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Business and banking products. History of Russian business: emergence and stages

The study of banking and the content of services provided by banks - as business entities - to their customers, we will start using the institutional classification of financial services.

A modern bank is primarily a financial institution that performs various functions, which can be divided into three groups. first group form special functions, they include the implementation of activities inherent only to banks. This is the issue of banknotes, the conduct of cash settlements between participants in any transactions in a non-cash form.

In second group includes functions, the implementation of which is characteristic primarily for banks. These functions include the conduct of credit operations, the organization of deposit storage of temporarily free financial resources, implementation of trade transactions with foreign currency.

TO third group include functions, the performance of which is not a special prerogative (exclusive authority) of banks. This, for example, is the conduct of any trust (trust) operations, investment mediation, leasing, factoring, consulting, expert and other activities that, along with banks, can be performed by others entrepreneurial firms, universal and specialized.

When creating a new bank, it is advisable to understand in advance how diverse the functions of this business entity can be, and, consequently, how intense the efforts of its owners should be to provide the bank with significant competitive advantage during the performance of each of the listed functions. One should also remember one of the precepts of Baron Rothschild, a famous financial figure in the past, who said that it is easy to create a bank, and even easier to lose it.

The emergence of banking is rooted in hoary antiquity, namely, during the period of decomposition of primitive society, when in the bowels of states ancient world usury appeared. Slave owners in need of financial resources - the historical forerunners of modern entrepreneurs in the manufacturing and commercial sectors of the economy - turned to those who could provide temporary loans in kind in grain or other products, and subsequently cash loans (credits).

The niches of the financial market could not remain empty for long. Those who needed financial resources received them in the form of loans (credit funds). In turn, the owners of temporarily free financial resources got the opportunity to earn extra money on them. Sellers of financial resources began to be called creditors , buyers of financial resources - borrowers .

If the holders of free financial resources independently found counterparties with whom they could conclude a loan deal, they did without additional intermediaries. Such a direct transaction was called in the past commercial loan .

Thus, merchants of the slave-owning era and medieval Italy, France, Germany, and other countries willingly sold goods to each other on credit, and for long periods of time. In the trading book of the famous Hamburg merchant of the XIV century, Vico van Geldersen, credit obligations were listed for a period of one month to one and a half years. This duration was due to the long terms of the implementation of trade, due to the imperfection of the transport infrastructure of the commodity economy of that time.

The most common instrument of commercial credit has become commodity bill of exchange - a written obligation giving the right to its owner to unquestionably demand from the person who issued it or accepted it, the payment of money after its expiration .

At the same time, credit transactions could also be concluded indirectly, which eventually became a typical phenomenon for credit transactions. The provision of financial resources on credit by specialized financial intermediaries is called bank (or banker's) loan .

Intermediaries between the two categories of business entities - suppliers and consumers of temporarily free financial resources - were moneylenders, representatives of the third category of business entities, which it is quite appropriate to consider, along with the so-called money changers, historical predecessors modern bankers. These pre-bankers were, as a rule, highly respected people and, with rare exceptions, were part of the elite of society. Roman law, for example, carefully guarded the interests of usurers and severely punished insolvent debtors.

History is silent about exactly when banks arose. Most likely, the first banks appeared in the 14th-15th centuries AD, when manufacturing production became widespread in industries, and, consequently, the need for credit operations became constant.

On the current situation and prospects for the development of relations between banks and enterprises in Russia, the correspondent spoke with the Leading Specialist of the Lending Department legal entities Svetlana Dubovitskaya "CreditMax" and Ilnar Shaimardanov, Head of the Small Business Department of Societe Generale Vostok Bank (BSGV).

1. What services do banks provide to small businesses?

Svetlana Dubovitskaya: The services most often offered by banks for small businesses are, first of all, cash and settlement services, incl. accommodation Money on deposit, lending, conversion operations (currency exchange), servicing export-import operations (including,) and operations with. Now there is a trend to offer small businesses services such as depository services. It should also be noted that such services as customer consulting and Internet banking.

Does the BSGV have its own specific small business (SP) policy?

Ilnar Shaimardanov: BSGV provides small business clients with a full range of banking services, including lending, settlement and cash services, remote services, guarantee transactions, etc.

In particular, the Tandem service package is designed specifically for companies with an annual turnover of up to 310 million rubles. This product includes a set of basic banking services used daily by small businesses and individual entrepreneurs. Purchasing them in a complex for more than favorable price and receive discounts on Additional services banks allow businesses to reduce the cost of banking services while maintaining the most popular products. At the same time, the price of the package is fixed, payment is made once a month, which simplifies control over other bank expenses.

