Management accounting 2 study guide. Natalia Sinitskaya - Management accounting in schemes and definitions

Year of issue : 2004

Genre : Accounting

Publisher: UNITY-DANA

Format : PDF

Quality : Scanned pages

Number of pages: 351

Description : The textbook "Management Accounting" was written in accordance with the program of the course "Accounting Management Accounting" for specialties 06.05. "Accounting and audit" and 06.04. "Taxes and taxation". It attempts to present a management accounting toolkit appropriate for specific activities and the requirements of internal users of information.
The first section of the textbook "Management Accounting" presents theoretical basis management accounting, shows the importance and place of management accounting in the information system of the enterprise, justifies the need for its autonomy in the general accounting system. Such concepts as: essence, objects, methods and methods, components, functions performed and principles of building a management accounting system are defined. Comparative characteristics of objects of management and objects of management accounting, differences and commonality of the content of financial and managerial types accounting. Management accounting systems are classified according to: the breadth of coverage of information, the degree of interrelation between financial and management types of accounting, efficiency, product evaluation, purpose. Particular attention is paid to the relationship and interdependence between the objects of management and accounting, to the differences and commonality of the content of financial and management accounting.
The second section of the textbook "Management Accounting" is devoted to the procedure for collecting, monitoring, measuring, grouping and analytical processing of information characterizing the supply and procurement, production, financial, marketing and organizational activities of the enterprise. The definition of the concept of "production costs" is given and the classification of costs by their types, purposes of accounting, evaluation methods is considered in sufficient detail, the systems of accounting for production costs are characterized. In the third section of the textbook "Management Accounting" a significant place is given to modern models accounting for production costs and results economic activity. The presentation of the features of different aspects of the enterprise's activity is given in the aspect of their influence on the composition of costs arising as a result of the purposeful activity of the enterprise's divisions. Separately, the accounting of costs by responsibility and profitability centers is presented. At the same time, the influence of the features of the organization of production on the construction of management accounting, on the choice of estimated and benchmark indicators that characterize the results of the activities of divisions, on the choice of principles for the formation of cost centers, responsibility and profitability are shown.
The fourth section of the textbook "Management Accounting" is devoted to the analysis of information necessary for cost management, pricing decisions and decisions on investment activities. The issues of rationing and planning of production costs, the principles of developing standards for material and labor costs, drawing up estimates and budgets of direct and indirect costs. The normative and budgetary methods of cost control, the main directions of their reduction are considered. Cost control and regulation processes are based on the use of information prepared in the process of standardization, planning, accounting and analysis. A significant place in this section is given to product costing systems and their characteristics. The systems of standard-cost, direct-costing, normative and modern options and models for accounting for production costs and costing are highlighted.
At the end of each chapter, conclusions are given that reflect the key points of the problem under consideration. Control questions, tests and assignments, formed by type of activity and helping to consolidate the theoretical material, are given at the end of the textbook.
Textbook content

