Patterns, principles and functions social work.

The most important structural component scientific theory social work are its regularities. The patterns of social work most fully in an integrated form express the nature and direction of the totality of social ties.

The effectiveness and efficiency of social work is largely determined by the optimal level of development and functioning of social services, the scientific validity of the choice of content and technological methods when working with people, direct and indirect connections and mutual influences of needs, interests, aspirations, moods and motives of human behavior in various life circumstances.

The interdisciplinary, integrative nature of social work, the extreme importance of statistical processing of a huge amount of empirical material, practical data and observations - all this complicates the identification and formulation of patterns. As already noted, in social work there are managerial relations and relations of interaction between a specialist and a client, which make it possible to single out two groups of patterns.

For administrative bodies of social protection republican and regional levels, representing a set of organizationally formalized groups of specialists, managerial relations are determined by the following patterns:

‣‣‣ relationship social processes in society, social policy and social work;

‣‣‣ dependence of the effectiveness of social protection on the social orientation of consciousness and the activities of the personnel of bodies government controlled, professionalism and moral qualities of social service specialists;

‣‣‣ the conditionality of the content, forms and methods of social work by the specific circumstances of the life of various groups, individuals, communities;

‣‣‣ dependence of the effectiveness of social work on the compliance and consistency of the immediate and long-term goals of social protection of the population, etc.

Significant connections that affect the effectiveness of achieving the goals of social work on directly contact level, are expressed by the following regularities:

‣‣‣ the common interest of the social worker and the client in end results their interactions;

‣‣‣ the integrity of the impact of a social work specialist on a client;

‣‣‣ Compliance with the powers and responsibilities of a social work specialist;

‣‣‣ compliance with the general level of development of a social work specialist and a client of social services, etc.

The world and domestic experience of social work shows that the patterns formulated and not yet formulated by scientists and practitioners are of an objective nature and manifest themselves regardless of the will, desire of specialists, their knowledge. A specialist in the field of social work, for various reasons, can ignore the objective nature of the laws of social work - this will not violate the action and influence of the pattern, but will lead to undesirable consequences, the elimination of which will require additional effort, time and resources. That is why the deeper the specialist realizes and more fully takes into account the patterns in practice, the more effective his activity.

At the same time, it should be noted that in practice the specialist is guided only by the conclusions and rules arising from the laws formulated by science, which, expressing a very specific list of requirements, become a principle, starting position and general rule activities of a social worker.

Principles of social work- the most important structural component of the logical forms of scientific theory. It is through principles that theoretical propositions are directly related to the practice of social work. Social work is closely related to the problems of social development. Social workers are involved in the development and implementation of social policy, implementation social programs social protection of the population from degradation and social risks and the creation of decent conditions for the social functioning of a person. The role of social work is especially significant in supporting the vitality of ʼʼsocially unprotectedʼʼ members of society, helping people who find themselves in a difficult life situation,

The complexity and diversity of the interacting factors of social work is reflected in the system of principles of social work, which can be divided into several groups:

‣‣‣ methodological;

‣‣‣ organizational and administrative;

‣‣‣ psychological and pedagogical;

‣‣‣ socio-political.

Methodological principles are the principles of the epistemological approach, determination, reflection, development.

Organizational and distribution principles are:

- social and technological competence of personnel;

- stimulation;

– control and verification of execution;

– functional definition;

- the unity of rules and responsibilities.

P Psychological and pedagogical principles express the requirements for the choice of technological means of psychological and pedagogical influence on clients of social services. The main principles of this group include:

- complex and systems approach to the analysis and assessment of the client's living conditions and the choice of forms and methods of work;

- an individual approach to the personality of the client of social services;

– purposefulness and targeting of social work;

- tact and tolerance when communicating with clients of social services, etc.

The socio-political principles express the requirements due to the dependence of the content and direction of social work on the social policy of the state, which determines the conceptual approaches to the choice of priorities in the social protection of the population, to the combination and conjugation of personal and state interests in social work. The main principles of this group:

‣‣‣ state approach to the tasks solved in social work;

‣‣‣ humanism and democracy in the content and methods of social work;

‣‣‣ taking into account the specific conditions of the life of an individual, a social group when choosing the content, forms and methods of social work;

‣‣‣ legitimacy and fairness of the social worker's actions.

Another classification of the principles of the theory of social work is of interest.:

I. General philosophical principles: determinism, reflection, development.

II. General social principles: historicism, social conditioning, social significance.

III. Specific Principles:

Ø psychological and pedagogical - empathy, modality, attraction (attractiveness), trust;

Ø methodical - a differentiated approach, continuity, consistency, continuity, competence;

Ø organizational - universality, complexity, mediation, solidarity;

Ø regulatory and legal - observance of human rights in the field of social service, ensuring social guarantees, equal opportunity when receiving medical social services, voluntary consent of citizens when receiving services, availability of social services, respect for confidentiality, continuity of all types and forms of social services, targeting, priority of assistance to citizens who are in a situation that threatens their health or life, preventive orientation, promotion of social rehabilitation and adaptation, interdepartmental and interdisciplinarity, active approach, territorial organization of social service, state support, voluntary social activities for the provision of medical and social assistance.

Structural components of social work as a science make a certain contribution to the implementation of common scientific theory features:

‣‣‣ informational, since the theory of social work contains information about actually occurring social processes, describes them in a generalized form using the conceptual apparatus͵ in the laws and principles inherent in subject area social work;

‣‣‣ explanatory, since science is called upon not only to describe processes and phenomena, but to explain complex cause-and-effect relationships, the main trends and direction of their development;

‣‣‣ heuristic, which lies in the fact that scientific theory does not simply describe reality, but carries innovations, new knowledge that expands our understanding of the problems of social work. The scientific theory of social work, like any other, is heuristic in its purpose, origin, forms and methods of its development, expression and use;

‣‣‣ practical, consisting in the fact that it is generated by the needs of practice, develops on its basis and finds confirmation of its truth again in practice. This is especially clearly seen in the applied sciences, which include the theory of social work;

‣‣‣ predictive, which reveals trends, predicting the direction of development of social processes, objects of social work and providing a preventive impact on the development of social phenomena and processes.

The functions of social work as a system of scientific knowledge are the result of the synthesis of the functioning of its components, the integration of structural relationships. Οʜᴎ act as a form and way of manifestation of the heuristic and creative activity of the system, having a reverse effect on the composition of the components in the system, taking into account emerging new goals.

Regularities, principles and functions of social work. - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Regularities, principles and functions of social work." 2017, 2018.

