The essence of ethics. ethical standards and principles of business communication

civil servants

Russian statehood is currently at a difficult transitional stage of development. On the one hand, democratic reforms are being carried out, economic relations, guarantees of observance of the rights and freedoms of man and citizen are expanding, and on the other hand, social relations are undergoing a transformation, which entails a change in the content of social norms as one of the main means of regulating the behavior and interaction of people.

Under these conditions, reform public service Russian Federation, the formation of the institution of public service, requiring the development of new social norms that would correspond to the imperatives of the present. At the same time, there are a number of problems that require deep reflection. One of these problems is the professional activity of civil servants, in the regulation of which social norms play an important role.

First, social norms are the basis for analysis social processes as in objects social management, and in its subjects, among which one of the most important places is occupied by the civil service.

Secondly, social regulation is an important factor in regulating the activities of the state apparatus. In recent years, these norms have been insufficiently influenced by the public service system, which contributes to the development of violations in it in the form of corruption, bureaucracy, oblivion of the interests of the citizen, the state and society, etc.

Thirdly, there is a need to study the mechanisms, the influence of social norms on the activities and behavior of subjects government controlled to use them in the process of reforming the civil service, the development of new legal norms as the most important direction of social regulation.

It should also be taken into account that in most countries that have carried out the most successful ethical reforms of the civil service, codes of conduct were initially considered as an element of the administrative ethics management system. Therefore, the development of ethical standards has always been consistent with such activities as, for example, the creation of a coordinating body endowed with the necessary functions to implement the standards of conduct.

Draft Code professional ethics and rules business conduct of civil servants of the Russian Federation, developed within the framework of the commission at the Public Chamber, contains the following ethical standards for the functioning of civil servants.

The moral duty of a civil servant should be: conscientious performance their duties, the desire to be diligent, organized, responsible and dedicated to their work, maintaining their qualifications at high level, knowledge and correct application in the sphere of their powers of the current legislation, normative legal acts, norms of morality and ethics.

Service ethics prohibits actions that violate the corporate activities of government employees. No less significant for the civil service are such qualities of employees as patriotism, citizenship, courage in counteracting anti-corruption or illegal behavior; loyalty, decency in official and personal relationships, honesty, responsibility, correctness, tolerance for other legal and moral positions, modesty, the ability to conduct a constructive dialogue and find expedient, rational solutions, incorruptibility, prudence in choosing the closest environment, moderation in material needs and disinterestedness .

A civil servant is obliged to share the ethical values ​​of modern democracy: freedom, equality before the law and the courts, understanding that the bearer of sovereignty and the source of power in Russia is its people; comply with the norms of professional ethics governing the official behavior of a civil servant in a certain official regulations in the sphere of managerial relations, observe state and service discipline.

The moral professional duty of a civil servant is: serving the whole society, each of its members, and not certain social groups or persons from the immediate environment; the priority of state interests over personal ones, since a civil servant is vested with power by society itself in the person of a multinational people to implement the functions of the state in the interests of society and the state, whose welfare is the highest criterion of efficiency and ultimate goal performance of each public servant.

A civil servant does not have the moral right to admit the possibility of ignoring or violating the requirements of the law, the norms of public morality, the interests of people, especially socially unprotected groups of the population, ethnic communities, the whole society, the state as a whole. Excluded at the level of moral prohibitions is the subordination of state interests to the personal interests of a civil servant, the private interests of other persons, social groups, causing damage to public and state interests. The moral duty of a civil servant is to observe the basic rules of morality.

A civil servant of all types of public service, along with legal responsibility for official omissions and abuse of official position, for violation of business conduct and professional ethics, bears moral responsibility in the form of corporate condemnation of colleagues, up to a negative assessment of the personal qualities of an employee by a manager and exclusion of career growth opportunities.

The moral and official duties of a civil servant is to achieve such a level of conscientious attitude to service, professionalism and competence, compliance with the requirements of state and service discipline, which ensure the effective implementation official duties as the most important component of the mechanism of public administration.

An element of the professional ethics of a civil servant should be a deep conviction that the recognition, observance and protection of human and civil rights and freedoms determine the meaning and content of the functioning of all public authorities and the performance of civil servants.

From the standpoint of professional ethics, the influence of personal, property, financial and other interests in the performance of official duties by a civil servant is unacceptable. moral basis official activity of civil servants is the creation of conditions that ensure the quality of life and the free development of a person. It is immoral to demand for civil servants a quality of life that is strikingly different from the living conditions of the majority of the country's population.

