Ryzhkov Pavel and Surkov Daniil MBOU Secondary School No. 24 Samara

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IV SCHOOL CONFERENCE

"I am a researcher"

Section "English"

Advantages and disadvantages of traditional and electronic

English-Russian and Russian-English dictionaries from the point of view of a modern student.

Completed:

Ryzhkov Pavel, Surkov Daniil

Pupils of 6 "A" class

MBOU secondary school No. 24

G.o. Samara

Scientific adviser:

Chugurova Yulia Alexandrovna

Samara 2013

Page

Introduction 1-2

1. Definition of the concept of the word "dictionary" 3-4

2. Advantages and disadvantages of paper and

electronic English-Russian and Russian-English

dictionaries from the point of view of 6th grade students. 4-8

2.1 Questionnaire and its results 6-7

2.2 Experimental part 7-8

Conclusion 9

Annex 10

References 11

Introduction

We think that we will not be mistaken if we assume that in every house where there is a student, one of the main books that occupy a prominent place on the shelf are dictionaries. Without them, you won’t write a word correctly, you won’t find an incomprehensible meaning, you won’t translate the text for a foreign language lesson. It is hard to imagine what we would do without our favorite English-Russian and Russian-English dictionary when preparing homework.

However, in our 21st century of rapidly developing information technologies, it is impossible not to use another convenient invention: an electronic dictionary.

How popular is it among students, is it often used, or is the paper dictionary still a favorite among schoolchildren - questions that we asked ourselves and decided to find out in the course of our work.

Target:

Determine which of the two types of dictionaries: paper or electronic most fully and effectively contributes to the preparation of students for English lessons.
Tasks:

1. Define the word "dictionary" and find out the main historical moments in its development.
2. To analyze the advantages and disadvantages of paper and electronic English-Russian and Russian-English dictionaries from the point of view of 6th grade students using a questionnaire and an experimental part of the work.
3. Compile a catalog of electronic dictionaries for their further use by students in preparation for English lessons.

Object of study:

Paper and electronic English-Russian and Russian- English dictionaries.

Subject of study:
Advantages and disadvantages of dictionaries from the point of view of 6th grade students.

Research methods:
- study of literature;
- statistics;
- comparative analysis and evaluation.

Definition of the concept of the word "dictionary".

There are about 20 concepts of this word. Let us dwell on just a few.

In the 19th century it was believed that dictionary - a collection of words of any language in alphabetical order or according to word production located (Dictionary of the Russian Academy. St. Petersburg, 1806-1822);

Explanatory Dictionary of Living Great Russian language Dahl was ambiguous in his definition:Dictionary, glossary, word-interpreter, word-interpreter, dictionary, dictionary; dictionary; dictionaries; riverman, lexicon; a collection of words, sayings of any language, with interpretation or translation. Dictionaries are general and private, everyday and scientific(Dal V.I. Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language);

Dictionary - a book containing a list of words arranged according to one or another principle (for example, alphabetically), with various explanations (Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language in 4 vols. ed. D. N. Ushakov);

Dictionary - a book containing a list of words, usually with explanations, interpretations or translation into another language (Dictionary of the modern Russian literary language in 17 vols., 1948-1965);

Known to every Russian person,Ozhegov's classic dictionarygives the following definition of this concept:

Dictionary - a collection of words (usually in alphabetical order), set expressions with explanations, interpretations or with translation into another language.

More modernnew encyclopedic Dictionary believes that the dictionary - a book containing a collection of words (or morphemes, phrases, idioms, etc.) arranged according to a certain principle, and giving information about their meanings, use, origin, translation into another language, etc. (linguistic dictionaries) or information about concepts and

objects they designate, about figures in any areas of science, culture, etc.

According to the French writer Anatole France, dictionary is the universe in alphabetical order.

This familiar word for us was called in Rus' in the Middle Ages by funny words “Azbukovnik”, “Alphabet”, “Lexicon”. Scientists suggest that by the end of the 10th century, translation dictionaries existed in Rus', and in the 13th century, original explanatory dictionaries appeared with manuscripts, they explained the meaning of words incomprehensible to readers.

The oldest dictionary is placed in the Novgorod Pilot's Book for 1282, it is called "The Rch of the Jewish language is translated into Russian, unreasonably into Rosemary ...", i.e. translation from Hebrew into Russian, incomprehensible to understandable. There are 174 words in the translation dictionary.). Famous scientists - lexicographers, forever included in the history of Russian linguistics, are Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov, Alexey Alexandrovich Shakhmatov,

IN AND. Dahl, Lev Vladimirovich Shcherba, Dmitry Nikolaevich Ushakov, Viktor Vladimirovich Vinogradov, Sergey Ivanovich Ozhegov and many others. Thanks to the gigantic work of Vladimir Karlovich Muller, Soviet and Russian students received excellent help in learning English: a large English-Russian dictionary, which is still being supplemented and reprinted in huge numbers.

Advantages and disadvantages of paper and electronic English-Russian and Russian-English dictionaries from the point of view of students

6 classes.

After we have decided on the concept of "dictionary", let's consider what "electronic dictionaries" are. For example, such a well-known source of information as wikipedia, one of the definitions of electronic dictionaries is that an electronic dictionary is a dictionary in a computer or other electronic device. These dictionaries allow you to quickly find the right word, often taking into account morphology and the ability to search for phrases (examples of use), as well as the ability to translate it into other languages.

From a technical point of view, an electronic dictionary is a computer database that contains specially encoded dictionary entries that allow you to quickly search for the right words (phrases, phrases).

In order to determine which dictionary most accurately meets the requirements of a modern student in preparation for an English lesson (traditional, aka paper) or electronic, I decided to conduct a survey among students in the 6th grade of our school and a small experiment among students of my English subgroup.

I interviewed 50 people. The children were asked the following questions:

1. What / what dictionaries do you currently use in preparation for English lessons?
2. What size should a dictionary be in terms of ease of use not only at home, but also in class at school?
3. Which dictionary do you like to use more? Why?
- paper
- electronic

4. What, in your opinion, are the advantages and disadvantages of an electronic dictionary?

5. List the main disadvantages of a paper dictionary.

6. What electronic dictionaries would you recommend to your classmates when preparing for English lessons?

The results of the survey, slightly edited by us, showed the following:

Firstly , you do not need to carry huge volumes with you from home to school, and from school to home. Online dictionaries are always where the Internet is, and, therefore, at hand.

Secondly , you do not need to be wrapped up in dictionaries from head to toe and spend time first searching desired volume, and after - on the same long search for the word you are interested in.One CD contains information that is stored in several volumes of the book dictionary.

Third , there is a real possibilitysimultaneous search not only by the name of the dictionary entry, but also by the entire huge volume of dictionaries, which is simply unrealistic in the paper version.

Fourth, electronic dictionaries not only contain transcription, but can also pronounce words.

Fifth , in electronic dictionaries, contains a greater number of neologisms, since the language is a reflection of the real life of people, their culture. All new vocabulary cannot be adequately reflected in "paper" dictionaries for the simple reason that they take too long to develop. In fact, many dictionaries that were formed in the linguistic atmosphere of the middle of the century are very outdated. They do not indicate the modern meanings of old words, and many new words are simply missing. This has become especially evident with the development of the Internet: most of the Web pages consist of English texts written in living modern language, using colloquial vocabulary and slang. Only the use of electronic dictionaries can solve this problem. Mass software products, such as electronic dictionaries, are characterized by frequent changes in versions and the presence of a constant feedback with thousands of users.

The disadvantages of the electronic dictionary were called:

• Internet addiction. It will be impossible to translate the word if the Internet goes down at the wrong time.
• attachment to a personal computer and therefore limited availability.

• many dictionaries require certain software tools, without which it is impossible to install a dictionary.
• it is not always worth trusting a word pronounced by an electronic dictionary without controlling transcription.The synthesizer may incorrectly emphasize or even distort

word pronunciation.

5) The main disadvantages of a paper dictionary:

• volume;
• inconvenience in use;

In a paper dictionary, you have to turn pages for a long time to find the right word. The search can be quite tedious.

