. Separate accounting for permanent and variable costs in order to form two-part tariffs for heat and water. This will reduce seasonal fluctuations in payments, reduce the shortage of working capital of heat supply enterprises, increase their financial stability.

As individual metering devices are installed and the consumption of basic utilities is regulated, it is necessary to move from payment according to consumption standards to payment based on meter readings.

The introduction of separate accounting for the production and transport of thermal energy will create prerequisites for the formation of local markets for thermal energy by separating the monopoly transport of thermal energy and competitive production, which implies legal separation and transfer of management of municipal heating networks and heat sources to various business entities. This task is of great practical value, since in most large municipalities there is a fairly large excess of thermal energy capacity and in this situation there is an objective economic opportunity to buy thermal energy from a cheaper producer.

The solution of this problem will contribute to the formation of local heat markets in most cities and towns of the region, the cost of which will be determined taking into account the cost of transport through municipal heating networks. It is important that among such sources of thermal energy there should be more and more local sources of heat, especially in sparsely populated areas (cottage development), with difficult terrain, in places remote from large sources of heat, that is, in cases where the cost of thermal transport energy is comparable to the cost of heat production.

An important task of ensuring effective tariff regulation should be the creation of a legal basis for including payments to repay the principal amount of the debt in the cost of products and services of public utilities during the implementation of reconstruction projects at the expense of borrowed funds.

It is possible to formulate several fundamental principles for the regulation of tariffs for goods (works, services) of regulated economic entities, on the basis of which the system of regulation of housing and communal services tariffs should be built. It is advisable to regulate tariffs at the municipal level within the framework of a permanent interdepartmental commission or an independent regulatory body. Representatives of the administration departments, public organizations(for example, a society for the protection of consumer rights), representing the interests of all interested parties. An interdepartmental commission (or an independent regulatory body) makes decisions, which are then submitted to the head of local government for final approval. When considering tariffs, local governments have the right to seek assistance from organizations of any form of ownership, including a professional regulatory body established at the regional level; tariffs should be set for fixed periods. During the regulatory period, tariffs should remain unchanged in real terms, which implies their periodic indexation according to a predetermined rule and/or a list of reasons for their revision before the end of the regulatory period; the tariffs set for a regulated enterprise should form such an amount of financial resources for it that would be sufficient for the implementation of the approved production and investment program.

On July 26, 2010, Konstantin Tsitsin, General Director of the Fund for Assistance to the Reform of Housing and Communal Services, visited the All-Russian Youth Educational Forum "Seliger-2010", opened in the Ostashkovsky district of the Tver region. The head of the Federal Agency for Youth Affairs Vasily Yakemenko, the director of the Seliger-2010 Forum Ilya Kostunov took part in the events. A tour of the Forum was held for representatives of the Housing and Communal Services Fund. CEO The Foundation visited art objects, exhibitions and expositions presented at the Seliger-2010 forum. At the Seliger-2010 Forum, the General Director of the Housing and Public Utilities Fund met with the coordinators of the federal youth project "All Homes". The participants of the project spoke about its content. According to them, the ultimate goal is to bring new technologies to every entrance and house in Russia. Forum participants also noted that such projects are already being implemented in 22 regions of Russia.

But without modern education, it makes no sense to start such a large-scale work. Therefore, each participant of the project within the framework of the Seliger-2010 Forum takes courses, receives advice from leading experts in this field, attends master classes and public lectures. After training, each participant must develop a project for the modernization of their own home. One of the main tasks of which should be explanatory work among residents, aimed at shaping the consciousness of a responsible homeowner. The guys proclaimed the slogan of the “All Homes” project: be proud of the house where you live!

Project participants in different cities of Russia are holding actions aimed at shaping the consciousness of a responsible homeowner, as well as fighting unscrupulous payers.

Konstantin Tsitsin, General Director of the Housing and Public Utilities Fund, noted that now young people have real chances to realize themselves in the housing and communal sector and have the opportunity to take a leading position, since the industry is currently developing dynamically and is open to innovation.