The principles of social work are essential building blocks logical forms of scientific theory and the fundamental rules of empirical activity. It is through the application of principles that a direct correlation of theoretical provisions, embodied in categories and patterns, with the practice of social work is carried out. The following groups of principles of the theory of social work are distinguished.

General philosophical principlesunderlying all the sciences about society, man and the mechanisms of their interaction. These include: the principle of determinism, the principle of reflection, the principle of development, the principle of the unity of consciousness and activity, the principle of historicism, the principle of the inextricable relationship of the individual and his social environment.

Narrower in content, but also covering various aspects of social work, are the principles of socio-political, organizational and activity, psychological and pedagogical, etc. The complexity and variety of interacting factors, the manifestation of various subordination, coordination and correlation links and relationships is reflected in the mutual irony of the elements of the system principles governing the provision of social assistance population.

Socio-political principlesexpress requirements due to the dependence of the content and direction of social work on the social policy of the state. This dependence determines the conceptual approaches to the choice of priorities in the social protection of the population, to the combination of individual and public interests in social work. The main principles of this group include: the unity of the state approach in combination with the regional characteristics of social work, the democracy of its content and methods, taking into account the specific conditions of the life of an individual or a social group when choosing the content, forms and methods of social work with them, the legality and fairness of the activities of social worker.

Among organizational principles should highlight such as the socio-technological competence of personnel, the principle of control and verification of performance, the principle of functional certainty, the principle of unity of rights and duties, powers and responsibilities.

great place in the structure of logical forms of scientific theory occupy psychological and pedagogical principles. They express the requirements for the choice of means of psychological and pedagogical influence on the clients of social services, the need to take into account individual characteristics in the implementation of any socio-technological procedures. The main principles of this group include: complex analysis assessment of the living conditions of clients and the choice of forms and methods of working with them; individual approach; purposefulness and targeting of social work.

Finally, the specific principles of social work determine the basic rules for the provision of social services to the population.

The principle of universalityrequires the exclusion of discrimination in the provision of social assistance on any grounds of an ideological, political, religious, national, racial, or age nature. Assistance should be provided to each client for a single reason - his need for assistance.

Principle of protection social rights states that the provision of assistance to the client cannot be conditioned by the requirement for him to renounce his social rights or part of them. For example, in accordance with the current legislation, it is impossible to link assistance provided to a large family with a requirement for it to limit its childbearing activity.

The principle of social responseimplies an awareness of the need to take action on identified social problems, to act in accordance with the specific circumstances of the social situation of the individual client, and not be limited only standard set activities focused on the "average" consumer of social services.

The principle of preventive orientationintends to undertake efforts to prevent the occurrence of social problems and life difficulties of clients or to prevent the aggravation of problems that have already arisen. Practice shows that it is always easier to prevent a social disaster than to subsequently make efforts to eliminate its manifold consequences. For example, the preservation of family and school ties of children who find themselves in a state of maladaptation is incomparably more favorable and pragmatic for themselves, for their loved ones and for society as a whole than subsequently fighting against child vagrancy, crime, etc.

The principle of client-centrismmeans recognition of the priority of the client's rights in all cases, except for those where it is contrary to the rights and interests of other people. The traditions of a totalitarian society force us in many cases to put forward the interests of the state and society. For example, when analyzing the social disintegration of a family, it is customary to say that a decrease in the birth rate will negatively affect workforce which society will have in the next generations, on the contingent of conscripts for the Armed Forces, which in ten years will be completely insufficient for the needs of the state. It should be remembered that all these, of course, important priorities cannot be in the foreground for a social worker: the most important goal of his activity is to ensure the ability of his client to social functioning, to create favorable conditions for his social well-being and development of his personality. The needs of the state and society are satisfied as a result of its activities only indirectly.

Within the framework of this principle, one can consider the sovereignty and autonomy of the client, which has the right to accept or not accept the help of social workers, the right to choose one or another type of assistance or a scenario for resolving their life problems, must receive full information regarding work with him, and also has the right to protect his personal life from outside interference to the extent that this does not damage the rights and interests of other persons.

Self-reliance principleemphasizes the subjective role of the client, his active position in resolving his problems. It is unlikely that anyone, instead of the person himself, can solve his life difficulties, eliminate conflict situation to build relationships with loved ones. Social worker should advise the client in choosing a strategy for overcoming the crisis, provide him psychological help, to encourage self-help, to promote the unification of people with similar problems to overcome difficulties together. Of course, in this case we are talking about clients who are sufficiently capable in terms of their intellectual, mental and physical resources. People with disabilities, children, the elderly, who do not have the potential for self-help, of course, have the right to receive assistance without showing their own activity.

The principle of maximizing social resourcescomes from the fact that each social system inevitably allocates a minimum of funds for the provision of social assistance to its population. True, the real value of these funds depends primarily on the socio-economic capabilities of the state and on society's ideas about what is included in the necessary social minimum for the individual. Therefore, the social resources of Germany or Sweden, for example, with their stable economy and traditionally high level life differ from the level of social assistance in our country with its difficulties in the economy and extremely ascetic habits of the population. However, the effect of the principle is manifested everywhere: social workers should make efforts to attract additional opportunities to provide assistance to the client in addition to the guaranteed minimum by contacting non-governmental, voluntary, charitable institutions, self-help organizations and mutual assistance of clients, use other methods not prohibited by law.

Principle of confidentialityis connected with the fact that in the process of activity, information about the client becomes available to the social worker, which, if disclosed, can harm him or his relatives, discredit and discredit them. This is information about diseases, negative habits, mental illness, family conflicts, criminal past or present. Such information may only be used for professional purposes; it should not be disclosed, except in cases provided for by law and related to the possibility of violence, harm to any person, especially children.

The principle of tolerancedue to the fact that social work is carried out with a variety of categories of clients, including individuals who may not inspire sympathy for a specialist. political, religious and national characteristics individuals in need of assistance, their behavioral stereotypes and their very appearance may be unusual for people involved in social work. Certain elements xenophobia, i.e. hostility and fear of manifestations of alien traditions are common in our society. Social workers are not free from the illusion that their point of view, their stereotype of behavior, their ideas about good and bad are the only true and normative ones. Meanwhile, the diversity of human types, national and cultural traditions, customs of behavior is the key to the viability of the development of all mankind. No one should pass judgment on another person's activity as long as it does not pose a danger or cause harm to others. A social worker cannot sort clients into "good" and "bad", "convenient" and "uncomfortable". Anyone who needs help should get it. The professional tolerance of a social worker means recognizing the patterns of diversity in clients and tolerance for manifestations of this diversity.