6. The main source of translation of words from English into Russian and vice versa, the guys for the most part name various applications and communities from the VKontakte group, which, as a rule, provide a link to

various dictionaries online.

The experimental part of my work was as follows: the guys from my English subgroup were divided into 2 small groups by lottery. The participants of the experiment were asked to translate the same passage of previously unfamiliar text using electronic and paper dictionaries for a certain period of time.

Thus, it was clearly possible to see how the guys coped with the task. After half the time, the guys were asked to switch roles. Everyone had a chance to experience the advantages and disadvantages of both the traditional dictionary and the electronic dictionary.

Nevertheless, in this struggle for the right to be the best, the electronic dictionary won, since the text translated with its help was completed much earlier.

At the end of the experiment, the guys shared their feelings,

and we all decided to create our own catalog of electronic dictionaries for their further use by students in preparation for English lessons. Here's what we got (see Appendix No. 1).

Conclusion

I think that with the aim of our work, we have coped with the tasks set for ourselves, we have also solved. We analyzed the advantages and disadvantages of paper and electronic English-Russian and Russian-English dictionaries from the point of view of 6th grade students using a questionnaire and an experimental part of the work, compiled a catalog of electronic dictionaries and got an answer to the main question: which dictionary is better? The most effective in preparing students for English lessons is an electronic dictionary. This is not surprising, since global computerization is becoming more and more massive every year. Surprise no one with a laptop, tablet or smartphone. In active use and e-books. But, if suddenly you feel sad, or there is still enough time to submit the translation of the text on time, do not be lazy, open the good old dictionary and enjoy the rustle of paper-smelling pages.

Hello! Let's talk about paper dictionaries in this article! Let's try to find out what it is - a long-forgotten past or an actual present? Let's find out and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using good old paper dictionaries. Let's look at what dictionaries are, what types and sizes. Let's review some of the top, well-proven specimens. Let's start with the benefits.

"A book is a gift that you can open again and again."
— Garrison Keillor

Advantages of paper dictionaries

• The main advantage of paper dictionaries is that while you are looking for the right word, you spend more time on it, scrolling through the pages, skimming through dictionary entries, magic happens - the word is better remembered. Some teachers recommend using only electronic dictionaries, but it turns out that they forget about this effect. However, not everything is so obvious here. The most effective is the combination of using paper dictionaries with electronic ones. For example, not all analogues of good quality paper dictionaries are available in in electronic format, this feature must also be taken into account.
• Paper dictionaries come in a variety of sizes, ranging from pocket dictionaries that are convenient to have on hand and use anywhere, regardless of Internet access or electricity. And ending with huge, heavy Talmuds in several volumes, which can contain hundreds of thousands of words.
• An important advantage of using paper dictionaries is that usually paper dictionaries are compiled by professionals on the basis of proven and reliable sources of information. Paper types of information media are usually primary, so the articles in them are better composed and are the primary source. Dictionary entries contain complete information, all grammatical forms, set expressions used with each word. When searching for the desired word in a paper dictionary, other words located in the neighborhood are also remembered in parallel.
• When working with a paper dictionary, the eyes are less tired, and a peculiar, imperceptible at first glance, useful exercise is automatically performed. The eyes quickly run from place to place in search of the right word, which has a beneficial effect on the prevention of vision, giving exercise to our eyes. It is worth mentioning that the very reading and perception of information from paper is more relaxed for perception.

Disadvantages of paper dictionaries

• Of course, paper dictionaries should not be idealized. They also have significant drawbacks. Take, for example, the content of dictionary entries. Their updates are slow. A sufficient amount of time may pass between releases of publications, and a crept error will be corrected only later.
• If you need to find words, then you will not be able to do it quickly. And this is the main disadvantage of paper dictionaries.
• If you have several dictionaries, then they take up a lot of space, and you can’t take them with you on a business trip or to a meeting. They deprive of speed and mobility, which are simply catastrophically needed in the modern world.

Dictionary types

Paper dictionaries can be divided into three main types. These are English-English, Russian-English, English-Russian. Let's take a look at the first one.

English-English

English-English dictionaries are explanatory dictionaries, only in English. For example, in it you can find the following article:

a book — a written or printed work consisting of pages glued or sewn together along one side and bound in covers.

Those. word and its interpretation in English. How useful are such dictionaries? Let's find out. These dictionaries are also called monolingual. A monolingual dictionary is very useful for understanding the target language. This dictionary can convey the meaning of the word much more accurately, especially the meaning of verbs. If the dictionary has an abundance of examples, then not Russian meaning words, and all English phrases in their entirety and various options desired application. This is important, because shades of meaning, and sometimes whole words, differ significantly in Russian and English. Of course, to read this type of dictionaries, preparation is needed, but it more than pays off in the future. For beginners, it is better not to use this type of dictionaries up to a certain level, it can be quite difficult and discourage you from doing it at all.

The Oxford Dictionary of English is considered the leader among English-English dictionaries. The folk trail will not grow to it, it is one of the best English dictionaries, it is very popular among both students and those who speak English fluently. What is remarkable is that this dictionary tracks the usage of over 600,000 English words used over the past 1000 years. Dictionary English-English, i.e. additionally makes you strain, learn new words; historical - explains the origin of the word, how it developed, what meanings it had or could have, where it came from in English and how its meaning has changed. With this dictionary, you can become a real guru in learning English!

English-Russian

Everyone is familiar with English-Russian dictionaries. His dictionary entry looks like this:

book 1. n. 1) book (a material object consisting of a cover, pages, etc.), volume

Let's take a closer look at typical representatives of this type of dictionaries.

• Muller's Dictionary
  An excellent, fairly capacious English-Russian dictionary, especially good for beginners, not cumbersome, contains about 160,000 words with use cases, examples, reprinted many times, quite relevant.

• Apresyan's New Big English-Russian Dictionary - 3 volumes
  Here is how the authors themselves describe it: “The new Big English-Russian Dictionary in three volumes contains about 250 thousand lexical units, 350 thousand meanings, 200 thousand examples of usage, 700 thousand translations and is the most complete of the existing English-Russian dictionaries . The dictionary was created by a large team of authors on the basis of the Great English-Russian Dictionary, edited by I.R. Galperin. The dictionary is intended for specialists in the field of the English language, translators, persons working with the English language and reading English-language literature in the original, as well as for foreign specialists studying the Russian language.

• Large universal English-Russian dictionary. Shpakovsky, Shpakovskaya
  This dictionary is perfect for those who are just starting their journey in mastering English. As the main feature, one can single out the presence of transcription in Russian, as well as the fact that this dictionary is one of the few that has such a function. More specifically, the transcription itself is equipped with an accent mark, which is important when pronouncing words, because an incorrectly placed stress can simply distort the word you uttered.

• English-Russian Dictionary, ed. O.S. Akhmanova
  The dictionary has compact and extended (2 volumes) versions. The compact version contains 20,000 words and is rightfully considered a classic of lexicography.

Russian-English

• Muller's English-Russian and Russian-English Dictionary
  This dictionary is slightly less informative than its English-Russian counterpart. But, despite this, it is quite convenient and practical, you can easily translate words from Russian into English, and vice versa.

• Russian-English visual dictionary Corbeil, Archambault
  This dictionary is for beginners. It contains pictures, which helps to remember the words better. The dictionary is suitable for all ages. It causes only pleasant emotions and a desire to learn the language further. There is really a lot of information in the dictionary, the blocks are arranged according to the thematic principle, the search for words is not difficult.
  But as one significant minus, I would like to note the small format of the book and, as a result, a very small font. This slightly complicates its use, but does not overshadow all its advantages.

Of course, a great variety of paper dictionaries have been published. There are also a lot of dictionaries highly specialized on a specific topic, for example, economics, law, technology, etc. These dictionaries greatly facilitate the learning process for people working in a particular field. A great relief and help in learning a foreign language are also dictionaries attached to a particular textbook. A separate item is reference books that not only explain the meaning of the word, but also explain the specifics of its use, more subtle nuances that are useful even for the pros. However, this is a conversation for another article. Choose what you like, use effective tools. And do not forget that everything is useful in moderation.