The Director General of the Housing and Public Utilities Fund also spoke about the role of youth in the development of the housing and communal sector at the lecture “The Fund's main activities, the place of youth in the housing and communal services reform”, which he read in front of 400 activists of the “All Homes” project.

Continuation
--PAGE_BREAK--

The country needs professional managers in the housing and communal services sector, who are able not only to operate taps and toilets, but can effectively manage "intelligent" residential buildings, microdistricts and territories, settlements and towns, condominiums. However, the housing and communal services industry today is a high-tech industry, where all the latest modern information Technology, various innovations and even nanotechnology. This requires specialists who have received special training that allows them to correctly understand, effectively and timely implement, skillfully use the achievements of science, market legal relations, resource-saving and information technologies, best practices in the activities of management companies. The housing and communal services industry will always exist and it needs young qualified personnel. This is a promising industry, where there is an opportunity for rapid growth, - said Konstantin Tsitsin. At present, training courses for HOA chairmen and professional managers of management companies have been organized in almost all regions of the country.

In his opinion, young people should be no less interested in the possibility of organizing small businesses in the housing and communal services sector. Small business operating in the field of housing and communal services is a reliable support and an equal partner of the Fund in the reform of housing and communal services. The increase in the number of small enterprises allows for a variety of services in the market, which means more choice. In addition, the development of small enterprises opens up great opportunities for creating new jobs. These are the obvious advantages that lie on the surface, not to mention a significant contribution to the economy of our country.

According to Konstantin Tsitsin, the creation of competitive enterprises in the industry, in turn, will improve the quality of housing and communal services and the culture of serving the population. At the end of the speech, the Forum participants asked the General Director of the Housing and Utilities Fund Konstantin Tsitsin a number of questions about the work of the Fund and the role of youth in the development of the industry.

Speaking about the work of the Fund, Konstantin Tsitsin noted that the Fund for Assistance to Housing and Utilities Reform was created by the state not just as a mechanism for distributing money. This is an innovative tool for solving a number of problems, which will make it possible to reform the housing and communal sector in the country.

The first of them is the formation of a full-fledged owner, the landlord. Another task solved by the Fund is the return of debts by the state to its citizens. After all, back in the early 1990s, Russians received the right to register housing as property. But for many, this right has become more of a problem; the state was unable to transfer housing in an acceptable condition. The program for the overhaul and resettlement of dilapidated housing will restore historical justice. Finally, the third main task, for which the Fund was created, is to improve the mechanisms for channeling funds to overcome acute social problems.

The General Director of the Fund noted that more than 90,000 apartment buildings have been repaired or are being repaired with the participation of the Housing and Communal Services Fund. Monitoring of the implementation of programs for major repairs and resettlement of citizens from dilapidated housing by the Fund's specialists is carried out constantly. According to Konstantin Tsitsin, this is a complex and voluminous task. Therefore, it is so important that residents control the implementation of these works and conduct their acceptance. These duties of the residents of the house, provided for by Federal Law-185, contribute to the education of a responsible owner.

In the Sosnovsky district of the Nizhny Novgorod region, in accordance with the Federal Law "On the Fund for Assistance to the Reform of the Housing and Communal Services", a major overhaul of multi-apartment residential buildings is being carried out. 26 high-rise buildings fell under this federal program. So, the Government's program is being implemented, there have been positive changes, but much remains to be done.

Conclusion

The organization of the successful work of housing and communal services is one of the important conditions for ensuring decent living conditions. The housing and communal services management system needs to be reformed. main goal reforms of housing and communal services - is to improve the quality of housing and communal services while reducing the cost of their provision. Monopoly in this area does not give consumers and, first of all, the population the opportunity to choose the necessary set of housing and communal services on the market. For successful implementation the above goal, you must perform the following tasks:

Completion of the process of delimitation of the functions of the owner, management and maintenance in the housing and communal services sector at the municipal level.