Knowledge of the social reality surrounding us is the most important instrument of practical influence on it. The essential components of the system of elements of scientific theory are the consequences arising from the laws and principles, imprinted in methods, technological algorithms and techniques. They provide the key to problem solving and practical tasks. The system of categories, regularities and principles of social work combines logical consistency, verifiability and practical orientation.

The identification and formulation of regularities as the most significant, stable connections, on the knowledge of which the effectiveness of social work depends, is the most important task of its scientific theory in general, scientists and practitioners in the field of social services in particular. It should be noted that the patterns that are objectively present in reality may differ in the amount of content and the form of fixation from those patterns that are established in science. Here the matter is not even in the incompleteness of our knowledge, which in each this moment do not fully reveal the essence of certain phenomena. The peculiarity of the real practice of social work lies in the fact that the patterns in it are manifested in a complex, in the interweaving of various aspects and elements, each of them cannot manifest itself in isolation from the others. And only in theory, our thinking, thanks to the ability of mental abstraction from the sides that are not important at the moment, the logical isolation of the analyzed relationship, allows us to explore and formulate a pattern in a “pure” form. That is why, when it comes to the laws of the theory of social work, they are most often represented as an ideal average reflection of the trends in the formation and functioning of the system of social assistance to the population.

The patterns of social work as logical forms of reflection of reality are inaccessible to direct sensory perception. They can be comprehended only on the basis of abstract thinking, using the operations of analysis and synthesis on the manifestations of revealed tendencies and interdependencies in social processes. The interdisciplinary, integrative nature of social work, the need for statistical processing of a large amount of empirical material, practical data and the results of individual observations - all this complicates the identification and formulation of patterns. With the development of knowledge of real social processes, the improvement of research procedures and the deepening of their theoretical analysis, the system of laws of social work is also being transformed, approaching an increasingly accurate reflection of objective reality.

The relationship between the social policy of the state and the content of social work in society can be singled out as the main regularity. Indeed, the very fact of introducing social work as a special professional activity is associated with the reorientation of social policy from large groups of the population, classes, strata to helping the individual, family, who find themselves in a difficult life situation. In this regard, the relationship between goals is also natural. social development and the level of development of social work. Although these goals are formulated in the fundamental state documents, it is rather vague in the works of theorists and experts, however, an analysis of the activities of social services allows us to draw a conclusion about the direction of such development. In particular, a certain change in the priorities of social services, which began primarily as an activity to provide assistance primarily to lonely disabled people and the elderly, and has recently been developing in the same way as a system for providing assistance to neglected and maladjusted children and adolescents, families at risk, other categories of the population experiencing difficulties in life, indicates the beginning of the elimination of the temptation of a momentary response to social problems, the emergence of the beginnings of a long-term vision of the goals of social development.

As noted above, in social work, one can single out managerial relations and interaction between a specialist and a client. Accordingly, two levels of social work with their inherent laws are subject to analysis: organizational and managerial and directly contact.

For management elements systems of social protection of the population of the federal, regional and municipal levels, representing a set of institutionalized groups of specialists, endowed with certain powers, having fixed rights and obligations, the activity is determined by the following patterns: the dependence of the effectiveness of social protection on the structural completeness and completeness of the system of social management bodies and social service institutions; the dependence of the effectiveness of social protection on the social orientation of consciousness and the activities of the personnel corps of government bodies; the interdependence between social work and the consistency of the immediate and long-term goals of social protection of the population, etc.

The effectiveness of the implementation of the goals of social work at the direct contact level will depend on such factors (patterns) as: the joint interest of the social worker and the client in the final results of their interaction; integrity and complexity of the impact of a social work specialist on a client; compliance with the powers and responsibilities of a social work specialist; correspondence between the developmental levels of the social worker and the client of social services, etc.

World and domestic experience in providing social assistance shows that the laws of social work, both mentioned above and not yet formulated, are objective and manifest themselves regardless of the will and desire of people, knowledge or ignorance of their specialists. An employee of a social service or a social administration body, for various reasons, may ignore the presence of these patterns, but this does not cancel their actions and influence. Elimination of the negative consequences caused by the neglect of action objective factors social functioning will require additional effort, time and resources, which are always in short supply. That is why, the deeper the social work specialist realizes and the more fully he takes into account its laws in his practical activities the more effective its results.

The principles of social work are the most important structural elements of the logical forms of scientific theory and the fundamental rules of empirical activity. It is through the application of principles that a direct correlation of theoretical provisions, embodied in categories and patterns, with the practice of social work is carried out. The following groups of principles of the theory of social work are distinguished.

General philosophical principles underlying all sciences about society, man and the mechanisms of their interaction. These include: the principle of determinism, the principle of reflection, the principle of development, the principle of the unity of consciousness and activity, the principle of historicism, the principle of the inextricable relationship between the individual and his social environment.

Narrower in content, but also covering various aspects of social work, are the principles of socio-political, organizational and activity, psychological and pedagogical, etc. The complexity and variety of interacting factors, the manifestation of various subordination, coordination and correlation links and relationships is reflected in the mutual irony of the elements of the system principles governing the provision of social assistance to the population.

Socio-political principles express requirements due to the dependence of the content and direction of social work on the social policy of the state. This dependence determines the conceptual approaches to the choice of priorities in the social protection of the population, to the combination of individual and public interests in social work. The main principles of this group include: the unity of the state approach in combination with the regional characteristics of social work, the democracy of its content and methods, taking into account the specific conditions of the life of an individual or a social group when choosing the content, forms and methods of social work with them, the legality and fairness of the activities of social worker.

Among the organizational principles, one should highlight such as the socio-technological competence of personnel, the principle of control and verification of performance, the principle of functional certainty, the principle of unity of rights and duties, powers and responsibilities.

A large place in the structure of the logical forms of scientific theory is occupied by psychological and pedagogical principles. They express the requirements for the choice of means of psychological and pedagogical influence on the clients of social services, the need to take into account individual characteristics in the implementation of any socio-technological procedures. The main principles of this group include: a comprehensive analysis of the assessment of the living conditions of clients and the choice of forms and methods of working with them; individual approach; purposefulness and targeting of social work.

Finally, the specific principles of social work determine the basic rules for the provision of social services to the population.