Theoretical foundations of management accounting
The content of the discipline "Management accounting"
1.1. The place of management accounting in the general system of special educational disciplines
1.2. International practice of separating management accounting from common system accounting
1.3. Management accounting in the enterprise information system
1.4. Comparative characteristics management and financial accounting
The essence and purpose of management accounting
2.1. Definition of the essence of management accounting
2.2. Objects of management accounting
2.3. Method and methods of management accounting
2.4. Principles of management accounting
2.5. Functions of management accounting
2.6. Management accounting systems
2.7. Management accounting structure
Costs and their classification as the basis for building a management accounting system
Theoretical and methodological approaches to the classification of costs
3.1. Production costs and general principles for their classification
3.2. Pitchfork classification of costs in the management accounting system
3.3. General classification of production costs
Classification of costs by areas of accounting
4.1. Grouping production costs depending on the objectives of management
4.2. Cost classification for costing and valuation of manufactured products
4.3. Grouping production costs for decision making and planning
4.4. Classification of costs for the implementation of control and regulation processes
Pricing decisions and cost composition for pricing
5.1. Price Differentiation Strategies and Their Corresponding Cost Classification
5.2. Grouping production costs depending on pricing factors
Classification of costs by type of enterprise activity
6.1. Production processes as an object of management accounting
6.2. Composition and classification of costs for the creation and storage of stocks of materials
6.3. Classification of costs arising in the course of production activities
6.4. The composition of costs characterizing the features of the financial and marketing activities of the enterprise
6.5. Classification and composition of costs associated with organizational activities
Management accounting and control in the enterprise management system
Rationing, planning and cost control
7.1. The system of management control over the activities of divisions
7.2. The concept of standard costs
7.3. Standards and deviations from them as a means of controlling costs
7.4. Principles for developing standards for materials
7.5. Valuation of inventories and costs
7.6. Transfer prices
7.7. Cost estimate for the purchase and use of materials
7.8. Development of standards for the maintenance of the labor force
7.9. Budgets, their importance in management accounting
Management accounting systems for production costs and product costing
8.1. Defining the Cost Accounting Entity
8.2. Cost accounting objects and calculation objects that meet the objectives of cost management
8.3. Formation of cost centers, responsibility and profitability at the enterprise as special objects of management accounting of production costs
8.4. Classification of cost accounting systems for production and product costing
8.5. Characteristics of the system for order accounting for production costs and order calculation
8.6. Characteristics of the process method of cost accounting and product calculation
8.7. Cost calculation according to the standard-cost system
8.8. Accounting for production costs and calculating the cost of products using the direct costing system
8.9. Standard Cost Accounting System and Standard Costing
8.10. Accounting registers, their construction depending on the models of regulatory accounting
8.11. Models for accounting for production costs and results of economic activity
Accounting for individual cost categories
9.1. Accounting for the stock of materials and material costs
9.2. Labor Cost Accounting
9.3. Accounting and allocation of overhead costs
9.4. Cost accounting for work in progress
9.5. Selection of the composition of indicators and the content of internal reporting on costs and results of activities of departments
Management analysis: information support for decision-making in entrepreneurial activity
Information support for managerial decision-making
10.1 Information Support business planning and management
10.2. Basic concepts for reducing the cost of products
10.3. Materials management procedures The need for inventory management
10.4. Inventory planning and control
10.5. Calculation optimal size stock and determination of the moment of its placement
10.6. Analysis of deviations from normative (standard) costs
10.7. Analysis of the dynamics of production costs and its role in making managerial decisions
10.8. Break-even analysis of production
10.9. The system of accounting control of the volume and range of output
10.10. Product price. Basic concept - relationship between output and profit
10.11. Making decisions on the production of new products
10.12. Making a decision on capital investments
Workshop
1. Supply and procurement activities
2. Production activities
3. Financial and marketing activities
4. Organizational activity
5. Rationing, planning, control and analysis of production costs
6. Investment activity
Literature

Book Information

UDC 005.51(075.8)

BBK 65.290-2ya73

Reviewers:

Stepanova V.V., Doctor of Economics, Associate Professor;

Skripnichenko V. A., doctor of economic sciences, professor.

Sinitskaya N.Ya.

The purpose of the textbook "Management Accounting in Schemes and Definitions" is to assist students and listeners in the formation of the necessary amount of theoretical knowledge on the essence and role of management accounting and practical skills for its use in the field of production management of a modern enterprise. The manual includes ten topics, within the framework of which the relationship between production, financial and management accounting and the place of management accounting in production management are presented in a concise, concentrated form, methods of planning and cost accounting are considered, the possibilities of making prompt and effective management decisions based on financial information and others. Schemes and drawings that serve as illustrations for the course will improve the efficiency of assimilation of the presented materials. To develop practical skills, the manual contains an extensive amount of tasks, exercises, tests and mini-cases.

Legislation is current as of July 2014.

Designed for university students studying in the direction of "Management", and for students of programs professional retraining and additional vocational education in the field of production and financial management.

UDC 005.51(075.8)

BBK 65.290-2ya73

© Sinitskaya N.Ya., 2014

© OOO Prospekt, 2014

INTRODUCTION

aim This textbook is to assist students and listeners in the formation of the necessary amount of theoretical knowledge and practical skills on the nature and role of management accounting in the field of production management of an enterprise in a market economy, allowing to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of managerial decision-making.

This goal defined the following tasks:

To give an idea of ​​the essence and significance of management accounting in modern production management;

To study the basic principles and concepts of calculating the cost of products (works, services);

Familiarize students with the latest methods cost accounting;

To form applied skills for making management decisions based on management accounting data.

The content of the manual covers ten educational topics, for each of which basic concepts and definitions are given in a concise, concentrated form, as well as diagrams, figures, tables and graphs illustrating them. A wide range of tasks, exercises and mini-cases are offered to develop practical skills. For self-control of the quality of assimilation of knowledge, the manual contains test tasks for each topic under consideration.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Danilin V.I. Financial management: tasks, tests, situations: textbook. allowance. M.: Prospekt, 2009.