Increasing the transparency of all procedures for the formation of the tariff policy for housing and communal services.

Modernization of personnel policy and preparation of a new generation of managers for housing and communal services.

Restructuring and liquidation of debts in the housing sector.

There is a need for a systematic, phased transition to full payment for housing and communal services with the simultaneous formation of effective, efficient bodies designed to provide targeted social protection measures for the poor. Budgetary funds allocated for the modernization of housing and communal services should be used effectively and for their intended purpose. It is necessary to strengthen control over compliance with the legislation regulating relations in the housing and communal services sector.

As for the system for collecting and processing information on major changes in the housing sector in Russia, housing privatization, data on housing and utility costs, tariffs and subsidies, payments and debts of utility consumers, it should be clearly organized. With the participation of the private sector in housing maintenance will improve.

Creation of a resource saving system (introduction of advanced technologies, installation of energy metering devices (water, gas and heat, etc.)).

Bibliography

1. Voronin A.G., Lapin V.A., Shirokov A.N. Fundamentals of municipal management. Moscow Public Scientific Fund, 1997. - 88 p.

2. Civil Code of the Russian Federation, Parts 1 and 2 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. Part 1. No. 51-FZ of November 30, 1994 (adopted by the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation on October 21, 1994).

3. The concept of the reform of housing and communal services in the Russian Federation.

4. Novikov M. "Capital work". Sosnovsky Bulletin of 26.08.10. No. 98.

5. Subprogram "Reforming and Modernizing the Housing and Communal Complex of the Russian Federation" of the federal target program "Housing" for 2002-2010. Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation, 2001, # 49, article 4622.

6. Fadeev V.I., Municipal Law of Russia. M.: 1994, p.28.

7. Federal law "On general principles organizations of local self-government in the Russian Federation”. Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation, 1995, N 35, art. 3506.

The formation of the housing market and housing and communal services in Russia is one of the most difficult areas of socio-economic reform. For many years, housing and communal services have been formed as a complex, diversified system under centralized management, covering more than 30 various kinds activities. Russia as a country high level urbanization (more than 70% of the population lives in cities), has a housing stock and communal infrastructure, which in their scale make up a significant share in the national wealth, however, their condition does not correspond to the technological and economic potential of the country.

The level of provision of the population with housing and communal services (HCS) is one of the most important indicators quality of life in the municipality. Management of housing and communal services, according to the Federal Law "On the general principles of the organization of local self-government in the Russian Federation", refers mainly to the competence of settlements.

Municipal management of the housing and communal complex is mainly within the competence of the settlements. Inter-settlement functions are assigned to municipal districts: organization of electricity and gas supply within the boundaries of the municipal district, maintenance and construction of roads common use between the settlements of the municipal district with the corresponding engineering structures, the organization of disposal and processing of household and industrial waste, the maintenance of inter-settlement burial sites and the provision of ritual services.

Housing and communal services management is the organization of maintenance and repair of housing, as well as the provision of public services independently or under contracts with contractor housing and operating organizations.

The most important aspect in the management of housing and communal services is the principle of competitiveness, determined by the presence competitive advantage enterprises and organizations providing services, which should be provided with resource-saving and innovative approaches, the development of competition and the formation of a socially oriented policy, as well as the conditions that determine the quality of the management system for housing and communal services.

At the present stage of development, taking into account the potential of individual sub-sectors of housing and communal services, the typology of private and public services, the degree of competitive relations, the presence of various forms of ownership of property, the peculiarities of the economic mechanisms of the functioning of enterprises, should be considered as separate areas of housing and communal services, which have various systems management and principles of their reform.

The housing sector includes residential and non-residential buildings with a network of enterprises and organizations operating and servicing them. The communal complex includes engineering support systems for settlements (electricity, heat, gas, water supply and sanitation) and citywide utilities (roads, landscaping and landscaping, removal and processing household waste and a number of other farms).