The principle of universality requires the exclusion of discrimination in the provision of social assistance on any grounds of an ideological, political, religious, national, racial, or age nature. Assistance should be provided to each client for a single reason - his need for assistance.

The principle of the protection of social rights states that the provision of assistance to a client cannot be conditioned by the requirement for him to renounce his social rights or part of them. For example, in accordance with the current legislation, it is impossible to link assistance provided to a large family with a requirement for it to limit its childbearing activity.

The principle of social response implies the awareness of the need to take action on identified social problems, to act in accordance with the specific circumstances of the social situation of an individual client, and not be limited to only a standard set of measures aimed at the "average" consumer of social services.

The principle of preventive orientation involves making efforts to prevent the emergence of social problems and life difficulties of clients or to prevent the aggravation of problems that have already arisen. Practice shows that it is always easier to prevent a social disaster than to subsequently make efforts to eliminate its manifold consequences. For example, the preservation of family and school ties of children who find themselves in a state of maladaptation is incomparably more favorable and pragmatic for themselves, for their loved ones and for society as a whole than subsequently fighting against child vagrancy, crime, etc.

The principle of client-centrism means the recognition of the priority of the client's rights in all cases, except for those where it is contrary to the rights and interests of other people. The traditions of a totalitarian society force us in many cases to put forward the interests of the state and society. For example, when analyzing the social disintegration of the family, it is customary to say that a decrease in the birth rate will have a negative impact on the labor resources that society will have in the next generations, on the contingent of conscripts for the Armed Forces, which in ten years will be completely insufficient for the needs of the state. It should be remembered that all these, of course, important priorities cannot be in the foreground for a social worker: the most important goal of his activity is to ensure the ability of his client to social functioning, create favorable conditions for his social well-being and development of his personality. The needs of the state and society are satisfied as a result of its activities only indirectly.

Within the framework of this principle, one can consider the sovereignty and autonomy of the client, who has the right to accept or not to accept the help of social workers, has the right to choose one or another type of assistance or scenario for resolving his life problems, must receive full information about working with him, and also has the right to protect his personal life from outside interference to the extent that this does not damage the rights and interests of other persons.

The principle of self-reliance emphasizes the subjective role of the client, his active position in resolving his problems. It is unlikely that anyone can, instead of the person himself, resolve his life difficulties, eliminate the conflict situation, and improve relations with loved ones. The social worker should advise the client in choosing a strategy for overcoming the crisis, provide him with psychological assistance, encourage him to self-help, and help bring together people with similar problems to overcome difficulties together. Of course, in this case we are talking about clients who are sufficiently capable in terms of their intellectual, mental and physical resources. People with disabilities, children, the elderly, who do not have the potential for self-help, of course, have the right to receive assistance without showing their own activity.

The principle of maximizing social resources comes from the fact that each social system inevitably allocates a minimum of funds for the provision of social assistance to its population. True, the real value of these funds depends primarily on the socio-economic capabilities of the state and on society's ideas about what is included in the necessary social minimum for the individual. Therefore, the social resources of Germany or Sweden, for example, with their stable economy and traditionally high standard of living, differ from the level of provision of social assistance in our country with its difficulties in the economy and extremely ascetic habits of the population. However, the effect of the principle is manifested everywhere: social workers should make efforts to attract additional opportunities to provide assistance to the client in addition to the guaranteed minimum by contacting non-governmental, voluntary, charitable institutions, self-help organizations and mutual assistance of clients, use other methods not prohibited by law.

The principle of confidentiality is connected with the fact that in the process of activity, information about the client becomes available to the social worker, which, if disclosed, can harm him or his relatives, discredit and discredit them. This is information about diseases, negative habits, mental illness, family conflicts, criminal past or present. Such information may only be used for professional purposes; it should not be disclosed, except in cases provided for by law and related to the possibility of violence, harm to any person, especially children.

The principle of tolerance is due to the fact that social work is carried out with a wide variety of categories of clients, including individuals who may not inspire sympathy for a specialist. The political, religious and national characteristics of individuals in need of assistance, their behavioral stereotypes and their very appearance may be unusual for people involved in social work. Certain elements of xenophobia, i.e. hostility and fear of manifestations of alien traditions are common in our society. Social workers are not free from the illusion that their point of view, their stereotype of behavior, their ideas about good and bad are the only true and normative ones. Meanwhile, the diversity of human types, national and cultural traditions, customs of behavior is the key to the viability of the development of all mankind. No one should pass judgment on another person's activity as long as it does not pose a danger or cause harm to others. A social worker cannot sort clients into "good" and "bad", "convenient" and "uncomfortable". Anyone who needs help should get it. The professional tolerance of a social worker means recognizing the patterns of diversity in clients and tolerance for manifestations of this diversity.

Knowledge of the social reality surrounding us is the most important instrument of practical influence on it. The essential components of the system of elements of scientific theory are the consequences arising from the laws and principles, imprinted in methods, technological algorithms and techniques. They provide the key to solving problem situations and practical problems. The system of categories, regularities and principles of social work combines logical consistency, verifiability and practical orientation.

social work conceptual categorical

1.3 Patterns, principles and methods of social work with families

The materialization of conceptual approaches to the organization of a reliable system of social protection of the population in society largely depends on the scientific validity and, consequently, the effectiveness of social work carried out with various groups of the population. Without a deep knowledge of the patterns of development of social processes, the specific conditions of people's life, without the ability to use the learned patterns, the experience gained by previous generations and contemporaries, it is impossible to successfully solve the tasks assigned to social work.

The use of the learned patterns in practice, the accumulation and consideration of the lessons of past experience are carried out with the help of an extensive system of principles and methods of social work.

The theory reveals and describes, as is known, the main trends, patterns of development and functioning of the whole complex of interrelated components of social work.

This complex is essentially a holistic mechanism of social work, which includes: the object of conscious influence and the conditions of its life; the subject of conscious influence and its possibilities; the purpose and patterns of interaction between the subject and the object; principles and methods of influence of the subject on the object; the results of interaction between the subject and the object.

The effectiveness and efficiency of solving the problems of ensuring social protection of these population groups is largely determined by the optimal level of development and functioning of social services, the scientific validity of the content, forms and methods of social work, taking into account in the practice of working with people, the resulting interaction of their needs, interests, aspirations, behavioral motives and other motivating factors of internal and external order. Fundamentals of social work. Textbook. Ch. 13.15. - M., 1997.

In the very general view the regularities of social work express the most significant connections between the specialists of the bodies of social protection of the population and various groups or individuals acting as consumers of social assistance and services.