Big and friendly family EnglishDom

An electronic (automatic) dictionary is a dictionary in a special machine format that functions as part of a computer software. Today, electronic versions of various dictionaries are widely distributed. Unlike traditional dictionaries, an electronic dictionary, along with text and graphics, can contain a whole range of media objects, including video and animation fragments, sound, music, and so on.

All electronic dictionaries can be divided into two types:

end-user automatic dictionaries (they will be discussed in this section);

automatic dictionaries for text processing programs (these are information retrieval thesauri, frequency dictionaries, rubricators, classifiers, morphological analysis dictionaries; dictionaries for machine translation), which include detailed information about the morphological, syntactic and semantic features of the functioning of a word. The number of zones of dictionary entries in such dictionaries varies from 1 to 100. Each zone contains a special type of dictionary information: lemma, grammatical information or stylistic marks, zones of meaning and interpretation. In electronic dictionaries, the number of zones is greater than in ordinary paper ones.

An important feature of the electronic dictionary is its hypertext device. Links embedded in words, phrases, or pictures allow the user to select text or picture and immediately display related information and media. The relationship between the components of a dictionary entry is not linear. The dictionary entry has a clear logical structure with hierarchical links between elements. Each information category occupies a strictly fixed place here - the so-called "zone". The user, showing interest in this or that information, requests a certain parameter and gets access to individual fragments of the article. As requested, only a single zone is activated, so there is no need to view the entire article. Consequently, the creators of an electronic dictionary can provide a fairly large number of dictionary entries, allowing the user to easily and quickly obtain any information he needs, and the problems of the alphabetical arrangement of dictionary entries for the mass user are of no fundamental importance.

Electronic dictionaries have significant advantages over their paper counterparts, which is manifested in the rapid growth of the corresponding market. An electronic dictionary can fundamentally bypass the key contradiction of book lexicography: the more information a dictionary offers, the more developed its scientific apparatus, the more difficult it is to use it. Therefore, classical dictionaries are divided into two categories. The first is popular, relatively convenient, but quite simple. The second is detailed academic publications, which do not always allow you to quickly get the information you are looking for. Modern electronic dictionaries are not only much larger than book dictionaries, but they also find the desired word or phrase in a few seconds.

At the same time, we are not talking about the automatic selection of a translation equivalent (if we are talking about a translation dictionary). Dictionary response can provide very diverse information about a word or phrase, and not just a translation match, involves the user's active choice from several possible well-founded alternatives. An electronic dictionary can be bidirectional or more, that is, it can translate words in both directions and even from one language to another through a third.

Availability also plays a big role. Not in every major Russian city you can find paper editions of large foreign dictionaries. At the same time, there are a significant number of free Internet projects (both domestic and foreign) representing a variety of lexicographic materials. Second and no less important aspect accessibility - price: most domestic dictionaries distributed on CD / DVD-ROM are much cheaper than their paper counterparts. Attractive factors for the user are also the interactivity of modern electronic dictionaries, their relevance, updating, user-friendly interface.

In fact, many dictionaries that were formed in the linguistic atmosphere of the middle of the last century are very outdated. New industries, science, business, culture. New words, terms, set phrases come into ordinary colloquial speech. They do not indicate the modern meanings of old words, and many new words are simply missing, since paper dictionaries take too long to prepare. Electronic dictionaries can be updated promptly.

But, of course, the most important advantage of good electronic dictionaries is the simultaneous search not only by the name of the dictionary entry, but also by the entire huge volume of interpretations of the dictionary, which is not possible in the paper version. Such a search creates a multidimensional portrait of the word, while specific examples of its use and set expressions in which the word occurs are extracted from the depths of the dictionary entry. It is very important that electronic dictionaries use the latest achievements in lexicography. Each value in the electronic dictionary is accompanied by synonyms, antonyms, usage examples, linguistic information. It is convenient that without leaving the main article, you can open windows of synonyms, antonyms, etc. and study them at the same time.

However, the development of electronic dictionary databases, as well as the creation of paper dictionaries, is a laborious task, and licensing of ready-made dictionaries is very expensive.

To date, electronic dictionaries of various publishers have become widespread in Russia: Lingvo (ABBYY Software House), Multilex (MediaLingua), Polyglossum (ETS - "Electronic and Traditional Dictionaries"), Context (Informatic), PROMT (PROMT) and many other. These dictionaries are largely universal, but at the same time each of them tends to a certain niche.

The two most famous electronic dictionaries are Lingvo by Abbyy and MultiLex by MediaLingva. The specialists who create these dictionaries profess different views on the principles of electronic lexicography. When developing MultiLex dictionaries, MediaLingua adheres to a strategy that consists in creating digital copies of well-known book publications. The electronic dictionaries from this company are based on authoritative modern dictionaries of the leading Russian publishing houses. MultiLex dictionaries are improved copies of their printed originals. They consistently reproduce the contents of the printed dictionaries, including the prefaces of the authors of the original editions and related reference materials. The volume of the original dictionary is indicated as the volume of the dictionary. Users have at their disposal powerful and varied search tools (recognition of words and expressions in all grammatical forms, search for idioms, expressions, usage examples, alphabetical search with a hint). When working with MultiLex dictionaries, accurate and complete dictionary information is provided (transcription, branch and stylistic marks, stress, interpretations, examples).

The MediaLingua approach also has disadvantages, since a rigid binding to a paper prototype does not make it possible to correct and supplement the electronic dictionary, and even more so to change the structure of the dictionary entry. Traditional dictionaries are quite seriously behind the linguistic reality - usually it is at least ten years. And electronic dictionaries can be replenished almost daily.

Abbyy took a different path. The basis of Lingvo is an electronic dictionary of its own design. Each new version of Lingvo is supplemented with up-to-date vocabulary, and the found errors and inaccuracies are corrected in it. Thus, thanks to lexicographic research, the Abbyy English-Russian dictionary is close to language practice. Dictionaries "Lingvo" are not exact copies of paper counterparts. So, as sources for the preparation of the economic dictionary "LingvoEconomics" seven dictionaries of various authors are indicated. Products of the Abbyy Lingvo line have long been deservedly popular with users due to the completeness and modernity of the lexical base, ease of use, and search speed.

Electronic dictionaries not only contain transcription, but can also pronounce words. Here, too, there are two approaches. MultiLex has a built-in sound synthesizer and all words are pronounced. However, it is dangerous to fully trust such an approach without controlling it by transcription. The synthesizer may incorrectly place the stress or even distort the pronunciation of the word. In Abbyy Lingvo, the main vocabulary is voiced by an announcer with an Oxford pronunciation, which is considered classical for the English language.

Databases "Polyglossum" are formed from a single source with paper dictionaries produced by the publishing house and are equipped with an advanced data indexing system that allows full-text search in any direction. The volume of dictionaries is indicated in "terms", which takes into account the features and new features of electronic versions of dictionaries. The number of "terms" is equal to the number of unique dictionary entries. Set combinations, idioms, etc. are considered a single whole, and translation options are considered separate occurrences. Among the "Polyglossum" dictionaries there are paper dictionaries translated into electronic format without the right to make changes. There are paper dictionaries in respect of which the ETS publishing house has the rights for further development (updating, amendments and interpretations), as well as publication in any form. There are electronic dictionaries that have no paper counterparts. Dictionaries "Polyglossum" are an excellent working tool for a professional technical translator, engineer, scientist. The ETS publishing house is the undisputed leader in terms of the number, variety and accuracy of industry and technical dictionaries. The spectrum of languages ​​of the ETS dictionaries is clearly focused on the countries of northern Europe, which have close ties with Russia.

Electronic dictionaries "Context" are prepared and updated by the lexicographic department of the company "Informatik" based on the materials of printed and author's dictionaries. They are organized in such a way that working with them is as quick and convenient as possible.

The basis of each article is a set of synonymous words or phrases in two languages. Each of the synonyms is treated as a unit that can serve as a search keyword. Synonyms can be marked (part of speech, transcription, etc.). The article may contain examples of translations of phrases that are also considered as search units. The volume of dictionaries is calculated in search units per synonyms and does not include examples, although examples are also searched. "Context" is convenient for foreigners studying Russian; thanks to recognition of the entered words in any form, it is good for getting help without distracting from the main lesson, but translators are primarily considered its audience. The main advantages of "Context" from the point of view of translation can be considered a fairly large set of thematic dictionaries, the search for phrases in any form and the ability to show a list of translations of all phrases with a word of interest in the dictionary.