2. Molchanov S.S. Management accounting in 14 days: express course. 2nd ed., rev. Moscow: Eksmo, 2009.

3. Workshop on financial management / ed. Academician E.S. Stoyanova. M.: Prospect, 2003.

4. Rybakova O.V. Financial management of costs: textbook. allowance. M.: Publishing House of the RAGS, 2010.

5. Scone T. Management accounting / per. from English; ed. N.D. Eriashvili. M.: UNITI, 1997.

6. Financial management: theory and practice / ed. E.S. Stoyanova. M.: Prospect, 2003.

7. Chadwick L. Fundamentals of financial accounting / transl. from English. Moscow: Banks and exchanges. UNITY, 1997.

8. Shevchenko I.G. Management Accounting. M .: CJSC "Business School" Intel-Synthesis ", 2001.

"MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING IN SCHEMES AND DEFINITIONS"

Topic 1. Communication between production and management accounting. Introduction to management accounting

Production management and responsibility centers. Production, financial and management accounting. The main functions and tasks of management accounting.

Topic 2 Qualitative characteristics of accounting information

Management accounting as an information system. Materiality, relevance and reliability of accounting information. Qualities that make information reliable. Relevant information.

Topic 3. Production cost as the main object of management accounting

Objects of management accounting. Classification of costs for various purposes. Product costing.

Topic 4. Cost Accounting Methods

Methods of accounting, control and management of costs. Methods of allocation of indirect costs. Operational accounting and cost analysis.

Topic 5. Marginal Cost Accounting

Using cost margin accounting. Break-even analysis. Break even point and stock financial strength. Calculation of break-even of multiproduct production.

Topic 6. Operational analysis of production activities

Goals and possibilities of using operational analysis. Operating lever. "Rule of 50 percent". Relevant costs.

Topic 7. Budgets in the management accounting system. Budget Process

Assignment of budgets. Types of budgets. The budgeting process.

Topic 8. Management "by deviations"

Analysis of deviations in budgetary control. Static and flexible budgets. Price variance and efficiency variance. Deviation of indirect costs.

Topic 9. Analysis financial reporting for making managerial decisions

Composition of financial statements. Usage financial ratios to evaluate the enterprise. Grade business activity. Coefficients characterizing liquidity and financial stability enterprises. Ratios of profitability and efficiency of investments.

Topic 10. The use of financial statements for the operational management of current assets

Current and non-current assets. Efficient management of individual groups current assets: stocks, accounts receivable, in cash.

CONNECTION OF PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING. INTRODUCTION TO MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING

Production management and responsibility centers.

Production, financial and management accounting.

The main functions and tasks of management accounting.

MAIN PROVISIONS

The central link in production management is the enterprise. Each enterprise produces products, goods, services, carries out production activities. In this his the main objective and the task, the meaning of existence. It follows from this that the basis enterprise management put control production process regardless of whether the organization produces goods or services, knowledge or information.

In order to produce any economic product, it is necessary to use factors of production, economic resources: human resources, equipment, raw materials, materials, information, funds. Consequently, enterprise management includes the management of employees, means of production, production resources, finance, technology. All of the above is the basis of production management, is its subject. Based on this production management can be defined as a system of forms and methods of managing the economy of an enterprise, aimed at achieving optimal results in its production, commercial and financial activities.

production accounting- This is an accounting that reflects all the processes associated with production. Production indicators are determined primarily by the use of production resources : means of labor, objects of labor and labor itself, indicators of their extensiveness and intensity. The indicators of the extensiveness of development (quantitative indicators of the use of resources) primarily include: the number of employees, fixed assets, working capital, material costs, depreciation, wage fund. Development intensity indicators (qualitative indicators of resource use) are labor productivity, capital productivity, turnover, material productivity, depreciation productivity, and salary productivity.

6th ed., rev. - M.: 2007. - 570 p.

The textbook discusses the possibilities of management accounting in making rational decisions in the field of entrepreneurship. The main attention is paid to the problems of costing and cost management methods, both domestic and non-traditional for Russian practice. Practical examples and situations are given that illustrate the main theoretical provisions of the textbook, and calculations, the results of which will allow the management to take competent management decisions. The organizational aspects of management accounting, as well as approaches to the preparation of internal (segmental) reporting are covered.

For students of financial and economic specialties of universities, professional accountants, managers, financial directors, employees of accounting services of organizations.

Format: djvu (2007 , 6th ed., 570 pp.)

Size: 12.7 MB

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Format: pdf/zip (2002 , 2nd ed., 528s.)