In the presence of conflict situation between the interests of the civil service and the interests of individuals, social groups and structures, a civil servant is obliged to be guided by the requirements of the law, socio-political and economic expediency, public interests, and the population's ideas about social justice and moral values.

A civil servant, according to his convictions, is obliged to be an internationalist, respect and show tolerance for the customs, traditions, religious beliefs of various nationalities, ethnic groups, religious denominations; take care of the state language of the Russian Federation and other languages ​​and dialects of the peoples of Russia, not allow discrimination on the grounds of nationality, race, sex, social status, age, religion.

Moral requirements for a civil servant go beyond the limits of his official activity. A civil servant, both in the performance of official duties and outside the service, must refrain from actions, statements, actions that are detrimental to authority government agency, legal status and moral character of a civil servant. Each civil servant is obliged to support and form in the public opinion of the population the image of a conscientious, humane, competent and honest employee of the state power apparatus.

A civil servant in any situation is obliged to maintain personal dignity, in best light represent the public authority in which he performs job responsibilities, to take care of his honor and good name, to avoid everything that may call into question his objectivity and fairness in dealing with official issues.

A civil servant cannot allow partiality in solving official matters, be free from influence public opinion and other ways of influence, from fear of criticism of his official activities, if he acts in accordance with the law, the principle of social justice, recognition and observance, protection and protection of the rights and freedoms of man and citizen, which is the direct duty of the state and every civil servant.

One of the moral obligations of a civil servant is political neutrality, which excludes the possibility of influencing and influencing his official activities by the decisions of political parties, social movements, religious and other public organizations.

A civil servant, endowed with organizational and administrative powers in relation to his subordinate civil servants, is morally responsible for their behavior and their compliance with the norms work ethics, rules of official conduct. He must be a model and role model in relation to the service, maintaining a favorable moral and psychological climate, observing the requirements of official ethics and etiquette, tact and correctness in communication, courtesy and delicacy in solving private problems of citizens who turned to the organization for help and assistance.

The spirit of “public service” must be the basis of the Code. And this spirit in itself will serve as a form of control over the behavior of civil servants. For example, taking an oath of allegiance to the principles of this Code before entering the civil service will warn the official against unethical acts, if not all the time of his service, then, in any case, for quite a long time. It is known that such symbols have a significant impact on human behavior.

It should be taken into account that the process of formation of state power structures is always socially differentiated, and the involvement in state activities of people authorized to imperatively implement state goals must be carried out with high quality.

The criterion of "bureaupathology" of civil servants is their attitude to the control of society over the activities of the apparatuses of executive authorities. According to this criterion, all employees of public authorities can be classified into two groups: employees of the state apparatus of democratic orientation and administrative orientation. Thus, only 14% of employees can be classified as democratically oriented (according to the survey data). At the same time, among employees of the apparatuses of federal ministries and departments, the share of society oriented towards democratic control over the state apparatus amounted to 11.5%, and among employees of the authorities of the constituent entities of the Federation - 15.5%. This indicates that the dominant type of management culture and significance on the scale of values ​​are the interests of the state, departments and the secondary interests of society, the individual, the protection of the rights and freedoms of the population.

Representatives of the “administrative orientation” tend to close the activities of the apparatus, intolerance towards the activities of the media to “alien” life ideals and opinions, tend to see the improvement of the work of the apparatus in solving traditional internal issues: planning, financing, reporting control, office work, etc.

Specified value orientations civil servants are a legacy of the administrative-command system of administration, and are also reproduced by everyday practice administration. "Bureaupathology" can be one of the factors in the alienation of power from society and exacerbation of social tension.

The introduction of official professional ethics and rules of business conduct for civil servants in Russia will serve the purpose of observing ethical norms and rules in the public service in the system of public relations.

§4. Codes of ethics and programs of conduct

civil servants

Ethical norms occupy a special position in the system of social rules and relations. On the one hand, they do not provide for such a rigid system social control for legally approved norms, such as the judicial system. On the other hand, ethical norms can significantly limit the personal freedom of a person, strictly regulating his actions, thoughts, feelings. The “engine” of the internal self-control system is such motives as self-affirmation, self-identification, social approval, etc.

IN modern society the role of informal codes based on moral principles and rules is growing. The main reasons are:

1. undermining one of the fundamental foundations of democracy, expressed in a drop in the level of public confidence in the state and state institutions;

2. complication social life, an increase in the intensity of changes, as a result - the inability to foresee all the consequences of a particular action in the system of legal norms;

3. a gradual, but steady and global shift from primitive social control to a more complex one (from external to internal, from physical to moral and psychological).