Different dictionaries use completely different approaches and, accordingly, methods for representing dictionary data. As a result, the volumes of the dictionaries included in them are indicated in different ways: in dictionary entries, search terms, or "units". "Entry" corresponds to an ordinary dictionary entry in alphabetical search (as in a paper dictionary). However, the number of dictionary entries as an indicator of volume is a very misleading value. In practice, the number of possible questions to which the dictionary contains answers is significant.

To date, in stores specializing in the sale software, you can find a number of dictionaries and encyclopedias on CD. Of course, dictionaries and encyclopedias are also widely represented on the Russian Internet - from large projects to no less interesting thematic dictionaries created and updated by enthusiasts.

One of the most popular online dictionary portals on the Russian Web is flndex IRS. Dictionaries (http://slovari.yandex.ru/). The portal translates both into and from English, German, French, Italian, Spanish, Ukrainian. In addition to general vocabulary dictionaries, medical, legal, technical and many other reference books are offered. The portal is very simple and easy to use.

The Mail.ru portal (http://multilex.maii.ru/) presents dictionaries in seven languages. Online directories include both general vocabulary and medical, economic, as well as dictionaries of terms for the oil and gas industries, solar energy and other industry dictionaries.

There are online dictionaries on the IPS Rambler - Dictionaries (http://www.rambler.ru/dict/). The choice of languages ​​on the portal is still small: English and German.

Now electronic dictionaries on personal pocket computers (SlovoED/Multilex, Abbyy Lingvo, Pocket Context, Absolute Word Roadlingua, Diet, VVS Dictionary, Pocket Multitran, Pocket Promt, etc.) are becoming more and more popular.

During the study of a foreign language, it is necessary not only to learn the rules of grammar, but also to master new vocabulary, to learn a certain stock of foreign words. At one of the stages of learning a new foreign language, you will definitely need to purchase a dictionary. And we note that many people buy an electronic dictionary and translator Ectaco er900 due to the fact that these devices have proven themselves well among people who seriously study foreign languages.

Using an electronic dictionary, from lesson to lesson, your vocabulary will be replenished with new words. There will be a need to write or speak in the target language. However, this will not always be easy to do, given the poor knowledge of vocabulary. In this case, a reliable assistant will be very useful, which at the right time will help you find the translation of the necessary word from your native language into a new one and vice versa.

What is an electronic dictionary (translator)?

Electronic dictionaries and electronic translators are special devices whose main purpose is to translate words or phrases from a foreign language into a native language or vice versa. Most of these devices translate one word at a time.
Some types of translators have a very convenient function - voicing the translated word or phrase in the required language. Both the dictionary and the translator work on a similar system. Each of them provides several translation options (depending on the meaning and scope of each specific concept).

More practical and useful are those translators and dictionaries that have a very wide vocabulary. Since in this case there is confidence that it will be possible to find the translation of the desired word. For example, if in English-Russian dictionary it is indicated that it contains 500 thousand words, which means that 250 thousand words are in English and 250 thousand words are in Russian.

Additional functions of computer dictionaries

Electronic dictionaries have the following advantages over printed dictionaries:

Simple and fast direct or reverse transfer.
Ability to create custom bookmarks.
Use of the dictionary in local and global networks.
Very high speed search for the desired word.
Availability multimedia support for semantization.
Hyperlink system.
Unlimited amount of stored information.
Ability to connect several dictionaries (by type and genre).
Quick search in several translators at the same time.
Cross-references for all available words in the dictionary.
Ability to search for words with inaccurate spelling.
Several entries in one dictionary: alphabetical index, entering a word or phrase from the keyboard, from a text editor, and others.
The ability to set search boundaries using keywords, thematic groups and so on.
Adding a dictionary and the ability to create your own dictionary.
Combination with Internet browser and other user programs.
Wide range of other useful information in the language being studied (phonetics, style, grammar).
Ability to save chronology and user search history.
Ability to combine the dictionary with a text editor.
Copying entries from the dictionary.

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Ministry of Education of the Republic of Belarus

Educational Institution "Grodno State University

named after Yanka Kupala"

Faculty of Philology

Department of Linguistics and Intercultural Communication

Course work

AdvantagesAndflawspaper and electronic dictionaries

Completed by a 3rd year student, 352

groups, specialty “English language. German"

Dolgovskaya Victoria Ivanovna

Scientific adviser: candidate of philological sciences, associate professor

Litvinovich Angelika Genrikhovna

Grodno 2013

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 1. FEATURES AND ADVANTAGES OF ELECTRONIC DICTIONARIES

1.1 Lexicography as language science

1.3 Electronic dictionaries

CHAPTER 2. FEATURES AND BENEFITS OF PAPER DICTIONARIES

2.1 Dictionary types

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

INTRODUCTION

At present, computers occupy an increasingly significant place not only among programmers and engineers, but also among a wide variety of users, including linguists, translators and specialists in need of prompt translation of foreign language information. In this regard, computer dictionaries are a very convenient handy tool in order to save time and optimize the process of understanding foreign language information. In addition, now there are translation programs that can produce a more or less adequate translation of foreign texts and can be of help in the work of specialists in various fields. This work is devoted to the study of these problems, as well as the analysis of some linguistic software products aimed at automating the translation process.

This research topic can be considered quite relevant, since the history of development and implementation in everyday life personal computers is hardly more than fifteen years old. This topic acquires particular relevance, given the fact that at the present time Belarus is increasingly integrating into the international community and that, along with economic and political barriers, language barriers largely prevent this. At the same time, there are not so many professional translators who are able and willing to carry out such a process of community communication in all spheres of science and culture, which results in the fact that their services are not cheap. Therefore, right now, it is especially relevant to find ways to automate the process of human translation as much as possible, in order, on the one hand, to make the hard work of a human translator as easy as possible, and on the other hand, to make this work as efficient as possible. This can be done only by maximally integrating the efforts of specialists in the fields of cybernetics, programming, psychology, and, most importantly, linguistics. The object of our study is electronic and paper dictionaries, and the subject is the features and disadvantages of dictionaries.

The purpose of our study is to find out the advantages and disadvantages of electronic dictionaries.

The goal set dictates the following tasks:

- Consider and analyze the main characteristics of electronic and paper dictionaries;

Learn the definition of electronic and paper dictionary;

- Explore the use of dictionaries in the translation process;

Consider the pros and cons of Muller's Russian-English Dictionary;

Make a conclusion about the topic.

To solve the tasks, the following research methods were used:

The method of analysis and synthesis, with the help of which the theoretical material on the topic under study was collected and summarized, as well as the results of the study were summed up;

The method of continuous material sampling by which the material was selected

Observation Method

CHAPTER 1 FEATURES AND BENEFITS OF ELECTRONIC DICTIONARIES

1.1 Lexicography as a science of language

There is, however, another point of view on lexicography. Its supporters believe that lexicography is not just a technique, not just a practical activity in compiling dictionaries, and not even an art, but an independent scientific discipline that has its own subject of study (dictionaries of various types), its own scientific and methodological principles, its own theoretical problems. , its place among other sciences of language.

For the first time this point of view on lexicography was clearly expressed by the well-known Soviet linguist Academician L. V. Shcherba. In the preface to the Russian-French dictionary (1936), he wrote: “I consider it extremely wrong that our qualified linguists treat dictionary work with disdain, due to which almost none of them have ever done it (in the old days it was done for pennies by random amateurs). , who had absolutely no special training) and thanks to which she received such an absurd name "compilation" of dictionaries. And indeed, our linguists, and even more so our "compilers" of dictionaries overlooked that this work should have a scientific character and in no way consist in a mechanical comparison of some ready-made elements.