Here there is a specific kind of managerial relations between the subject and the object and the object of social interaction, the nature of which is determined by regularities, and their consideration ensures the effective achievement of the goals of this interaction.

Significant connections between the subject of social work and the object that affect the effectiveness of achieving the goals of social work can be expressed by such patterns as the general interest of the social worker and the client in the final results of their interaction; the integrity of the impact of a social work specialist on a client; compliance with the powers and responsibilities of a social worker; realization of the general interests of the client through special and individual; correspondence of the level of development of the subject and the object of social work.

The world and domestic experience of social work shows that the above patterns manifest themselves regardless of the will, desire or knowledge of a specialist in the field of social work. Theory and methodology of social work. ( Short course) - M .: SOYUZ publishing house, 1994, 192 pages. One or another social worker, for various reasons, may ignore the objective nature of the laws of social work.

And this, of course, will not violate the laws of social work, but will lead to undesirable consequences, the elimination of which will require additional effort, time and resources. That is why the deeper the specialists social sphere are aware of and more fully take into account the laws of social work in practice, the more effective their activity. At the same time, it should be noted that, in itself, knowledge of the laws of social work does not guarantee their successful use by specialists in their practice.

One of the central places in the characterization of the mechanism of social and pedagogical support of social work with the family belongs to the principles and methods of influencing the subject on the object, which, along with patterns, create scientific basis social protection and family support.

It should be noted that the scientific and theoretical generalization and development of certain principles by specialists does not mean their purely subjective nature. The principles of socio-pedagogical support of social work are objective in form.

The principles are formulated in the form of guiding rules-beginnings, so that the daily activities of a specialist providing assistance to the family do not contradict the existing social patterns and at the same time be economical and at the same time effective.

The principles of socio-pedagogical support of social work with the family are the fundamental ideas, regulations, rules and norms of the activities of social protection and public support bodies, educational institutions, health care, etc., due to the requirements of objective patterns of development and functioning of social processes, the requirements of best practice and achievements of applied science.

Consequently, the principles are connected, on the one hand, with the regularities of the socio-pedagogical support of professional activity, and, on the other hand, with practical experience in the implementation of its tasks, which gives stable positive results.

First, these are principles that are directly related to the problem of social and pedagogical support for professional activity in general. Both the problem itself and the system of principles today are more considered in the context of enabling activities. However, certain attempts to formulate a system of principles for specific type provision or its component differed in the works of A.I. Prokhorova, V.T. Yusova and others.

So, in the work of A.I. Prokhorov sets out three basic principles of social psychological support professional activity:

The principle of active change in the characteristics of personnel (education, training, psychological preparation);

The principle of ensuring the process of improvement and development of the object.

The principle of "growing from within" (involving specialists in the development of methods, techniques).

Psychologist V.T. Yusov, along with the disclosure of the patterns of psychological support for professional activity, substantiates his own principles. Among the most significant he considers the principles of completeness, consistency, differentiation, specificity and purposefulness.

Secondly, these are the principles inherent in the most social work with a client, family. This group of principles has been developed in general terms both in domestic and foreign literature. Today, much attention is paid by scientists, practitioners in the field of social protection to the creation of a system of principles of social work with various categories of families.

Thirdly, in the vast totality of the system of principles, an important place is occupied by the principles of the functioning of the family itself as an object and subject. social support.

Each family, regardless of the generally accepted principles of social work, builds its life in accordance with the norms and rights that are generally presented to it by society.

At the same time, for certain types of families, which include problematic, distant, heterogeneous, etc. families, the implementation of a number of these principles is limited by the conditions of the professional activities of family members and creates additional difficulties in identifying the principles of social and pedagogical support for social work with the family.

A systematic analysis of a vast set of principles related to the field of social protection of the family makes it possible to single out (combine) the principles into four groups:

1. Methodological

2. Integrative

3. Organizational

4. Professional (special)

Methodological principles express the requirements arising from the scientifically substantiated content and nature of social policy (state family policy) in Russia. These include: the principles of humanity, democracy, consistency, timeliness, completeness, differentiation, etc. Theory and methods of social work. (Short course) - M .: SOYUZ publishing house, 1994, 192 p.

Modeling assumes that the resolution of the family problem should be accompanied by the construction of a model of the current situation, forecasting its changes and possible results.

Professional (special) principles reflect the specifics of the very process of realizing the available opportunities and resources in ensuring the effectiveness of emergency assistance provided to the family. These include the principles of information sufficiency; the principle of common interest (specialist and client) in the intensive solution of the problem; the principle of crisis intervention (crisis intervention); the principle of purposefulness, etc.

The principles of integrativity as a direction for the development of methodological principles. 0 neither express the comprehensiveness of the study of the object by specialists representing related branches of knowledge (social psychology, social pedagogy, medicine, valeology, etc.) and warn against mechanical summation in the use of empirical knowledge about certain aspects of the object of social work. These include: the principle of integrity, the principle of objective relationships, the principle of compensation and others.

Integrity provides for the internal unity of all components of the studied phenomenon, system, process, having a common direction, interconnection and interdependence, ensuring sustainable functioning and self-development.

The objectivity of connections reflects the manifestation of actual properties and qualities of the phenomenon that are stable in content and time, the ability for self-development and self-improvement.

Compensation implies the ability to replace individual weakened functions of the elements of the system due to its internal connections and dynamism, as well as the ability to regenerate the properties and qualities of the social system.

Organizational principles aim at the fact that the value of psychological and pedagogical support is achieved, first of all, by how it is implemented in practice, how its results are felt by families in practice. The content of these principles follows from the main goal of the psychological and pedagogical support of social work - the restoration of the social activity of the family.

These principles include: socio-technological competence of a specialist, the principle of stimulation, the principle of modeling, the principle of taking into account significant factors, and others.

Socio-technological competence implies a deep awareness of the specialist about the conditions, technologies, techniques, methods for solving family problems and the ability to competently put their knowledge into practice.

Stimulation in social work presupposes the unity and combination of its ethical, moral-psychological and material forms, as well as the adequacy of the means and methods of stimulating the activity of a specialist.

There are certain methods of social work with the family. They reflect the specific types of mediation of the social educator in the sphere of problematic interests of the family or its members.

The theory and practice of social protection and family support has put forward many different methods of social work: work with certain people, with groups and within the local community. This also includes social management and planning.

They are manifested in each of the various types of professional activity that exist due to the diversity of family and personal needs and interests.

1. Individual work with family members (client). It includes face-to-face communication with the client if his social problems require outside intervention.