Reforming and technological modernization of housing and communal services, increasing the competitiveness of the services provided, enterprises involve the use of new, more advanced organizational, economic and information management methods that are fundamentally different from those used until recently in the housing and communal sector.

However, the introduction of effective forms and methods of management is complicated by the specific features of the transformation of property, economic relations and the economic mechanism of the functioning of housing and communal services, aggravated by the socio-economic situation in various regions.

The crisis state of the housing and communal complex in most municipalities of Russia has become a problem of national importance. The reasons for the crisis were many years of underfunding and inefficient tariff policy, which predetermine the subsidization of the industry, high costs for the provision of services, the lack of economic incentives for service enterprises to reduce costs, and the recipients of housing and communal services - the ability to influence their quantity and quality, inefficient management system, underdeveloped competitive environment, high degree of depreciation of fixed assets, large losses of heat energy, water and other resources.

The emergence of new types of owners is due to the need for other forms and methods of investing in the development of housing and communal facilities in conditions of limited budgetary funds.

At the same time, along with the dialogue "customer - contractor (housing and communal services enterprise)", complex multilateral relationships are formed, the participants of which are:

Investment, construction and operating organizations of various forms of ownership that carry out financing, construction, maintenance and management of housing and communal services;
- owners of housing stock and communal facilities, representing their bodies and management companies;
- consumers of services - owners, tenants and tenants of residential premises, associations of homeowners, other organizations.

It should be borne in mind that the reform of the housing and communal services is aimed at increasing the role of local governments, the independence and responsibility of business entities of various forms of ownership that provide direct service to consumers of housing and communal services and have legal and financial opportunities not only for the implementation of current operational activities, but also for the development of housing and communal facilities.

When solving these problems, special attention should be paid to:

Carrying out by the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local authorities of the necessary transformations in the field of management, financing and pricing, aimed at ensuring more efficient functioning of the housing and communal services;
- formation of structures (customer services, managing organizations, associations of homeowners and others) representing the interests of all homeowners and protecting the rights of consumers of housing and communal services;
- introduction of contractual relations at all stages of production and provision of housing and communal services, including the owner - the homeowner, the service provider and their consumer;
- completion of the process of transferring departmental housing and communal facilities to municipal ownership.

The system of municipal management of housing and communal services can be based on a rational division of functions and organization of relationships between the owner - the homeowner, the managing organization, contractors of various forms of ownership that service the housing stock and engineering infrastructure facilities, and the body authorized to exercise state control over the provision of to the population of housing and communal services of the required quality, for the use and safety of the housing stock, regardless of its ownership.

When choosing a management option, it is advisable to be guided by the principle of giving the owner - the homeowner the right to decide who will maintain and manage the property he owns.

Local self-government bodies, as owners of housing and communal services, should strive to form a unified social and financial policy in the field of housing and communal services on the territory of the municipality. Contracting housing and communal organizations are responsible for compliance with regulatory and technical requirements for the maintenance and use of housing and communal facilities, for the efficient use of limited financial resources with high-quality and reliable customer service, ensuring the safety of the housing stock and communal facilities.

At the municipal level, the process of delimitation and registration of property rights to housing and communal services should be completed. At the same time, the right further management municipal housing stock is recommended to transfer to customer services.

The fixed assets of sub-sectors of public utilities should be divided into two groups. One (the so-called technological funds) includes engineering infrastructure - networks, boiler houses, pumping stations, treatment facilities, and the like. The second (production assets) consists of facilities that provide services to the assets of the first group. This includes garages, workshops, production buildings and the like.

The owner of communal facilities may transfer these funds for economic management or operational management to communal organizations - contractors.

Public utility facilities are serviced by municipal enterprises or joint-stock companies while maintaining a controlling stake in the local government. When corporatizing enterprises of housing and communal services, it is necessary to take into account the different procedure for privatization of the production and technological parts of fixed assets.