Codes (from lat. codex - book, code of laws) - a list of formal rules in society.

Codes of ethics are based on specific norms and principles of behavior. The Code of Ethics performs three main functions:

¾ reputation (image);

¾ managerial (organizational);

¾ development of professional culture.

Reputation (image) function of the Code is to build confidence in the civil service system on the part of external groups (citizens, organizations, public associations). The presence of a civil service code of ethics is becoming a global standard of public administration.

Managerial (organizational) function of the code consists in regulating the behavior of employees in difficult ethical situations. Improving the efficiency of officials' activities is carried out by:

2) regulation of priorities in interaction with significant external groups (protection of the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of citizens, organizations, the state);

3) determination of procedures and procedures for making decisions in difficult ethical situations;

4) indications of unacceptable forms of behavior that create a conflict of interest.

The value of the code of ethics for the development of professional culture employees is as follows:

¾ forms a certain image of service in public authorities, which distinguishes it from any other, for example, service in the business sector;

¾ is expressed in a sense of community (solidarity) of all employees performing the service;

¾ enhances the involvement of employees in the affairs of the service and devotion to it;

¾ enhances the system of social stability in organizations where the service is carried out.

¾ is the means by which the norms of behavior of employees are formed and controlled.

The special value of the code of ethics should also be emphasized as a document in which the main forms of the existence of professional values ​​in the civil service system are concentrated:

¾ ideals - ideas developed by the political leadership of the state about excellence in various manifestations and areas of functioning of the public service;

¾ the embodiment of these ideals in the activities of the civil service and the behavior of civil servants;

¾ internal motivational structures of the employee's personality, encouraging the embodiment of professional value ideals in their behavior and activities.

For the implementation of the designated functions in world practice, two versions of the ethical code have been formed:

2. deployed.

Declarative option code of ethics has been used since the beginning of the 20th century. for the presentation of ethical principles to employees of the offices of organizations, different in scale and profile of activity. At its core, the declarative version is basically an ideological part of the code without a clear regulation of the behavior of employees. It is assumed that in a particular situation, employees will be able to figure out how to behave, based on basic ethical principles. However, in many cases it is difficult to assess the ethical legitimacy of a particular act, based on general principles. Therefore, in order for the code to really work, the management of the organization resorts to the constant transmission of these principles through corporate rituals (wearing branded clothes, regular discussion of ethical issues, etc.). The declarative version of the code primarily solves the problems of developing an internal corporate culture. Most often, to solve specific managerial tasks in addition to the code, it is necessary to develop an additional package of organizational and administrative documents.

Expanded variant code of ethics has been spreading since the 80s. 20th century in Western countries with detailed regulation of the ethics of employee behavior. This code laid down specific rules of conduct in certain areas where the risk of violations was high or there were difficult ethical situations. In most organizations, such codes are developed not for the team, but primarily for higher and middle management personnel and are not a universal document that unites all employees.

It should be noted that there is no clear methodology for the development of an ethical code yet. An analysis of the content of various ethical codes leads to the conclusion that the basic principles of ethical codes are similar to each other. The content of the ethical code of an organization is determined, first of all, by its features, structure, development tasks, and the attitudes of its leaders.

As a rule, codes contain two parts:

Introductory (preamble), sometimes it is called the ideological part (mission, goals, values);

Regulatory (list of principles and standards of service behavior).

At the same time, the ideological part may not be included in the content of the ethical code.

Introductory (ideologized) part reveals the goals and objectives of creating and adopting an ethical code. Since these documents define the rules that the employees of the organization must follow, the preamble includes ethical values, principles and standards, which are the indispensable goal of the organization's activities. Values ​​characterize the ideal that the organization strives for: trust, loyalty and devotion, respect, the desire to avoid conflict, as well as innovation in the team, continuous improvement of work and satisfaction of the needs of service consumers.

In the normative part of the ethical code ethical principles and standards (norms) of behavior of employees are developed.

Under principles is understood as the fundamental idea, the initial (guiding) beginning, fixed in the prescribed manner.

These principles must be applied in everyday management decisions by all members of the organization and can be used to regulate behavior in professional activities; accountability; workplace safety; confidence in the implementation of interaction with consumers of services; balance between transparency and openness and confidentiality; public relations; participation in political activity; prohibition of harassment and discrimination.

Then norms (standards, rules) of behavior based on accepted values ​​and principles are developed.