Developing the provisions put forward in 1936, L.V. Shcherba published an article in 1940 (which later became widely known abroad), in which he began to develop the main theoretical questions of lexicography using a large amount of factual material. L.V. Shcherba thought of writing several articles (sketches, as he called them) on general theory lexicography, in which he intended to discuss such important issues as the main types of dictionaries, the nature of the word, the meaning and use of the word, the construction of a dictionary entry in connection with the semantic, grammatical and stylistic analysis of the word, etc. However, premature death prevented the implementation of this plan. L.V. Shcherba wrote only the first sketch, “Basic Types of Dictionaries,” which began with the following now well-known proposition: “One of the first questions of lexicography is, of course, the question of different types of dictionaries. It is based on a number of theoretical oppositions, which must be revealed. Since then, the thesis that lexicography is not only the practice of compiling dictionaries, but also a theoretical scientific discipline, has firmly become one of the starting points of the Soviet lexicographic school.

Here, however, one can ask the question: does the antinomy "science or art" have such a big turning point for lexicography? After all, it is clear that in both cases the compilation of dictionaries should be dealt with, because they are needed; You need a lot of good and different dictionaries. It should be answered with all certainty that this issue is of fundamental importance, and here's why.

What is science in general? What are its most important features? The main and most important features of science, any scientific discipline are the following: the presence of a system of knowledge and the need for their objective study. These two essential features are interconnected, closely intertwined, because only then can a system of knowledge adequate to reality be built when this reality is objectively studied. As applied to lexicography, it looks like this.

If we accept the thesis that lexicography is an art, then the doors open to a subjective understanding of the tasks and subject of lexicography, techniques and methods of its study, and a subjective solution of its problems. It is unlikely that such an approach will be fruitful and certainly not scientifically objective. If, however, we accept the thesis that lexicography is simply a technique for compiling dictionaries, a certain kind of purely practical activities, then it will be necessary to transfer to other sciences (lexicology, semantics, stylistics, etymology, etc.) the solution of all theoretical issues, and lexicography will only have to use turnkey solutions these sciences. It is unlikely that this will be fruitful, because other sciences of the language are not familiar enough with the state of affairs in lexicography. Consequently, they will solve the problems of lexicography from their own positions, from their own points of view, and therefore it will be detrimental to lexicography. Thus, the thesis that lexicography is a science is the only correct and most fruitful one. From this it follows that lexicography as a science has its own subject of study, its own special research methods, its structure, its place among other linguistic disciplines. [, 3s. 124].

Like any science, lexicography has two sides: scientific-theoretical and practical-applied. The first (theoretical lexicography) puts general theoretical problems and working on their solution. The second (practical lexicography) deals directly with the compilation of dictionaries of various types based on theoretical solutions to the main problems. Of course, the division of lexicography into two parts is highly arbitrary. These two aspects of lexicography always go together, they are interconnected: a theoretical lexicographer cannot engage in naked theorizing without working on specific material, without participating in some kind of practical lexicographic work; and, conversely, no practical lexicographer can immerse himself only in his purely empirical work, without knowing the latest problems of lexicography as a science. Nevertheless, the fundamental distinction between the two sides of lexicography is extremely important.

From the above, we can conclude that the term "lexicography" currently has three meanings: 1) a science, more precisely, a special area of ​​linguistics that studies the principles of compiling dictionaries of various types; 2) the practice of vocabulary itself, i.e. compilation of dictionaries; 3) a set of dictionaries of a given language.

Being a part of the science of language, lexicography is closely related to such linguistic disciplines as lexicology, semantics, stylistics, etymology, phonology, etc. Lexicography has common problems with these disciplines. Sometimes she uses the results of their research, and often ahead of them in solving some problems.

Thus, gradually, step by step, lexicography takes shape as an independent linguistic discipline, becoming equal among other linguistic sciences.

1.2 Using dictionaries in the translation process

“Who will name a child by the right name,” Shakespeare said. The torment of a translator and the torment of an editor is largely associated with the choice of the “right name” for a word, phrase, idiom, foreign reality, and much, much more. A right choice The right word, the "right name" for a word in the source language is largely determined by the ability - and art - to work with a dictionary, more precisely - with dictionaries.

A distinctive feature of all modern lexicography is the synthesis of philology and culture in the broad sense of the word. A significant part of the culture of any nation is realized through its language, and the language in all its richness is fixed, first of all, in the dictionary.

Awareness of the special role of the dictionary as a conductor of culture and the key to it led to an unprecedented surge in lexicographic activity in post-war Europe and America.

With regard to translation and editing practice, we will mainly focus on linguistic dictionaries, although encyclopedic dictionaries (primarily terminological dictionaries) also play a significant role in the translation and editorial preparation of many special materials. Since the main object of the description of a linguistic dictionary is a word - a unit of language that can be characterized from a variety of sides (from the side of semantic structure, stylistic relatedness, origin, etc.), there are, as mentioned earlier, Various types and types of dictionaries. They are determined mainly by two factors: the composition and the number of explained words, i.e. dictionary dictionary; nature of the explanation of the meaning of the word.

When translating a work of fiction, scientific, educational and reference literature and preparing it for editorial publication, the dictionary is inevitably the main tool of the translator and editor.

It goes without saying that a bilingual translation dictionary is the most important assistant, a tool for a translator and editor. Domestic lexicography has accumulated extensive experience in compiling such dictionaries.

However, it should be noted that not all specialists - translators and editors - preparing texts for publication are in the same position. Translators from French and Italian, for example, do not have such a thorough and detailed reference book at their disposal. In addition, bilingual translation dictionaries do not always contain all the contextual meanings required by the translator. This implies the need to refer to explanatory monolingual dictionaries of the source language.

In some cases, it is recommended to resort to the help of a thesaurus - a dictionary that most fully reflects the layers of vocabulary that relate to certain areas of human knowledge. Such a dictionary is, for example, Roget's Thesaurus of English Words and Phrases, which includes six sections: abstract relations; space; matter; intellect; will; feelings.

The need to resort to the use of explanatory dictionaries of the source language, the target language and thesaurus dictionaries in the process of translation and editing is also dictated by the fact that a bilingual translation dictionary does not always give a specific contextual meaning of a word, and this meaning can be determined through the meanings of the nearest synonyms offered by explanatory dictionaries . But even the meanings of the nearest synonyms will not be able to exhaust all the potential possible meanings of the word. However, the more normative meanings of a word the translator and editor could determine, the easier it becomes to find a specific contextual meaning.

In the work of a translator and editor, it is impossible to overestimate the importance of special terminological dictionaries. Being a kind of encyclopedic dictionary, a terminological dictionary explains the terms of any specialty. The most valuable, expensive and least common are bilingual terminological dictionaries, where the terms of one language are explained by the terms of another language (let us name the Big English-Russian Polytechnical Dictionary and the English-Russian Dictionary of Printing and Publishing as examples). The tasks of a terminological dictionary (in particular, a multilingual one) do not include the grammatical, stylistic or other linguistic characteristics of the words and phrases that make up the vocabulary of the dictionary. The vocabulary of a terminological dictionary (as a type of encyclopedic dictionary) is fundamentally different from the vocabulary of a linguistic dictionary: as a rule, it includes only nouns or phrases with nouns.

1.3 Electronic dictionaries

An electronic dictionary is a dictionary in a computer or other electronic device.

Allows you to quickly find the right word, often taking into account morphology and the ability to search for phrases (examples of use), as well as the ability to change the direction of translation (for example, English-Russian or Russian-English).

In the traditional approach, the minimum unit of access is a token (the name of a dictionary entry): we need to read the entire entry to determine if it contains the answer to our query. For dictionaries such as Oxford, this presents a serious problem. For example, the verb "set" has only 400 basic meanings there (and many of them have sub-meanings).

The user would like the dictionary to localize relevant information as much as possible. At the same time, we are not talking about the automatic selection of a translation equivalent (if we are talking about a translation dictionary). The specificity of the dictionary answer is that it provides very diverse information about a word or phrase, and not just a translation match, involves the user's active choice from several possible well-founded alternatives.