The basis of the Tandem package is settlement and cash services (opening and maintaining a current account through the Bank-Client Internet system), as well as all related services provided free of charge or at significant discounts. Discounts up to 25% are provided for issuing business cards, opening a second account, making electronic payments and other bank services.

Individual entrepreneurs with the simultaneous purchase of the "Tandem" package for legal entities and the "Prestige" package for individuals The bank offers a 20% discount. The Prestige package includes the issuance and maintenance of a Visa/MasterCard Gold premium segment plastic card, maintenance of a current account and two additional accounts, discounts on the rental of safe deposit boxes, travel insurance, etc. BSGV regards the small business sector as extremely promising and intends to expand segment of work with such clients.

2. What is the share of various banks in the sector of providing services to small businesses?

S.D. : There is no definite answer to this question. One can only say that, in general, the share of small and medium-sized businesses in most Russian banks is steadily growing.

3. What banking services, not currently provided by banks, do customers need?

I.Sh. : Talking about needs individual entrepreneurs and representatives of small businesses, then the greatest difficulty for them is the financing of start-up projects, in other words, from scratch. The current crisis situation does not allow banks to work in this field, since the level of uncertainty and, accordingly, the risk parameters in this segment are too high. By and large, financing such projects is quite risky even in stable times, so here banks and businesses need third-party support, expressed in the form of state guarantees, support for supra-market unions and organizations, etc.

4. Do banks have their own special policy towards small businesses (individual entrepreneurs), give examples?

S.D. : There are general criteria that guide the majority of Russian banks. So for lending, it must be an operating business with stable turnover, preferably with a positive credit history and liquid collateral. Different approaches to financial condition, i.e. a number of banks are considering management reporting enterprises; someone lends to organizations that started their activities 6 months ago, someone for at least a year. Also, a number of banks have a different approach to collateral for a loan: some banks are ready to consider a pledge of goods in circulation as collateral, others are more demanding in terms of collateral.

5. How is the volume of financial activities client?

S.D. : The main task of the credit department of the bank is to analyze economic activity borrowing company. The most significant criteria in the analysis are indicators of account turnover, revenue and profit. An important role is played by the level of debt load of the enterprise by other banks, credit history and liquidity of collateral.

6. And if we talk, for example, about the timing of consideration of a loan application, how much time actually passes from the time the application was submitted by a small enterprise (individual entrepreneurs) to the issuance (months)?

S.D. : Until a decision is made on loans for small businesses, as a rule, it takes from 7 to 10 days from the date of submission of a complete package of documents. Although a number of banks also declare shorter terms, most often the decision is made within the above-mentioned terms. After the decision is made, the term for receiving money depends on the registration of collateral for the loan. If the collateral is real estate, the term for registering a pledge of which takes about a month (for some objects - 1 week), then the term for issuing a loan is extended by the term for registering such real estate.

I.Sh. A: The actual term for consideration of an application for a loan in BSGV is 7 working days. Further decision depends on the borrower. Having bank approval in hand, he himself determines the time convenient for obtaining financing.

7. Under what security did banks issue loans this year?

S.D. : This year, as in other years, banks issued loans secured by liquid collateral, and as for the preferences for banks, this is a "hard" pledge (equipment, vehicles, real estate). On the security of goods in circulation, banks lend and lend reluctantly.

What was the most significant in issuing a loan to small businesses in your Bank this year?

I.Sh. : Always comes to the fore financial position borrower, sustainability and prospects for the development of his business during the crisis period. A positive credit history of a potential borrower is also important. If the company did not pay on previously issued loans or had problems with the law, this is a good reason for refusing to finance.

8. What adjustments did the crisis make to the work of banks withsmall businessesAnd?

S.D. : First of all, this affected the reduction of terms and volumes of provided financing. Funding for new borrowers has been significantly reduced, rates have risen, the approach to risk assessment for projects has become tougher, the discount on collateral has increased, primarily for real estate, and most banks have refused to issue loans without collateral.

I.Sh. : The sector of the bank's work with small businesses was practically not affected by the crisis. The fact is that we actively began to develop this area just in times of crisis instability. Therefore, BSGV did not have to change conditions or reduce the scope of work. Even in the most unfavorable periods for the market, BSGV was among the banks that really worked with small businesses and issued loans. As a result, we got new clients who needed debt financing and were able to get it from our bank, while many credit organizations left this sector.

9. In connection with the crisis, cases of non-payment of loans have also become more frequent. What is the return rate today? In which cases? How Banks solve this problem?