Under norms understood general rules behaviors emanating from and protected by an organization or state that provide participants with public relations legal rights and impose legal obligations on them, in the sense that their execution is mandatory for all employees of the administrative apparatus, including managers.

At the same time, the most typical issues developed in ethical codes were the responsibility and punishment of employees for the following violations:

1. offering a bribe and agreeing to accept it;

2. advice to give or accept a bribe;

3. acceptance of expensive gifts;

4. making decisions or participating in decisions that are in the personal interest;

5. intransigence in conflicts of interest;

6. personal behavior that has harmed citizens, organizations, the state;

7. conducting illegal political activities;

8. direct or indirect use of inside information;

9. unethical behavior.

Codes should reflect as fully as possible the real situation and the specifics of the organization in which they are adopted. According to the results of the research, it was revealed that the content of most ethical codes can be represented by three main provisions:

1. employees must be loyal to their organization, put its good above personal;

2. in private life, employees do not have the right to take actions that are potentially dangerous for the organization;

3. employees must behave in a precautionary and ethical manner towards citizens (customers).

Consider the practice general order development and approval of an ethical code in the organization. This order includes three independent stages.

The first stage (design). Development of a draft code focusing on the purpose and values ​​of the guidelines and policy documents, as well as the ethical issues within the organization. To do this, work is carried out in two directions:

¾ codes of other organizations and features of their application are analyzed;

¾ defines the core values ​​and goals of the organization and the most relevant areas of application of the code in the organization.

Second stage (discussion). Discussion of the draft code in the team and collection of proposals for finalizing the text of the code and the system for its implementation. Since the code is a new document for the organization, then at the second stage, work is carried out in the following three areas:

explaining to employees the meaning, meaning and scope of the code;

Involvement of ordinary employees in the process of creating the Code;

· creation of positive public opinion concerning the code among the personnel;

· training of employees as a resource for the implementation of the code in the practice of the organization.

At this stage, it is important to provide for all possible procedures that include, if possible, all employees of the organization in the document development process. Only if each employee accepts the code of ethics, it will actually be implemented.

Third stage(statement). This stage includes the following work:

4. analysis of all proposals received, making changes to the content of the code;

5. development of mechanisms for the execution and implementation of the document;

6. approval of the code in accordance with the established practice of accepting organizational and administrative documentation.

The development of the code is not limited to writing and approving the text of the document. It is important to remember that it is impossible to force employees to comply with the code of ethics with all the desire of the management, or at least the effectiveness of ethical standards in a directive manner will be low. Now many organizations have already gone the way of creating their own code of ethics and are faced with the problem of implementation. In order for ethical norms to become individual life rules for employees, they must be deeply embedded in the daily practice of human relations with the outside world. The voluntary adoption of these standards is based on actual human needs.

If the code of ethics of the organization defines the ethical principles, norms and rules of business conduct prescribed for execution by employees, then the system for the implementation of these rules should:

1. support and encourage such employee behavior that is consistent with accepted ethical principles, norms and rules;

2. to prevent deviations in the behavior of employees from the given ethical standards;

3. help identify conflicts of interest and ethical violations in a timely manner;

4. help prevent and resolve conflicts of interest and professional ethics violations.

Consider directly the process of building a system for the implementation of the ethical code in the organization.

The structure of this system consists of the following elements:

¾ promotion of ethical norms (standards) of behavior in the activities of each employee;

¾ training employees in the basics of professional ethics and anti-corruption measures;

¾ collection and analysis of information about ethical problems in the organization, informing management;

¾ responding to existing ethical problems and violations of ethical standards, encouraging positive ethical behavior.

Possible motivations for employee compliance:

¾ fear of punishment or condemnation by members social group, with which a person relates himself and on the values ​​of which he is guided;

¾ professional and corporate group affiliation;

¾ internal moral law.

Let us consider the practice of introducing ethical standards not by administrative, but by recommendatory procedure. A partnership approach to the implementation of ethical standards implies voluntariness and individual motivation of the employee to fulfill them; is based on the understanding of the need for the existence of ethical standards in the organization and the possibility of their harmonization with personal ethical principles and interests. Therefore, the resource of the organization becomes a voluntary initiative, ethical responsibility and respect for the personal ethical standards of employees.

The main principles of ethical norms that allow implementing this approach are:

¾ maximum transparency of the entire process of development and approval of the code of ethics;

¾ the voluntary nature of the adoption of ethical principles and norms by employees of the organization;

¾ equality of all employees in the implementation of ethical standards.