The main purpose of a social worker is to help the client, his family understand the circumstances, the situation in which they find themselves, understand their role in joint actions, and also engage in a specific process of activity to get out of a life difficult situation or circumstances. To this end, the social educator uses various methods psychological and pedagogical support of social work with the family.

2. Management of social work with the family. In general terms, the role of management is as follows: it ensures the connection of the family with sources necessary resources existing in the complex service provision network and manages the provision of these services over time. Managers function in the same way as mediators, conciliators, lawyers. He is distinguished by a deep knowledge of the possibilities and rights of clients, procedures in this and other agencies, as well as the ability to act as a mediator and arbiter.

3. Family therapy. In this area, the efforts of the social worker are aimed at helping the family to overcome the problems that sometimes arise in relationships, as well as behavioral problems, relationships between parents and children, marital conflicts, conflicts between parents and their parents.

With the help of family therapy, problems of domestic drunkenness and alcoholism, problems of social and role adaptation, issues of sexual values ​​and sexual behavior, problems of choosing friends, family and school relationships are also solved. Family therapy is more suitable for family counseling agencies, schools, clinics, for people with mental illness, community health centers.

4. Organization of social work with the family at the place of residence. This is a process of stimulating and helping social workers of the municipal district (administration of the city, township). Theory and methodology of social work. Short course / Ed. IN AND. Zhukov. - M.: Soyuz, MGSK, 1994.

In assessing the state of affairs, in planning and coordinating efforts to ensure the health, well-being and recreation of families of various groups of the population.

Today, in reality, such activities usually begin at the initiative of the organization of war veterans, the disabled or pensioners, interest groups and layoffs.

5. Administrative management. This is a group function. regular staff who leads general program social service in this agency. The tasks and responsibilities management personnel includes defining the goals of the program, analyzing the social and socio-psychological conditions of life in the municipal district, city, town, making decisions about what executive and managerial staff will be required, what should be organizational structure agency, its financial affairs and funds to support the activities of the agency.

There are other types of professional activity in social work.

These are research, consulting, planning, control, training, holding seminars and symposiums, etc.

6. Professional training specialists of various profiles to work with families. It is necessary for the occupation of a professional position and is carried out according to curriculum, which:

Built on the basis of the humanities and integrated with them;

Provides training in the following areas:

practical social work;

· policy of social welfare and services;

human behavior and social environment;

· social studies.

Aimed at the development of practical skills based on the acquisition of experience in the field.

In the practice of social work with the family, various methods of social work are implemented, and the ability to comprehensively use various methods is determined by the level professional competence specialist and preparedness of the family. Family and community: ways to meet each other: Articles on social work with the family, work experiences. // social work. - 1993 No. 2/3. - S. 14-25.

Social - pedagogical service.

It is created by public education bodies and cultural and sports institutions; should have the following responsibilities:

Diagnoses the socio-pedagogical and psychological situation in the family, at the place of residence, provides psychological and pedagogical assistance to parents in raising children, in improving the conditions of family education;

Conducting family leisure family, teenage clubs, pedagogical universities for parents and other persons involved in education, sports facilities, etc.;

To carry out organizational and pedagogical measures aimed at creating an educational environment at the place of residence of families and children; organization of family and neighbor communities, the inclusion of various social institutions in the process of raising children, the provision of social assistance to children and families at risk.

Socio-legal service.

It should be created and implemented by law enforcement agencies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, justice, and the prosecutor's office. She provides social control and social protection of minors from the criminal environment, special attention to criminal families. The task of the social and legal function includes social control and social and legal assistance to families, the implementation of measures for their social rehabilitation. Another important area of ​​activity is the creation of legal consultation offices, family and childhood advocacy, whose task is to protect the rights and benefits of women and children.

Social - domestic service.

Created by the welfare and trade authorities, public utilities should do the following:

Identify the elderly, lonely, disabled, including disabled children who need social assistance, help in the purchase of food and medicine, in the acquisition of the necessary disability devices and prostheses;

Provide social and legal assistance to the disabled, the elderly, the lonely, as well as families with disabilities, and other socially unprotected segments of the population.

Provide socio-psychological support and assistance in social adaptation and rehabilitation of disabled people, etc.

Medical - social service.

Which should be created by the health authorities:

Carries out medical social patronage of families with young children, the disabled, the elderly and lonely, involving, as necessary, departments of social protection of families and children, law enforcement agencies to work with families - social risk groups;

Organizes family planning centers, medical-genetic, medical-psychological consultations for spouses and for those who are getting married, as well as “Health and Ecology” centers;

Creates medical and psychological services involved in psychoprophylaxis, promotion of a healthy lifestyle among the population, and primarily among children, adolescents, youth, as well as families with minor children; ensures the participation of psychoneurologists, psychotherapists and psychiatrists in the work of rehabilitation centers for minors with deviations in mental and social development; provides social assistance to families with sick children, disabled parents, chronically.

In order to this project was successfully implemented, first of all, it is necessary to resolve the issue of the staff. This issue is quite acute in Russia, because. the profession of a social worker, a social pedagogue is quite new, and it can be said that it is not yet in full demand.

But it is precisely qualified specialists who are able to really help the family, find a way out of a seemingly hopeless situation, help in raising children, in social, legal, social, medical and psychological issues. In other words, all this should be done so that the family, coming to the center, can get answers to all their questions. That is what should be main goal activities of the Family Planning Center. Family and community: ways to meet each other: Articles on social work with the family, work experiences. // social work. - 1993 No. 2/3. - S. 14-25.

Also, close attention, in our opinion, should be paid to the study of international experience on the problems of social work with the population.

Based on the foregoing, significant connections between the subject of social work and the object that affect the effectiveness of achieving the goals of social work can be expressed by such patterns as the general interest of the social worker and the client in the final results of their interaction; the integrity of the impact of a social work specialist on a client; compliance with the powers and responsibilities of a social worker; realization of the general interests of the client through special and individual; correspondence of the level of development of the subject and the object of social work.

A systematic analysis of the set of principles related to the sphere of social protection of the family allows us to distinguish the principles into four groups:

Young family as an object of social work

Since the young family, in addition to its institutional and emotional-group ties, also has the qualities of a process, its integrity is not static, but dynamic. A young family lives by adapting itself to conditions external to itself...

Family as an object of social education

A social educator begins working with a family by studying it. Let's try to consider several varieties of families that a social teacher most often encounters. They are dysfunctional families...