S.D. : To date, special methods of lending to small businesses have been developed and are being successfully applied, subject to which the level of delinquencies does not exceed 5% of the loan portfolio. In banks operating under special small business lending programs, the default rate ranges from 2.5% to 4%. Compared to retail lending (lending to individuals), this is a very low percentage. Banks solve the problem of defaults primarily through negotiations with business representatives, incl. offer them the restructuring of loans, and, in rare cases, the sale of collateral in their favor.

I.Sh. : The default rate in the small business lending sector at the bank is actually approaching zero. This is due to the fact that MB companies resort to debt financing only if they have sufficiently stable positions and, in this regard, are confident in their abilities. In addition, BSGV pays great attention to the process of analyzing business indicators and selecting potential borrowers. All this in general gives the maximum percentage of returns when loan payments and debt service are not burdensome for borrowers.

10. What do you think are the prospects for banks to work with small businesses in the coming years?

S.D. : Lending to small businesses is promising. Small businesses have always used loans and will continue to use them. But the development of this direction should still be supported by the state, for example, it would be relevant to create a system of 100% state support(in the form of a guarantee) for small business loans.

I.Sh. : As mentioned above, BSGV regards the small business segment as extremely promising and profitable, capable of bringing significant profits and new customers in the future. In this regard, the bank intends to actively develop this area, offering its clients from among small businesses and individual entrepreneurs, current programs and favorable conditions.

Implementation of the first entrepreneurial activity It became possible already in 1988 after the adoption of the Law “On Cooperation in the USSR”, according to which “the right to voluntarily join a cooperative and freely withdraw from it ... personal income corresponding to the quantity and quality of labor” was guaranteed.

In 1991, the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR adopted the Law "On investment activity in the RSFSR" and the regulation "On the issue and circulation of securities and stock exchanges in the RSFSR”, which marked the beginning of the formation of the Russian stock market.

In January 1992, the Government of the Russian Federation released prices for consumer goods (although this led to hyperinflation), which allowed the business to expand. In the summer of that year, a government privatization program facilitated the acquisition of relatively inexpensive industrial assets. Multiple exchange rates were abolished and a single ruble exchange rate of the Central Bank of Russia was introduced.

In 1995, with the abolition of the institution of special exporters, quotas for the export of most goods were also abolished.

In today's advanced economies, entrepreneurship has become an integral part. The concept of “entrepreneur” includes not only the type of activity, but also a set of certain human and professional qualities, a specific state determined by the alignment of social forces and social circumstances. In the West, there is a kind of cult of the image of the entrepreneur.

In Russia, a slightly different idea of an entrepreneur has developed. The general portrait is formed according to several characteristics.

1. Demographic parameters (under the age of 35 - over 50%, 36–45 years old - up to 30%, over 45 years old - up to 20%), and women entrepreneurs make up 10% of all entrepreneurs in Russia. Entrepreneurs with higher education up to 80%.

2. Economic motivations (income growth is higher in relation to price growth, food costs up to 50% of the family budget). At the same time, the level of spending on the construction and repair of housing, transport and leisure is increasing.

3. Lifestyle (increased to 12-13 hours working day).

Russian entrepreneurs characterized by an orientation towards raising the standard of living, a desire professional implementation, the desire to find their place in business, to become a "master".

What the first entrepreneurs did not do ... Some made a fortune by making furniture, shoes, clothes, others opened cafes, restaurants, commercial stalls, others were engaged in intermediary activities, fourths were engaged in the provision of any services, fifths generally came to entrepreneurship through belonging to gangsters. groupings, etc.

Of particular note is the activity of our "shuttle traders", nicknamed so for endless trips for goods to other states (Turkey, China, Poland, etc.) in order to sell them on local markets. Thanks to this category of entrepreneurs, the population got the opportunity to use the products foreign production when the country was in the transition to a market economy. During this period, domestic production and Agriculture fell into disrepair, the people were saved by American chicken “Bush legs”, imported salami sausage, meat, used household chemicals(shampoos, hygiene products, etc.), dressed and put on shoes from Turkish manufacturers, and those who were richer, then from Polish ones.

In the 1990s the country was covered by a wave of banditry. Almost all representatives of entrepreneurship were exposed to racketeering. But the desire to live better and the opportunities that arose in the course of the emergence of private property, the emergence of sustainable incomes, the expansion of one's own business and the gradual transition of the state to the concept of supporting entrepreneurship helped to overcome difficult times. The first entrepreneurs survived. Many of those who at first had only a “shell” with goods in the bazaar passed into the category of large owners, that is, they gradually grew in the economic sense.

The first entrepreneurs were enterprising people who perfectly understood the situation that was developing in Russia, the most famous of which are V. Gusinsky, V. Potanin, D. Yakobashvili, S. Petrov, T. Nersisyan, A. Plyatseva, D. Oktyabrsky.