Size: 2.83 MB

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction 7
Chapter 1. Basics of accounting management accounting 11
1.1. Management accounting as an element information system organizations. Prerequisites for the emergence of management accounting in the Russian Federation 11
1.2. The concept of management accounting, its subject. The influence of the organizational structure of the enterprise on the construction of a management accounting system 16
1.3. Objects, methods, principles and model of accounting management accounting of the organization. Its place in the business management system 27
1.4. Characteristics of the information provided by management accounting. Storage conditions 41
1.5. Interaction of financial and management accounting 44
1.6. Functions of an accountant-analyst performing management accounting 50
1.7. Legislative basis of accounting management accounting 52
Control questions and tasks 53
Tests 54
Chapter 2. Costs: their behavior, accounting and classification 55
2.1. Evolution of cost accounting methods 55
2.2. The concept of costs, their classification 56
2.2.1. Classification of costs for determining the cost, valuation of inventories and profits 60
2.2.2. Cost classification for decision making and planning 66
2.2.3. Classification of costs for the control and regulation of the activities of responsibility centers 84
2.3. Organization of accounting for production costs 84
2.3.1. Formation of a working chart of accounts 85
2.3.2. Grouping and distribution of costs 89
Control questions and tasks 98
Tests 98
Chapter 3 Calculation 101
3.1. Production cost: its composition and types 101
3.2. The role of product costing in production management 104
3.3. Principles of calculation, its object and methods 107
3.4. Process-by-process, per-order, order-by-order and functional-cost methods of costing 111
3.4.1. Process method 111
3.4.2. Cross-sectional method 116
3.4.3. Custom method 130
3.4.4. Cost Accounting by Function (ABC Method) 149
3.5. Total cost and production cost calculation 166
3.5.1. Accounting for direct costs as part of the cost of products (works, services) 166
3.5.2. Accounting for indirect costs as part of the cost of products (works, services) 174
3.5.3. Production costing 190
3.6. Costing by variable costs 195
3.7. Actual and standard methods of cost accounting and calculation 209
3.7.1. Method of accounting for actual costs and calculation of actual cost 209
3.7.2. Normative method of cost accounting and calculation of the cost of production 211
3.7.3. The "standard-cost" system as a continuation of the normative method of cost accounting 218
Control questions and tasks 244
Tests 245
Chapter 4. Management Decision Making 248
4.1. Break-even analysis of production 249
4.2. Planning the range of products (goods) to be sold 258
4.3. Making pricing decisions 266
4.4. Determining the structure of products, taking into account the limiting factor 270
4.5. Business restructuring decisions 274
4.5.1. Foreign experience business decentralization 275
4.5.2. Examples of decentralization Russian business 282
4.6. Investment decisions 307
Control questions and tasks 323
Tests 324
Chapter 5 Budgeting and Cost Control 327
5.1. Planning in the accounting management system 327
5.1.1. Trade organization general budget 330
5.1.2. General budget manufacturing enterprise 332
5.2. Control and analysis of the enterprise 352
5.3. Budgeting and control of activity of responsibility centers 362
Control questions and tasks 375
Tests 375
Chapter 6. Organization of accounting management accounting 377
6.1. Possible options management accounting organizations: autonomous and integrated systems 377
6.2. The system of records of business transactions on the accounts of management and financial accounting 388
6.2.1. Application of the integrated accounting system in a trade organization 388
6.2.2. Application of the integrated accounting system for industrial enterprise 392
Control questions and tasks 395
Tests 395
Chapter 7. Segment reporting of the organization 397
7.1. Essence, meaning and rules for constructing segment reporting 397
7.1.1. Segment reporting rules for external users 399
7.1.2. Conditions and principles for constructing internal segment reporting 410
7.2. Segment reporting as a basis for evaluating the activities of responsibility centers 424
7.2.1. Financial and management accounting approaches to assessing business performance 424
7.2.2. Financial criteria for evaluating the activities of responsibility centers 429
7.2.3. Non-financial criteria for evaluating the activities of responsibility centers 446
7.3. The order of construction and the possibility of using segment reporting information in an organization 452
7.3.1. Analysis of the effectiveness of the functioning of the existing organizational structure of the enterprise 452
7.3.2. Tasks and stages of building a segment reporting system of an organization 458
7.3.3. Budgeting and evaluation of the actual results of the activities of responsibility centers 464
Control questions and tasks 476
Tests 477
Chapter 8. Transfer pricing 480
8.1. Transfer price: its types and principles of formation 480
8.2. Transfer pricing examples in Russian organizations 484
8.2.1. Industrial activities 484
8.2.2. Banking 494
8.2.3. Trading activity 498
Control questions and tasks 503
Tests 504
Answers to test questions 506
Practical work 507
Glossary of terms 519
Applications 527
Literature 567

ANNOTATION

Tutorial is intended for studying the lecture course on the discipline "Management Accounting". Suggested topics and Control questions allowing students to continuously and deeply study theoretical questions course.
The manual was prepared at the department "Accounting, analysis and audit"
Ulyanovsk State Technical University and designed
for students of specialties 08010565 "Finance and Credit".