Particular emphasis is placed on the actions of leaders at all levels - they must set a kind of standard for ethical behavior and control the moral "health" of the organization.

Of course, the code of ethics should, on the one hand, limit personal freedom and prevent unethical behavior, on the other hand, set value guidelines, set standards for professional and corporate ethics. Therefore, the code should combine what is recommended and what is prohibited.

The ethical system must be built on the basis of integrated approach and include the following main elements: leadership (ethical system); ethical development strategy; basic standards of professional and corporate ethics; system internal control compliance with ethical standards; management information and evaluation of results; system of motivation, rewards and punishments.

In any ethical program, the basic elements are: an ethical code; ethical training and education; structures (divisions, commissions) on ethics; ethical audit. In real practice, any organizational project aimed at improving the system for the implementation of ethical standards can become an ethical program.

Each kind of human professional activity corresponds to certain types of professional ethics with their own specific features:

Medical ethics (set out in the Code of Ethics of the Russian Doctor, 1994).

Professional ethics of a journalist.

Business (economic) ethics is a set of norms of behavior of an entrepreneur, the requirements imposed by a cultural society on his style of work, the nature of communication between business participants, their social appearance.

Theft, greed, selfishness;

Talkativeness, disclosure of private information about clients, discussion with anyone of their shortcomings and weaknesses;

Intransigence, the desire to take over the client, to subordinate his interests to his own.

Should not strive for in order to remake or re-educate customers during the service - they must be accepted as they are. Serious mistakes of novice workers in the field of social and cultural services and tourism are often associated with resentment, with excessive ethical requirements in relation to customers, which indicates the personal vulnerability of the nature of such workers.

In the field of social and cultural services and tourism the importance of ethical standards is felt not only in the interaction of workers with consumers, but also workers among themselves. At the enterprise, the moral climate is of particular importance, where there are no conflicts, there are no humiliated, irritated, indifferent people, but everyone treats each other with respect and attention. It is important to create an atmosphere of mutual assistance in the team, the ability of employees to work together, as well as in special service groups (in a team).

Also, ethical standards in relationships with partners and colleagues include:

Maintain professional unity;

Cares about the prestige of the profession;

Maintain the standard of service relations;

Respect the right of colleagues to a reasoned refusal.

All this helps to achieve a common goal: to achieve effective customer service.

To unethical actions specialist with a clear violation of the law include the falsification of documents sent by services state regulation, embezzlement of funds, racial discrimination and sexual harassment in the workplace.

Principles- This abstract, generalized ideas that enable those who rely on them to correctly shape their behavior, their actions in business area. The principles are universal.

An employee of the service sector must observe the following principles in his work:

1. The main ethical principle is principle of humanism, meaning the recognition of a person as the highest value, faith in a person, his ability to improve, the demand for freedom and protection of the dignity of the individual, the idea of ​​\u200b\u200bthe human right to happiness, that satisfaction of the needs and interests of the individual should be the ultimate goal of society. The humanistic principle contains the oldest normative moral requirement, called the "Golden Rule".

It is formulated in a positive form: "do towards others as you would like them to do towards you", or in a negative form: "do not act ...", etc. In a Russian proverb, it received such an interpretation: "what you do not like in others, do not do it yourself." The "Golden Rule" contains the humanistic idea of ​​the equality of all people. It means the right and duty of the individual to take responsibility for their actions, contributes to the development of the desire to put oneself in the place of another.

2. The principle of impartiality in relation to the client and the desire for objectivity in making various decisions.

3. The principle of focusing on the client, taking care of him.

4. The principle of precise performance of professional duties.

5. The principle of showing respect for one's profession and for people with whom one has to come into contact in the performance of professional duties.

6. The principle of striving to improve their professional activities.

7. The principle of confidentiality, non-disclosure of personal information obtained in the course of professional activities.

8. The principle of avoiding potential and obvious conflicts between employees, with management and especially with the client.

In their work, one should not allow the emergence of off-duty relationships with clients or colleagues, managers or subordinates;

You should observe the principle of collegiality and not discuss your colleagues or subordinates in the presence of clients, partners or other persons;

It is impossible to allow a disruption of an already accepted order by refusing it in favor of another (more profitable) order;

Invalid discrimination clients, partners, colleagues or subordinates based on gender, race, age or any other characteristic.

In the textbook Solonitsina A.A. "Professional ethics and etiquette" lists the following professional ethical principles:

Essence of the first principle comes from the so-called gold standard: “Within the framework of your official position, never allow in relation to your subordinates, to management, to colleagues of your official position, never to allow in relation to your subordinates, to management, to colleagues of your official level, to clients and etc. actions that you would not want to see in relation to yourself.