However, an attempt to solve the problem of an adequate response of the dictionary to a request inevitably runs into resistance from the dictionary material itself, transferred from a paper dictionary. But, of course, the most important advantage of good electronic dictionaries is the simultaneous search not only by the name of the dictionary entry, but also by the entire huge volume of dictionaries, which is simply unrealistic in a paper version. Such a search creates a multi-dimensional portrait of the word, while extracting from the depths of the dictionary entry not only specific examples of its use and set expressions in which the word occurs, but also exposed, the language laws that obey the rules of word formation become apparent. Even a mobile electronic dictionary cannot reflect all the momentary movements of the language, but it can provide the key to decipher and understand these changes, making the user a co-author of the lexicographer. What is very important when an accurate semantic translation is required, because this is not a task of choosing the right expression, but in a broad sense, displaying one culture using the language of another.

In fact, many dictionaries that were formed in the linguistic atmosphere of the middle of the century are very outdated. They do not indicate the modern meanings of old words, and many new words are simply missing. Literally transferring such dictionaries to computers is futile. This has become particularly evident with the development of the Internet: most of the Web pages consist of English texts written in a living modern language, with abundant use of colloquial vocabulary and slang. It is unlikely that any of the existing English-Russian dictionaries can answer this challenge. Only electronic dictionaries can solve this problem.

Most of the "paper" dictionaries are focused on a person who reads in a foreign language, that is, a person who finds "supporting" words in a text that he does not understand, helping to build a common semantic picture. The person "writing", in addition to knowing all the words used, must clearly understand how these words are combined with each other, what prepositions are used, whether there are stable expressions that convey the necessary meaning.

We came to the conclusion that, as a result of the accumulation of new means of communication, the concept of "dictionary" began to be interpreted broadly. It began to include audio, video, recordings, etc., that is, an unconventional approach to learning was formed. The dictionary began to be considered as one of the varieties of a document that can exist in any form and on any material medium.

CHAPTER 2. FEATURES AND ADVANTAGES OF PAPER DICTIONARIES

2.1 Dictionary types

The existing types of dictionaries are varied. This diversity is explained, first of all, by the complexity and multidimensionality of the very object of the lexicographic description, i.e., the language. In addition, the numerous needs of society in obtaining a wide variety of information about the language also complicate and expand the repertoire of dictionaries. There is practically no way to give in one dictionary all, to one degree or another, comprehensive information about the language, which would equally satisfy the whole society as a whole and its individual layers and particulars. That is why in any national lexicography we find dozens or even hundreds of dictionaries of various types.

The division of dictionaries into types occurs, as classifiers say, for various reasons: depending on the purpose of the dictionary, its volume, the order of words in it, the object of description, etc. Many of these points overlap each other, combining in the dictionary of one and of the same type, others stand apart, serving as the basis for dictionaries of a completely different type. There are translation, explanatory, dialect and regional dictionaries, dictionaries of slang, historical, neologisms, etymological, popular expressions and many others. It should be noted that in the science of language there is still no generally accepted typology of dictionaries, although attempts to create one have been made by many linguists, in particular L. V. Shcherba, P. N. Denisov, B. Kemada, Ya. Malkil, L. Zgustoy and others.

First of all, it is necessary to distinguish between linguistic and non-linguistic dictionaries. The former collect and describe lexical units of the language (words and phraseological units) from one point of view or another. A special subtype of linguistic dictionaries is the so-called ideographic dictionaries, going from the concept (idea) to the expression of this concept in a word or phrase. In non-linguistic dictionaries, lexical units (in particular, terms, single-word and compound, and proper names) serve only as a starting point for communicating certain information about objects and phenomena of extralinguistic reality. There are also intermediate varieties of dictionaries. In addition, any dictionary can be classified as either "general" or "special".

Examples of general linguistic dictionaries are ordinary explanatory and translation dictionaries, covering, with varying degrees of completeness, all the vocabulary that is in common use. A special linguistic dictionary develops one area of ​​vocabulary, sometimes quite wide (for example, a phraseological dictionary, a dictionary of foreign words), sometimes quite narrow (for example, a dictionary of personal names given to newborns). A general non-linguistic dictionary is a general encyclopedia (for example, TSB - Big Soviet Encyclopedia). A special non-linguistic dictionary is a special (industry) encyclopedia (medical, legal, etc.) or short dictionary one or another (usually narrower) field of knowledge, or a biographical dictionary of figures in a particular industry (writers, artists, etc.), or a particular country (a reference dictionary of the “Who is who” type). .

Explanatory dictionaries. An explanatory dictionary is such a dictionary, the main task of which is the interpretation of the meanings of words (and phraseological units) of any language by means of this language itself. Interpretation is given by a logical definition of the conceptual meaning (for example, to heat up - to heat up to a very high temperature; a record holder is an athlete who has set a record), through the selection of synonyms (intrusive - annoying, intrusive) or in the form of indicating a grammatical relationship to another word (covering is an action according to the meaning of the verbs to cover and hide behind). In some explanatory dictionaries, the meanings of words are revealed, if necessary, with the help of drawings. Emotional, expressive and stylistic connotations are indicated by means of special labels (“disapproved”, “contempt”, “joking”, “ironic”, “bookish”, “colloquial”, etc.). Separate meanings, as needed and possible (depending on the volume of the dictionary), are illustrated with examples - typical combinations in which the given word is involved (for example, the iron is hot, the atmosphere is hot - where the verb already appears in a figurative sense: “it has become tense”), or (especially in larger dictionaries) quotations from authoritative writers. As a rule, explanatory dictionaries also give a grammatical description of the word, indicating with the help of special marks the part of speech, the grammatical gender of the noun, the type of the verb, etc. grammatical forms of the given word. To some extent, the pronunciation of the word is also indicated (for example, in Russian explanatory dictionaries - stress), sometimes various other, additional information is reported. .

Usually explanatory dictionaries are dictionaries of the modern literary language. Some of them are strictly normative in nature, i.e., they select only facts that fully correspond to the literary norm, recommend these facts as the only “correct” ones, and cut off everything that even slightly deviates towards vernacular. A typical example can serve as an academic dictionary of the French language (Dictionnaire de I "Academie Française). Many other explanatory dictionaries are characterized by a broader understanding of the literary language and, accordingly, the inclusion of colloquial and even colloquial vocabulary in the dictionary (except for narrow regional, dialect, highly professional and purely This type includes academic dictionaries of the Russian language - the 17-volume Dictionary of the Modern Russian Literary Language of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1950-1965) and the 4-volume Dictionary of the Russian Language (1957-1961), and also the one-volume Dictionary of the Russian Language by S. I. Ozhegov (9th revision and additional edition, edited by N. Yu. Shvedova 1972), which is very useful for practical purposes, and the earlier Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language "A team of authors edited by D. N. Ushakov (4 volumes, 1935--1940). Of particular importance for Russian lexicography is, of course, the 17-volume academic Dictionary of the Modern Russian Literary Language. It includes more than 120 thousand words. In 1970 he was awarded the Lenin Prize.

Of a different nature is the famous, reprinted more than once "Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language" by V.I. this vocabulary and abundance of folk expressions is still unsurpassed. It includes about 200 thousand words of the literary language and dialects. Since 1965, the Dictionary of Russian Folk Dialects began to be published under the editorship of F.P. Filin, which presents the dialect vocabulary and phraseology of all Russian dialects of the 19th-20th centuries.

The main task of the explanatory dictionary is to interpret the meaning of words and their use in speech, to distinguish between right and wrong, to show the connection of words with language styles, to give the reader information about the features of case, generic, voice, aspect and other grammatical forms of the word; along the way, it indicates how words are written and pronounced.

Explanatory dictionaries, as a rule (but not always), turn out to be normative, i.e. explaining words in accordance with the requirements of literary and linguistic norms (a norm in relation to a language is a rule developed with the participation of literature and accepted by society as a mandatory rule governing the use of a word in speech, its spelling, pronunciation and stress). So, all the listed explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language are normative, with the exception of V.I. Dahl.