Social work with large families

Social work with family

In relation to families of various categories of clients: disabled people, pensioners, military personnel, refugees, etc. - are used various technologies social work. Types and forms of social assistance ...

Social work with family

The modern family concentrates in itself the totality of social problems inherent in modern society, lifestyle ...

Social problems of military personnel

Real social work with a soldier and his family can be carried out using certain methods. The first group of methods is called organizational methods...

Theory in social work

One of the most important system-forming elements of social work as a science is regularities that express strong, repetitive, objectively determined connections between the essences of phenomena and processes and social work...

Technologies of social work with a large family

Applicable to families of various categories. Types and forms of social assistance, the purpose of which is to preserve the family as social institution in general and each specific family in need of support can be divided into: 1. emergency ...

Technology of social work with single-parent families raising boys

The modern family concentrates in itself the whole set of social problems inherent in modern society, the way of life. Among them, family problems proper can be distinguished ...

Technology of social work with the family

Forms and methods of social work with large families

Forms, methods and means of organizing social and leisure activities with youth

social leisure youth Today, social services for youth operate in more than 30 areas ...

Economic functions and methods of social work

The structure of the social system includes people and the relationships between them. The social protection system is the most developed type of social work. It is characterized by such qualities as purpose, management, hierarchy, synergy...

Categories of regularities and principles of social work Plan Categorically conceptual apparatus of social work Regularities of social work. Principles of social work. Any humanitarian science, including the theory of social work, reflects the changeable diverse social phenomena that are closely intertwined with each other, for example, the interaction of a person, a person, an environment, generalizing and interpreting which scientists put forward concepts brief but comprehensive definitions that can explain the features of this or ...

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social work

Plan

1. Categorical and conceptual apparatus of social work
2. Patterns of social work.
3. Principles of social work.

1. Any humanitarian science, including the theory of social work, reflects the changeable, closely intertwined diverse social phenomena (for example, the interaction "man-man", "man-environment"), generalizing and interpreting which scientists put forward concepts brief, but comprehensive definitions that can explain the features of a particular phenomenon that do not allow it to be interpreted in two ways. Concept it is a reflection in a generalized form of the phenomena and events of reality, the connections between them by fixing their general and specific features and properties. If the concept suits the majority of researchers, becomes well-established, it is called term . When t e rmin becomes universal he is category , those. categories are the most general fundamental concepts for a given system of scientific knowledge. Categories are understood as the most important concepts, generic concepts that reflect the essential aspects of the subject of this science. The categorical form reflects the experience of research and practical activities in social work, expresses the levels of understanding and comprehension of its features, relationships. Science only then has the right to independent existence when specific objective laws and aspects of the development of reality itself find their scientific expression in its laws and categories. Consequently, categories are the structure-forming elements of social work as a scientific theory. In the theory of social work, a specific categorical-conceptual apparatus has developed, with the help of which

essence, content, patterns and trends of social work.

The categories and concepts of the theory of social work cannot be separated and even more so opposed to the categories and concepts of related social disciplines that study a person, social groups and social processes. However, this does not mean that the laws and categories of the theory of social work lose their independent significance.

Thus, modern researchers of the problems of the theory of social work, when identifying groups of concepts and categories as the basis for classification, have in mind various criteria.

For example, L. G. Guslyakova, E. I. Kholostova note that the system of categories of social work should include concepts that reflect, in particular: the specifics of the organization of social work in various fields social practice social work in education, social work in health care, in social security services; social work in the army, etc.; the specifics of social work with various categories of the population (social work with the disabled, social work with the family, social work with risk groups, etc.); social work in various social situations: social work in extreme situations and in conditions of environmental trouble, military operations, etc.; categories reflecting the models for resolving social problems of each client individually: counseling; personality adaptation; social control; technologies of social protection, etc.;

The integrative and interdisciplinary nature of social work has led to the blurring of the boundaries of its categorical apparatus. The theory of social work, when considering the social problems of society, is based on such sociological categories as “social”, “social processes”, “society”, “socialization”, social relations”. However, this does not mean that the theory of social work does not have basic, generic concepts.

In order to streamline the diversity of categories of social work, structuring them, scientists most often distinguish the following groups of concepts and categories (E.I. Kholostova):

• own categories of social work: social worker, social work, social services, social protection, targeted social assistance; social worker, client, social services, social Security and etc.

categories related to social work primarily, but also used by other branches of knowledge: social rehabilitation, psychosocial work, family conflict; social adaptation; social and medical services, social and legal services, etc.

Categories that are not specific to social work, since the phenomena and processes they designate are studied by other sciences: social relations, social space, society, state, social stratification, social processes, society.

Consider some basic categories of social work.

Social worka variety of human activity, the purpose of which is to optimize the implementation of the subjective role of people in all spheres of society in the process of life support and active existence of the individual; families and other social groups.

social work specialist - specialist by virtue of his official and professional duties providing all types of social assistance in overcoming a person, family or group of social problems that have arisen;

Social assistance- a system of social measures in the form of assistance, support and services provided to individuals or groups of the population by a social worker (social service) to overcome or mitigate life's difficulties, support them social status and full life.

Social support – special measures aimed at maintaining conditions sufficient for the existence of unprotected social groups of the population, individual families, individuals who are in need in the course of their life.

social services - the activities of social services and individual specialists in social support, the provision of social, social, medical, psychological, pedagogical, social, legal and other services and material assistance, the creation of conditions and the implementation of social adaptation, rehabilitation of citizens who find themselves in a difficult life situation.

Social protection of the populationpurposeful, consciously regulated at all levels of society, a system of practically implemented social, political, legal, economic, psychological, pedagogical and spiritual measures that ensure normal conditions and resources for the physical, mental, spiritual and moral functioning of the population, preventing the infringement of its rights and freedoms.

2. The most important structural component of the scientific theory of social work is itspatterns.Therefore, the most important task of her scientific theory is to identify and formulate patterns thatexpress the order of a causal, necessary, stable, recurring connection between phenomena and properties of the objective world, in which changes in some phenomena cause quite definite changes in other phenomena or processes.Without a deep knowledge of the patterns of development of social processes, the specific conditions of people's life, without the ability to use the learned patterns, the experience gained by previous generations and contemporaries, it is impossible to successfully solve the tasks assigned to social work.

It should be noted that the laws that objectively exist in reality sometimes differ from the laws that take place in science, since in reality the laws appear in a complex, and not in isolation from others.