The starting point is the provision that its owners are responsible for the condition of the housing stock. They form the procedure for managing the housing stock, conclude contracts for the rental and lease of housing, and finance its maintenance.

Municipal bodies in the management of housing and communal services combine administrative and economic functions, administrative resources and contractual relations. They manage and manage the housing stock, departmental and municipal utilities; ensure the operation of economic mechanisms in the housing sector and contractual relations in housing and communal services.

The organization is directly assigned to local self-government:

Management of municipal residential buildings, premises (accounting for housing, transfer of residential premises to non-residential premises and vice versa, coordination of the reconstruction and redevelopment of housing, recognition of housing as unfit for habitation, control over the use and safety of the housing stock);
- management of specialized housing stock, including service housing, dormitories, houses for refugees and migrants;
- management of common property in apartment buildings on the right of the owner of the premises;
- competitive selection of managing organizations.

Organizations specializing in the field of management, among other things, carry out a rational distribution of financial resources between the producers of certain housing and communal services. The owner - homeowner can perform these functions himself or hire a specialized management organization, which may be municipal (customer service), or a third-party management organization, including a private one. The managing organization, on behalf of the owner, may also collect payments, conclude contracts with contractors and control their execution, as well as conclude lease agreements.

Municipal managing organizations act as a service of the customer, another municipal institution, diversified or specialized enterprise. The housing stock is transferred to the management of municipal unitary enterprises on the basis of economic management rights or municipal institutions on the basis of operational management. At the same time, the conclusion of management contracts is not mandatory.

Housing and communal services as the most important area of ​​management in society

Housing and communal services is an important sphere of life of human society. Without its effective functioning, it is impossible to ensure normal conditions of existence. The housing and communal services system should work smoothly, constantly and taking into account the requirements of the population paying for the relevant services.

Among the most important areas of socio-economic transformations in the country is the reform and development of the housing sector, which creates the necessary conditions for human life. The leading sectors in this area are housing construction and housing management, which ensure the reproduction and maintenance of the housing stock, as well as bringing housing and communal services to direct consumers. In Russia, the level of development of the housing sector does not meet the requirements: the tasks assigned to it are far from being fully implemented, which significantly affects the decline in the quality of life of the population. In this regard, the housing problem remains one of the most acute social problems in the country.

The housing sector is experiencing significant difficulties associated with an acute shortage of finances, a weak material and technical base, insufficiently qualified personnel, a lack of a well-thought-out housing policy, and insufficient elaboration of the regulatory and legal aspects of the activities of organizations in terms of their relationship with authorities and consumers.

The housing and communal services system is represented by residential, public buildings, maintenance, repair and construction, transport, energy and other enterprises that have an extensive field of activity and the development of urban facilities and the state of the living environment of city residents depend on the effectiveness of their functioning.

The specificity of housing and communal services lies in its multi-profile, diversified structure, which requires appropriate organizational, legal and economic foundations.

Housing and communal services is the most important area social structure society. The quality of its functioning on the basis of equal existence in this area of ​​all forms of ownership makes it possible to create a field for the quality of economic relations between owners of housing and communal services and create a network environment for the implementation of the principles of a socially oriented market economy.

Housing and communal services of the city is an independent area in the system National economy, the main purpose of which is to meet the needs of the population and enterprises in services that ensure normal living and working conditions.

In accordance with the subject area of ​​research, a service is an expedient human activity, the result of which has a beneficial effect that satisfies any human needs.

The ability to satisfy human needs is called utility. The Austrian school of value theory emphasizes that utility is always subjective. Everything that has utility is commonly called a good (material and non-material carriers of utility that serve to satisfy needs). Housing and communal services are activities, work of housing and communal services, in the course of which a new, previously non-existing product is not created, but the quality of an already existing, created product is changed.

These are benefits provided not in the form of things, but in the form of the state of the functioning of housing and communal services.