Translation dictionaries. Explanatory dictionaries are opposed by translation dictionaries, most often bilingual (say, Russian-English and English-Russian), and sometimes multilingual. In translation dictionaries, instead of interpreting the meanings in the same language, translations of these meanings into another language are given, for example, get heated - become heated, importunate - importunate, troublesome. Depending on whether the dictionary is intended as a guide when reading (listening) to a text in a foreign language, or as a guide when translating from one's native language into a foreign one, it is desirable to build it in different ways. Thus, a Russian-English dictionary for the English may provide less information in the "right" (ie, English) part than a Russian-English dictionary intended for Russians provides. For example, when translating a Russian appeal, an English dictionary can simply list all possible English equivalents (address, appeal; conversion; treatment, circulation, etc.), since the Englishman knows the semantic differences between these English words; in the dictionary for Russians, it will be necessary to indicate that address and appeal are ʻappeal to ...', moreover, appeal is ʻappeal' in the sense of 'call'; that conversion is "conversion", etc., that treatment is "treatment with...", "treatment with someone", a circulation "circulation of goods, money, etc."; in addition, you will have to indicate with what prepositions these English nouns are used, even indicate the place of stress, that is, provide the English equivalents with many explanations that will help to use them correctly when translating the text with the word address from native Russian into foreign English. It is clear that in the English-Russian dictionary the picture will change accordingly. In a dictionary designed for Russians, the Russian part will be less detailed, but in a dictionary intended for English, you will have to indicate in detail the differences in the meanings and use of Russian equivalents, provide them with grammatical marks, indicate stress, etc. A good translation dictionary should contain also stylistic marks and highlight cases where the translating equivalent is stylistically inaccurate. Translation of words is always a great difficulty, because the volume of the meaning of a word in different languages ​​often does not coincide, figurative meanings in each language develop in their own way. So, in Russian, sleep means both “sleep” (a state of sleep) and “dream”, and in Czech the first corresponds to spanek, and the second - sen, similarly in English they distinguish between sleep and dream, slumber; in German Schlaf and Traum. On the contrary, the difference between the verbs go and go, which is important for the Russian language, will not be reflected in the translation into Bulgarian, where there will be a common verb ida, idvam, and French, where arriver - both go and go, etc.

Translation dictionaries can be bilingual (Russian-French, English-Russian, etc.) and multilingual. The latter include the Dictionary in Seven Languages ​​(French-German-English-Italian-Spanish-Portuguese-Dutch-Russian) compiled by A. and V. Popov, published in 1902. Theoretical and practical value there are very few such dictionaries. Much more important are multilingual special dictionaries that translate any industry terminology into a number of languages, for example, the “Pocket Russian-English-French-Italian-Danish and Norwegian-Latvian Marine Dictionary” published in Russia in 1881. Recently, brief multilingual dictionaries with a selection of the most common words and expressions have become quite widespread. An example is the “Slavic Phrasebook”, released in Sofia in 1961. It contains greetings (“Hello!”, etc.), warnings (“Beware!”, etc.), words for conversation in everyday topics at a party, in a store, at the post office, etc. in Russian, Serbo-Croatian, Bulgarian, Polish and Czech. Multilingual dictionaries may have different targets. So, in the 18th and early 19th centuries, “language catalogs” were distributed, where given word all known translations into any languages ​​were selected; later this type became narrower and more practical, combining translations either into a group of related languages ​​or into a group of languages ​​of the same geographical area in aid of tourism and travel.

To general dictionaries, we also include dictionaries that consider (in principle) the entire vocabulary, but from a specific point of view. Such, in particular, are word-building (derivational) dictionaries that indicate the division of words into their constituent elements, i.e. give information about the morphological composition of the word. An example is the “School word-formation dictionary” by Z.A. Quiet (1964). Further etymological dictionaries (of one language or a group of related languages) containing information about the origin and initial motivation of words. Brief etymological dictionaries are usually limited to giving for each word one etymology, which seems to the author of the dictionary the most probable. In larger and more solid dictionaries, as a rule, correspondences in related languages ​​are given and "controversies" are stated, that is, disputes of scientists regarding the etymology of certain words, brief summaries of the proposed hypotheses and their critical assessment are given. It is customary to include in etymological dictionaries words whose etymology remains unclear (in these cases they indicate “unclear”). Derivatives and compound words, the motivation of which is obvious, are either not included in the etymological dictionary at all, or the main ones are listed to illustrate the word-formation activity of the generating word, or in cases where the derivatives reflect connections with some older meanings lost by the generating word . An example of etymological dictionaries is the "Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language" by A. Preobrazhensky, "Russisches etymologisches Wörterbuch" by M. Fasmer, which since 1966 began to appear in Russian translation. For practical purposes, the “Concise Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language” by N.M. Shansky, V.V. Ivanova and T.V. Shanskaya. .

Etymological dictionaries should be distinguished from historical dictionaries, which, in turn, are represented by two varieties. Some of them aim to trace the evolution of each word and its individual meanings over the recorded history of the respective language, usually up to the present (or some part of this history, also up to the present). Examples of dictionaries of this type are the "big Oxford Dictionary" of the English language, German dictionaries - started by the brothers Grimm and G. Paul's dictionary, the big dictionary of the Swedish Academy and some others. The second type of historical dictionaries should include dictionaries of ancient periods of the history of the corresponding language, for example, “Materials for a Dictionary of the Old Russian Language” (in three volumes) by the philologist and ethnographer Izm. Iv. Sreznevsky, published in 1893-1903, and additions to it in 1912, as well as dictionaries of individual writers of the past (including the recent past) or even individual monuments.

The forerunners of historical dictionaries were alphabet books, lexicons and so-called near-text dictionaries: they were placed right next to the texts and they explained the words of only a particular given text. L. V. Shcherba once characterized the essence of the historical dictionary as follows: “A historical dictionary in the full sense of this term would be such a dictionary that would give the history of all words over a certain period of time, and would indicate not only the emergence of new words and new meanings, but also their dying off, as well as their modification.

Acquaintance with historical (as well as with etymological) dictionaries allows you to find out the history of words and expressions of the modern language, to look into their "biography". So, for example, by opening the dictionary of I. I. Sreznevsky, you can find out that such modern words with the same root and similar in meaning as worker, worker, worker (about a person) go back to the word slave, having undergone a long evolution in their meanings. Now the former connection with the word slave of these and other single-root words is not directly realized by anyone, for example: work - slavery, captivity ... (vol. 3, p. 2 of the specified dictionary); work, work - be in slavery, in captivity ... (vol. 3, p. 4); worker - slave, slave ... (vol. 3, p. 5); worker - servant, slave ...; worker - related to slavery ...; slave - servant, slave ... (vol. 3, p. 5), etc. These and other words with the same root are provided with examples from ancient written monuments.

Another kind of historical dictionary is the writer's dictionary. The dictionary of a writer or a separate monument must be exhaustive, i.e., it must a) include absolutely all the words used in the writings (also in surviving letters, etc.) of this writer and b) indicate all the forms of these words encountered. Typically, such a dictionary not only illustrates with quotes from the text all the highlighted meanings and shades of meanings, but also gives the "addresses" of all uses of the word (for example, volume, page, line for each use case). If a dictionary is built in this way not by one writer, but by a whole period in the history of a language, such a dictionary turns out to be exhaustive for this period, or the so-called "thesaurus". good example Dictionary of the language of Pushkin (vols. 1-4, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, M, 1956-1961) can serve as a writer's dictionary; dictionaries of Shakespeare, Goethe and other great writers have been created abroad. Such dictionaries are needed by science in order to be able to more fully and correctly understand how the so-called language develops. fiction, i.e. the style of the common literary language that serves artistic creativity, word art. First of all, dictionaries are compiled based on the works of the most prominent writers and poets of national importance in the development of culture.

Finally, there is a type of universal dictionaries, both explanatory and encyclopedic, also including etymological and historical references, sometimes the most important material of foreign-language quotations, and supplied with drawings when necessary. These are various "Larousse dictionaries" (named after the French publisher who organized the release of such dictionaries), in particular "Big Larousse", "Small Larousse", etc.; English "Webster's dictionaries" (after the first compiler of these dictionaries), for example, Webster "s Third New International Dictionary (Springfield. Mass., 1961), and other publications and revisions, including even pocket ones; adjoins this type in the well-known meaning and Hornby's explanatory dictionary.

2.2 Muller's Russian-English Dictionary

Peculiarities

Now I would like to dwell on the most important features of this dictionary, which you should know in order to use it in the translation process.