The laws of social work formulated in science, as the knowledge of real processes develops and deepens, as the conceptual apparatus and research technology improves, change, transform, constantly approaching the model of objective regularity that takes place in the real practice of social work. The laws of social work most fully express in an integrated form the nature and direction of social ties and phenomena related to the client's social situation.

The theory of social work reveals and describes the main trends, patterns of development and functioning of the whole complex of interrelated components of social work: the object of conscious influence and the conditions of its life; goals, objectives and patterns of interaction between objects and subjects; subject; principles and methods. The patterns of social work can be divided into:

• Objective patterns -inherent in social work

as a process, in its essence, inevitably manifesting as soon as it arises in any form, regardless of the method, content of the social worker's activity (i.e., they reflect the connections between independent processes, systems, phenomena).

As objective patterns, there are patterns that reflect the dependence of the content of social work on the goals of the state's social policy. The relationship between the level of development of social work and the level of social development of society is also logical.

• Subjective patternsappearing as a dependency

from the activities, means undertaken by the social worker and the client (i.e. reflect the links between the individual components within the system).

As subjective patterns, there are patterns that reflect the dependence of the effectiveness of social work on the level of preparedness of a specialist; from the joint interest of the social worker and the client in solving the problem.

E.I. Kholostova, when isolating the patterns of social work, proceeds from the fact that in social work there areorganizational and managerial relations and relations of interaction between a specialist and a client (contact level of social work), which allow you to highlight certain patterns inherent in management.

Among various kinds managerial relations that affect the structure of social work as a science distinguish relations:

subordination communications between governing bodies, between individuals if they have service relations of subordination in the implementation of a common goal management activities;

coordination - relationships between directly non-subordinate members management process in order to coordinate their actions in the course of the implementation of individual and general goals;

correlations interactions and interactions.

For the administrative bodies of social protection of the state, regional and local levels, which are a set of institutionalized groups of specialists endowed with certain powers, rights and obligations, managerial relations are determined by the following patterns:

• dependence of the effectiveness of social protection on the structural completeness of the system of management and functioning, and social service institutions;
• the dependence of the effectiveness of social protection and social services for the population on the social orientation of consciousness and the activities of the personnel corps of government bodies;
• the relationship between social work and the consistency of the immediate and long-term goals of social protection and social services, etc.

The effectiveness of achieving the goals of social work at the direct contact level depends on the following patterns:

• joint interest of the social worker and the client in the final results of their interaction;
• the integrity of the impact of a social work specialist on
  client;
• compliance with the powers and responsibilities of a social work specialist, etc.

The regularities formulated and not yet formulated by scientists and practitioners are of an objective nature and manifest themselves independently of the will, desire of specialists, their knowledge. A practitioner is not able in each specific case to correlate his actions with the patterns of social work, analyze and evaluate the manifestations of patterns in relations with the client. Therefore, in practice, he is guided only by the conclusions and rules arising from the laws formulated by science, which, expressing a very specific list of requirements for the content, methods, technologies, organization of social work, becomeprinciple, starting position and general rule of activity of the social worker.

The principles of social work are the most important structural component of the logical forms of scientific theory. Through the application of principles, a direct correlation of theoretical provisions embodied in categories and patterns with the practice of social work is carried out. Principles are objective in content and subjective in form.

The following groups of principles of social work are distinguished:

general philosophical: underlie all sciences about society, man, and the mechanisms of their interaction. These include the principle of development, the principle of determinism, the principle of historicism, the principle of the unity of consciousness and activity, the principle of reflection, the principle of the inextricable relationship between the individual and his social environment.

Socio-political: express requirements due to the dependence of the content and direction of social work on the social policy of the state, which determines the conceptual approaches to priorities in the social protection of the population. These include:

The principle of humanism and democracy of the content, methods of social work, the principle of the state approach to the tasks solved in the process of social work, the principle of legality and fairness of the activities of a social work specialist, the principle of linking the content, forms, methods of social work with the specific conditions of the life of an individual or social group.

Organizational and distributive:These include the principle of socio-technological competence of a social work specialist, the principle of unity of rights and obligations, the principle of incentives, the principle of control and verification of performance, the principle of functional certainty.

Psychological and pedagogical principles.They express the requirements for the choice of means of psychological and pedagogical influence on the clients of social services, the need to take into account individual characteristics in the implementation of any socio-technological procedures. These include: a comprehensive analysis of the assessment of the living conditions of clients and the choice of forms and methods of working with them; individual approach; purposefulness and targeting of social work; taking into account age characteristics.

Specific principles of social work.They define the basic rules for the provision of social services to the population. These include:

• principle of universality which demands to exclude

discrimination in the provision of social assistance on any grounds of an ideological, political, religious, national, racial, age nature;

• the principle of protecting social rights, i.e.assistance to the client

cannot be conditioned by the requirement for him to renounce his social rights or part of them;

• the principle of social response,which implies

awareness of the need to take action on identified social problems, to act in accordance with the specific circumstances of the social situation of an individual client, and not be limited only to a standard set of measures aimed at the "average" consumer of social services;

• principle of preventionthose. points to

the need and importance of preventing the emergence of social problems and life difficulties of clients or preventing the aggravation of problems that have already arisen;

• principle of client-centrismsignifies priority

the rights of the client in all cases, except for those where it is contrary to the rights and interests of other people. The most important goal of an employee's social work specialist is to ensure the client's ability to socially function, create favorable conditions for his social well-being and the development of his personality;

• the principle of self-reliance, which emphasizes

the active position of the client in resolving their problems. The social worker should advise the client in choosing a strategy for overcoming the crisis, provide him with psychological assistance, encourage him to self-help, help bring people with similar problems together to overcome difficulties together;

• principle of maximizing social resources comes from that

that every social system inevitably allocates a minimum of funds for the provision of social assistance to its population. Social work professionals should make efforts to attract additional opportunities to provide assistance to the client beyond the guaranteed minimum by contacting non-governmental, voluntary, charitable institutions, self-help organizations and mutual assistance of clients;

• principle of confidentialitysuggests that in the process

activity, information about the client becomes available to the specialist, which, if disclosed, can harm him or his relatives, discredit and discredit them. Such information may only be used for professional purposes; it should not be disclosed, except in cases provided for by law and related to the possibility of violence, harm to any person, especially children;

• principle of tolerancedue to the fact that social work

conducted with a variety of categories of clients, including individuals who may not inspire sympathy for a specialist. However, the social worker cannot divide clients into " xo good" and "bad", "comfortable" and "uncomfortable". Anyone who needs help should get it.

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