The need for housing and communal services increases under the influence of the intensity of labor, with the need to improve the quality of human capital, the law of increasing needs.

Under the influence of the objective law of the rise of needs, the needs of the population in improving housing conditions are developing. The share of housing expenses in the family budget is constantly increasing.

The process of production and consumption of most housing and communal services coincides in production-time coordinates. In the housing and communal services market, the equality of supply and demand in terms of the volume and structure of services provided must be constantly observed. At the same time, the production of housing and communal services should be preceded by a social order in individual, collective or public forms, acting as an act of their social recognition and a guarantor of the exchange of labor.

From the foregoing, we can conclude that housing and communal services occupies an important place in the sphere of municipal management of society, since without its functioning it is impossible to ensure normal conditions for the existence of the population.

Introduction

1.2 Public policy reforming the housing and communal services

1.3 The tasks of local governments in reforming the housing and communal services

Chapter 2. Management of housing and communal services in the municipality of Votkinsk

2.1 General characteristics of the state of housing and communal services in Votkinsk

2.2 The main directions of development of housing and communal services in Votkinsk

Conclusion

List of used sources and literature

Applications

housing and communal services

Introduction

The relevance of the topic of the course work "Housing and communal services reform at the municipal level (on the example of the municipality" Votkinsk ")" is that without exaggeration we can say that housing and communal services is one of the most important spheres of life of every person. Every day, whether a person knows about it or not, his "life-being" is regulated by the norms of housing legislation. And his life largely depends on what these norms are, what their content and content are.

Regretfully, we have to state that the state has long been indebted to society not only for its construction policy, but also for the lack of a clear, understandable, transparent and consistent system of housing legislation.

Before March 1, 2005, i.e. Before the introduction of the new Housing Code of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as the RF Housing Code), the legislation governing housing relations was characterized by lack of system and a large number of regulations (acts were adopted at different times, on different levels- from regulations to federal laws). Systemic codified acts (Fundamentals of Housing Legislation of the USSR and the Union Republics and the Housing Code of the RSFSR) were adopted more than 20 years ago. Obviously, the socio-economic conditions in the country have changed so much that in the 90s. last century and early XXI V. The fundamentals did not actually work, and the JK RSFSR was applied to the extent that it did not contradict the laws adopted later. The Civil Code of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as the Civil Code of the Russian Federation) regulated relations related to both the ownership of residential premises and the contract for renting residential premises. However, on the whole, until March 1, 2005, housing legislation was not streamlined.

These circumstances allow us to assert that in the Russian Federation the need for a new (second) codification of housing legislation is long overdue, which would finally streamline the regulation of housing relations.

The new Housing Code of the Russian Federation was adopted by the State Duma on December 22, 2004, approved by the Federation Council on December 24, 2004, signed by the President of the Russian Federation on December 29, 2004, published in Rossiyskaya Gazeta on January 12, 2005 and, as already indicated, entered into in force from March 1, 2005

The object of study of the course work are public relations, in the center of which there is such a specific object as a dwelling.

The subject of the study is the management of the housing and communal complex (HCC).

The purpose of this course work is to consider the reform of housing and communal services at the municipal level.

When writing the course work, the following tasks were set:

Analyze literary sources and current legislation on the issue under study,

Consideration of the general concept of the implementation of management at the municipal level of housing and communal services;

To identify the main provisions of the management of housing and communal services in the municipality of Votkinsk.

Information base course work are civil and housing legislation in the Russian Federation.

The theoretical basis of the course work are the works of domestic authors dealing with the management of housing and communal services.

The methodological basis of the course work is a set of methods and tools used in management sciences (in particular - analysis).

The structure of the course work consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion and a list of references.

The first chapter highlights the theoretical foundations of the issue under study - the foundations of housing and communal services management at the municipal level.

The second chapter contains data from a study of the management of housing and communal services in the municipality of Votkinsk.