Muller's dictionary is compiled according to the alphabetic-nesting system. Word combinations and phraseology are given inside the dictionary entry under the pivotal word, while compound and derivative words, as well as prefix formations, are given as separate entries in alphabetical order.

Such a system leads in some cases to the so-called "alphabetic break", which must be taken into account when searching for words in a dictionary. For example, some compound words with the first element go are separated from this verb article by a number of "foreign" words: go - goad - goaf - go-ahead - goal - goalee - goalkeeper - go-as-you-please - goat...

A dictionary entry in Muller's dictionary consists of:

1. Heading word or vocable;

2. Phonetic transcription of the word;

3. Grammar marks (part of speech);

4. Marks on the origin or scope of the word (Amer., Spanish, Russian, tech., Mor.);

5. Stylistic marks (colloquial, bookish, poetic, rude);

6. Translation of the word into Russian.

Stylistic marks in Muller's dictionary are given very rarely, since usually the stylistic affiliation of the word is reflected in translations.

(rhombus). For example, in the article of the verb If the article contains phraseology, then phraseological units are not distributed according to the individual meanings of the word, but are given at the end of the article after the pull sign, which has 13 meanings: to pull the strings - to press secret springs; to pull one "s weight - do your share of the work; to pull anchor - anchor, etc.

Looking for a suitable translation of a word in a bilingual dictionary, a translator may encounter the following typical cases:

1. The dictionary gives the only Russian match to the searched word, i.e. dictionary equivalent;

2. The dictionary gives several variant matches, from which you need to choose one that is most suitable in this context;

3. The dictionary does not give such a meaning of this English word that would be acceptable in this context.

Of course, the English word you are looking for may not be in the dictionary at all. Most often, this is a new word that has not yet been included in this dictionary.

The translator is in the most advantageous position if there is an equivalent translation. In general, about 30% of all words in Muller's dictionary are represented by Russian equivalents, i.e. single matches that do not depend on the context. However, one should not overestimate the testimony of the dictionary and consider them in all cases undeniable.

The dictionary deals primarily with words, not their individual forms. Therefore, each form of a grammatically inflected word, if it is not specifically distinguished as its given form, is, so to speak, a representative of the entire word as a whole, of the totality of its grammatical forms. So, for example, the form is named. singular case. the number horse represents the whole word as a whole, with all its grammatical forms: horse, horse, horse, horses, etc.; likewise, the English horse (horse) usually acts as a representative of the entire set of grammatical forms of this word: horse, horse "s, horses, horses". Usually, the translated Russian word and English word, which is its translation, are given, if possible, in forms that correspond to each other to the extent that in general, between the forms of Russian and English, some general correspondences. More particular, special relationships between Russian and English forms, of course, cannot be reflected in the dictionary: they can only be determined on the basis of knowledge of grammar. Thus, although the dictionary takes into account, if possible, the correspondence between Russian and English grammatical forms, and when translating known phraseological combinations, individual particular correspondences are also taken into account, nevertheless, one should not always use only the grammatical design of the word that is given it in the dictionary, but you need to apply your knowledge of grammar and, in certain cases, make some grammatical changes in the proposed translation. This applies, in particular, to translations of whole phrases or phrases, where the word order given in the translation or the tense of the verb used in it may often be unsuitable for a particular context. The introduction of various additional grammatical information into the dictionary greatly complicated the work of compiling it, as a result of which, of course, it was not possible to avoid a number of errors in relation to the accepted system.

CONCLUSION

It is too difficult to say how a person translates - and even more difficult to model this process using computer program. It is all the more difficult to do this, given that a person thinks in images, and it is impossible in principle to teach a computer this (at least at the current level of computer development).

Take, for example, the indefinite article "a". If a person with a certain baggage of linguistic knowledge is told the phrase "indefinite article" a ", several images instantly appear in his mind - starting from the sound form of this article and ending with the image of indefiniteness, whatever this image may be for this person. However, even for the most modern computer system the phrase "the indefinite article "a" denotes only a sequence of two hundred to eight ones and zeros, constituting the binary equivalent of the literal value "the indefinite article" a ". Therefore, it is in principle impossible to teach a computer to independently carry out an adequate translation of texts on this stage development. The language is figurative and does not lend itself to full algorithmization, and therefore the problem of complete automation of translation is reduced to the following problem: to teach a machine to think and operate with images - and this problem is already in the field of artificial intelligence problems, the creation of which is still something from the realm of fantasy.

Another thing is that already now we can use the achievements of science and technology to facilitate the work of a person in all spheres of his activity. Of course, the applicability of computers may be more relevant in some places, and less so in others. Nevertheless, computers are applicable everywhere, moreover, the level of their applicability is constantly growing. This is also true for automating the translation process. If machines cannot yet carry out adequate translation on their own, then they are quite capable of serving as a serious help to the translator. With their proper use, the efficiency of translation can increase several times, and the quality of translation will not decrease, but, on the contrary, will increase (take, for example, the same Translation Memory systems).

Thus, speaking about the most promising ways of developing translation automation systems, one should probably focus on what is feasible on this moment, that is, on the creation of more efficient electronic dictionaries with the most efficient search and indexing mechanism, with the most integrated system of dictionary entries. If we take into account the development of Machine Translation systems, then the most promising direction here will be the improvement of the subsystems of grammatical analysis and synthesis, as well as an increase in the scope of the contextual coverage of the text and the improvement of semantic chains in order to more accurately select the meanings of words.

electronic dictionary translation

REFERENCES

1. Vladimir Samusenko, "An electronic dictionary is a man's friend" 2/24/1999, Computer at school, #2/1999;

2. G. G. Belonogov, Yu. G. Zelenkov, "B. A. Kuznetsov, A. P. Novoselov, Alexander A. Khoroshilov, Aleksey A. Khoroshilov. Automation of compiling and maintaining dictionaries for systems of phraseological machine translation of texts from Russian language into English and from English into Russian, Collection "Scientific and technical information", Series 2, 12, VINITI, 1993;

3. G. G. Belonogov, Yu. G. Zelenkov, "B. A. Kuznetsov, A. P. Novoselov, N. A. Pashchenko, Alexander A. Khoroshilov, Alexey A. Khoroshilov. Interactive system of Russian-English and English - Russian machine translation of polythematic scientific and technical texts, Collection "Scientific and technical information", Series 2, |3, VINITI, 1993.

4. ZM Shalyapina "AUTOMATIC TRANSLATION: EVOLUTION AND MODERN TRENDS" (Issues of Linguistics, 1996, No. 2, p.105-117);

Sergeev V.N. Dictionaries are our friends and helpers. - M.: Enlightenment,

1. Antrushina, G. B. Lexicology of the English language. English Lexicology: tutorial for students / G. B. Antrushina, O. V. Afanaseva, N. N. Morozova - in English. language - M .: Publishing house "Drofa", 1999. - 288 p.

2. Arnold, I.V. Stylistics. Modern English: Textbook for universities / I.V. Arnold. - M.: Flinta: Nauka, 2002. - 384 p.

3. Akhmanova, O.S. Euphemism / O.S. Akhmanova // Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary. - M., 1990. - S. 592

4. Bell, R.T. Sociolinguistics /R.T.Bell - M.: International relationships, 1980. - 318s.

5. Large illustrated dictionary of foreign words. - M.: Russian dictionaries, Astrel, AST, 2003. - S. 594.

6. Green J. Bloomsburry Dictionary of New Words. - M.: Veche, Perseus. 2000

7. . Linguistics, New words in English, Rice University - 2006

8. . The Oxford Dictionary of New Words (Paperback) by Sara Tulloch, Elizabeth Knowles, Julia Elliott, 2006

9. . Urdang L. Dictionary of Difficult Words. - M.: Veche, Perseus. 2006

10. . Green J. Bloomsburry Dictionary of New Words. - M.: Veche, Perseus. 2000

eleven. . Linguistics, New words in English, Rice University - 2006

12. . The Oxford Dictionary of New Words (Paperback) by Sara Tulloch, Elizabeth Knowles, Julia Elliott, 2006

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