The entrepreneurial world has changed a lot with the advent of new technologies. The market requires a quick response to changing consumer preferences, making operational management decisions.

Consumers are becoming more sophisticated and demanding - both in terms of the speed of providing goods and services, and in terms of the quality of service, and in terms of price. Consumers want to get everything at once - quickly, efficiently and cheaply. In turn, the business must quickly transform to meet such requests.

From a financial point of view, businessmen tend to work with banks online. The fact is that modern entrepreneurs value almost every minute of their time. At the same time, they are not constantly in the office, many generally practice remote and “cloud” offices, so entrepreneurs want to have access to banking services where it is convenient for them and from all possible devices – smartphones and phones. Payments, transfers, certificates - all these businessmen want to receive / conduct in real time. At the same time, all operations should be as simple and safe as possible.

Until recently, there was a myth that large banks mainly focus on large corporate clients. However, today small business has become a driver for the qualitative development of the economy, many small businesses are successfully developing, so large and reliable banks pay special attention to cooperation with small businesses. Banks offer entrepreneurs new special products or adapt existing ones for small businesses.

One Stop Bank

So, small businesses are in demand for banking services in areas, for example, cash settlement services, international settlements, etc. In this case, the firm, receiving all services from one credit institution, can save you a lot of money. Firstly, the total commission for various operations in different banks is reduced. Secondly, employees save time on paperwork for cooperation with several financial institutions. Today, many banks offer a wide range of services for entrepreneurs, from cash settlement services to special industry products (merchant acquiring, corporate cards, etc.). And some even run special promotions on bundled products.

The entrepreneur chooses the best set of products and services for himself. In our case, the client gets the opportunity to open a current account, access to working with an account on the Internet, as well as preferential terms for other bank products. Let's say, if you want to open a corporate card, an entrepreneur who has an account with the RSHB collects an abbreviated package of documents.

Let's put free funds to work!

Almost all banks have a line of classic deposits, but this implies the conclusion of a deposit agreement for a certain period and the withdrawal of funds from business turnover.

At the same time, companies of any size have a balance of free funds on their accounts from time to time. They can simply lie on the account, or you can receive interest from them. You can place them on a deposit with the condition that interest is accrued on the balance. The client concludes with the bank additional agreement to the bank account agreement and receives income.

Deposit rates are quite attractive, while the entrepreneur will have quick access to funds that make up the difference between the current account balance and the minimum balance.

Other tools useful for small companies are online services and electronic banking (Bank-Client and Internet-Client remote banking services), which allows an entrepreneur to manage their accounts remotely from the office or via the Internet from another location. This is a particularly valuable service for those very active businessmen who value every minute of their time. With the help of remote account management, you can control the movement in real time cash flows, make payments, conduct transactions in the 1C system, receive statements, control payments of subsidiaries - and all this without visiting bank branches. And with the help of online services, entrepreneurs can apply for a loan, calculate the amount and payments, and so on.

And small can

Another myth is that bank loans today are the prerogative of large corporate clients. In fact, some banks are actively developing small business lending, and the bank's products are easily adapted to the needs of entrepreneurs. For example, one of the popular products for trading companies These are guarantees for the fulfillment of obligations under contracts. Guarantees allow firms to participate in tenders (including public procurement), conclude contracts for more favorable conditions including when working with international partners. Also, firms with bank guarantees minimize the risks associated with non-fulfillment of obligations by counterparties. So, having issued a guarantee of payment in favor of the supplier in the bank, the buyer makes payment after the shipment of the goods. When a bank provides a guarantee of the return of an advance payment or a guarantee of the fulfillment of contractual obligations, the supplier delivers after receiving the advance payment. The commission on guarantees is usually set individually, but is much lower than the standard loan rate.

There are few products on the market for microbusiness companies, but they do exist. So, for example, in the RSHB you can get a loan in the form of an overdraft, a loan without collateral, for investment purposes, to refinance current liabilities, to buy real estate, etc. The amount is up to 20 million rubles, the term is up to 10 years. Requirements for borrowers are very liberal.

For larger enterprises, loans are available for investment purposes (unlimited in size), for replenishment working capital, for the purchase of real estate (up to 200 million rubles), etc.

For enterprises operating in the agricultural industry, in general, a wide range of loan products is provided. These are loans for holding seasonal work(this includes the purchase of seeds, and fuels and lubricants, and energy resources, and fertilizers, etc.), and loans for the purchase of machinery (almost any machinery and equipment for agricultural work), and loans for the purchase of young farm animals, and loans for purchase of land, etc.

And this is just not all the opportunities that modern banks provide to their customers.

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Business and banking products. History of Russian business: emergence and stages

One Stop Bank

Let's put free funds to work!

And small can

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

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