Chapter 1. Theoretical foundations of municipal management of housing and communal services

1.1 General problems of management and reform of the housing and communal services

The level of providing the population with housing and communal services (HCS) is one of the most important indicators of the quality of life in the territory of the municipality. Management of the housing and communal complex is mainly within the competence of the settlements. Municipal districts are entrusted with inter-settlement functions: organization of electricity and gas supply within the boundaries of the municipal district, maintenance and construction of public roads between settlements of the municipal district with appropriate engineering structures, organization of disposal and processing of household and industrial waste, maintenance of inter-settlement burial sites and the provision of ritual services.

The most important aspect is the principle of competitiveness, determined by the presence of competitive advantages for enterprises and organizations providing services, which should be provided with resource-saving and innovative approaches, the development of competition and the formation of a socially oriented policy, as well as the conditions that determine the quality of the management system of housing and communal services.

At the present stage of development, taking into account the potential of individual sub-sectors of housing and communal services, the typology of private and public services provided, the degree of competitive relations, the presence of various forms of ownership of property, the peculiarities of the economic mechanisms of the functioning of enterprises, it should be considered as separate areas of housing and communal services, which have different systems management and principles of their reform.

The housing sector includes residential and non-residential buildings with a network of enterprises and organizations operating and servicing them. The utility complex includes engineering support systems for settlements (electricity, heat, gas, water supply and sanitation) and citywide utilities (roads, landscaping and landscaping, removal and processing of household waste and a number of other facilities).

Reforming and technological modernization of housing and communal services, increasing the competitiveness of the services provided, enterprises involve the use of new, more advanced organizational, economic and information management methods that are fundamentally different from those used until recently in the housing and communal sector.

However, the introduction of effective forms and methods of management is complicated by the specific features of the transformation of property, economic relations and the economic mechanism of the functioning of housing and communal services, aggravated by the socio-economic situation in various regions.

The crisis state of the housing and communal complex in most municipalities of Russia has become a problem of national importance. The reasons for the crisis were many years of underfunding and inefficient tariff policy, which predetermine the subsidization of the industry, high costs for the provision of services, the lack of economic incentives for service enterprises to reduce costs, and the recipients of housing and communal services - the ability to influence their quantity and quality, inefficient management system, underdeveloped competitive environment, high degree of depreciation of fixed assets, large losses of heat energy, water and other resources.

The emergence and growth of technological and financial problems of the housing and communal complex was also due to the fact that before the start of mass privatization in Russia, the main part of the housing and communal services facilities was on the balance sheet of industrial and other enterprises and was financed by the titles of the relevant sectoral ministries and departments. In the course of privatization, these objects were transferred to municipal ownership, as a rule, in a very neglected state. technical condition and without proper financial compensation for the costs of their maintenance and repair. In order to avoid a complete collapse of the life support systems of settlements, municipalities were forced to take on their balance sheet dilapidated and dilapidated housing stock, worn out pipelines, outdated boiler houses and pumping stations, etc. without conducting a full technical inventory of fixed assets of the housing and communal complex, as a result of which the municipal authorities do not have reliable information about the actual level of their depreciation. The insufficiency of state centralized financial resources for the modernization and repair of depreciated fixed assets transferred to municipalities did not allow eliminating accidents in life support systems, especially in heat and water supply. The financial crisis and the bankruptcy of city-forming enterprises have placed many cities and towns with a monostructural economy in difficult socio-economic conditions. As a result, the volume of debts of local budgets and municipal housing and communal enterprises to resource supply organizations began to grow.

The presence in the housing and communal complex of complex relationships between economic entities and consumers of services, due both to the scheme of technological interaction and the resulting contradictions between the economic nature of the production of services and the social nature of their consumption, emphasizes the specifics of the management of housing and communal services. From the point of view of social significance, the housing and communal complex is designed to create the necessary conditions for a comfortable and safe living for citizens, and from an economic point of view, being a field of activity with constant consumer demand in the housing and communal services market, it has significant potential for the development of private business.