The tutorial is an electronic version of the book:
Mansurov, P. M. Management accounting: textbook / Ulyanovsk: UlGTU, 2010. - 175 p.

Introduction
Goals and objectives of the discipline
Topic number 1. The essence of management accounting
1. Economic accounting and its types
2. The concept of management accounting
3. Information in the management accounting system
4. Comparative characteristics of financial and management accounting
Topic number 2. Costs and their classification
1. The concept and definition of costs and expenses
2. Cost classification for cost calculation, inventory valuation, work in progress and profit
3. Classification of costs for planning, forecasting, decision making
4. Classification of costs for control and regulation
Topic number 3. Cost Accounting by Responsibility Center
1. Concept and definition of cost centers
2. Classification of cost centers
3. The concept, place and role of responsibility centers
4. Classification of responsibility centers
5. Organizational structure
6. The concept of cost carrier
Topic number 4. General principles product costing
1. The concept of calculating the cost of production and costing unit
2. Classification of cost accounting methods and cost calculation methods
Topic number 5. Budgeting in the management accounting system
1. The concept of the budget. Budgeting Goals
2. The procedure for constructing the general budget of a manufacturing enterprise
Topic number 6. Optimization of management decisions
1. Adoption and implementation of managerial decisions
2. Classification of types of management decisions
3. Algorithm for making a managerial decision
4. Quantitative indicators used in problem analysis
Topic number 7. Management accounting and decision making in business activities
1. Making pricing decisions
2. Product mix planning
3. Making decisions on the production of new products
4. Making investment decisions
Topic #8 Break-Even Analysis
1. Break-even point and options for its calculation
2. Marginal income
3. Operating lever
Topic №9 Information support of specific management decisions
1. Acceptance of an order at prices not higher than the cost price
2. Influence of limiting factors on the structure of production
3. Relevant approach and make-or-buy decision
4. Decision to liquidate an unprofitable business segment
Glossary

Introduction
Fundamental changes in the methodology of production management, both in general and within the organization, require the creation of new and recombination of old information flows. As a result of the daily activities of the organization, a significant amount of operational information arises, so it is increasingly difficult to process its increasing flows, which means making decisions quickly.
Management accounting is called upon to deal with the accumulation, processing and analysis of detailed information about the economic activity of an enterprise.
Management accounting is the process of identifying, measuring, accumulating, analyzing, processing and transmitting information about the economic activities of an enterprise used for planning, management and control.
Its purpose is to provide information to managers of various levels of intra-company management responsible for achieving specific production goals. The information necessary for making operational management decisions, first of all, refers to production costs and therefore should be received as soon as possible. It is generalized or detailed in accordance with the needs of management and is formed taking into account the tasks of the long-term development of the organization.
In accordance with international standards management accounting information can be presented both in monetary and in-kind terms; approximate and exemplary estimates are allowed in it.
The company determines the principles of organization of management accounting on its own, depending on specific needs. Here it is free in the choice of methods of its conduct. Detailed, detailed reports in management accounting can be prepared monthly, and on certain types activities, responsibility centers - weekly, daily, and in some cases - immediately.
The management accounting system allows:
? define a business development strategy, formulate goals and work out ways to achieve them;
? develop a system for collecting, consolidating and analyzing information, both financial and non-financial, that signals problems faster (for example, the number of customer failures faster than a decrease in profits signals a decrease in product quality);
? improve the efficiency of company cash management;
? establish a relationship between structural divisions, organize an efficient multi-stage system internal control at the enterprise;
? create a cost management system in order to optimize them;
? implement a budgeting system;
? make informed management decisions, both strategic and operational.
This tutorial is designed to solve these problems. The textbook is built in accordance with the requirements of the state general educational standard for "Management Accounting", included in the curriculum of the specialty 08010565 "Finance and Credit".
The material of this manual is intended for the assimilation of the lecture course on the subject of "Management Accounting" and provides basic knowledge, which is enough to get a positive assessment.

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