Second principle: justice is needed in providing employees with the resources necessary for their official activities (cash, raw materials, material, etc.).

Third principle requires mandatory correction of an ethical violation, regardless of when and by whom it was committed.

Fourth principle- the principle of maximum progress: official behavior and actions of an employee are recognized as ethical if they contribute to the development of the organization (or its divisions) from a moral point of view.

Fifth principle- the principle of minimum progress, according to which the actions of an employee or organization as a whole are ethical, if they at least do not violate ethical standards.

Sixth principle: ethical is the tolerant attitude of the employees of the organization to the moral principles, traditions, etc. that take place in other organizations, regions, countries.

Eighth principle: individual and collective principles are equally recognized as the basis for the development and decision-making in business relations.

Ninth principle: you should not be afraid to have your own opinion when solving any official issues. However nonconformism* as a personality trait should be manifested within reasonable limits.

Tenth principle- no violence, i.e. “pressure” on subordinates, expressed in various forms, for example, in an orderly, command manner of conducting an official conversation.

Eleventh principle- constancy of impact, expressed in the fact that ethical standards can be introduced into the life of the organization not by a one-time order, but only with the help of ongoing efforts on the part of both the manager and ordinary employees.

Twelfth Principle- when exposed (on a team, an individual employee, on a consumer, etc.), take into account the strength of possible counteraction. The fact is that, recognizing the value and necessity of ethical norms in theory, many workers, faced with them in practical everyday work, for one reason or another, begin to oppose them.

Thirteenth Principle consists in the expediency of advancing with trust - a sense of responsibility of the employee, to his competence, to a sense of duty, etc.

Fourteenth Principle strongly recommends striving for non-conflict. Although the conflict in the business sphere has not only dysfunctional, but also functional consequences, nevertheless, conflict is a fertile ground for ethical violations.

Fifteenth Principle- freedom that does not restrict the freedom of others; usually this principle, although in an implicit form, is due to job descriptions.

Sixteenth Principle: the employee must not only act ethically himself, but also promote the same behavior of his colleagues.

Seventeenth principle: don't criticize your competitor. This means not only a competing organization, but also an “internal competitor” - a team of another department, a colleague in which one can “see” a competitor.

These principles should serve as the basis for the development by each employee of any company, organization of their own personal ethical system.

the shared values ​​and ethics that an organization requires of its employees.

Glossary of Crisis Management Terms. 2000 .

Synonyms:

See what "Ethical standards" are in other dictionaries:

Morality, morality, moral code, ethics Dictionary of Russian synonyms. ethical standards n., number of synonyms: 4 morality (18) ... Synonym dictionary

ethical standards- A system of common values ​​and rules of ethics that the organization requires from its employees. Topics management in general EN code of ethics … Technical Translator's Handbook

ethical standards- are subdivided into legal ones, which are reduced to an assessment of fair / unfair, moral (assessment is enough / insufficient), moral (assessment is good / bad) ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

Ethics- ♦ (ENG ethics, norms for) in the Protestant tradition (see Protestantism) it is believed that the Holy Scripture is the highest criterion for judgment and ethical action. Revelation and reason (insofar as they perceive natural law) are...

Business Community Ethics- The ethical standards used in the business community are the established system of norms of behavior and customs business turnover, which is not based on legislation and forms positive expectations regarding the behavior of participants in corporate relations ... Official terminology

Story. Code of Ethics of the American Psychology. assoc. (ARA), adopted in 1953, became one of the first such codes of professional conduct. Responding to the ever-increasing need for a formal code of ethics, N. Hobs ... ... Psychological Encyclopedia

STANDARDS IN SCIENCE- a landmark of the preferred forms of behavior of scientists, the rules governing behavior in science that do not have a legal status. laws. Such norms are usually divided into two types: methodological. and ethnic. The first relate to the content side of science ... ... Russian sociological encyclopedia

Rules that determine the order of behavior of people living in society; in their entirety, having application in a given society, they are called the objective law of this society, in contrast to the subjective right. There are two groups of norms: ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary F. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

Professional and ethical standards of American psychologists working in the field of psychology and law- A set of moral and ethical standards of professional activity in the field of psychology and law, expressed in the form of requirements agreed upon and approved by the professional community. These requirements apply to a variety of parties ... ... Encyclopedia of Modern Legal Psychology

ethics, norms for- Ethics... Westminster Dictionary of Theological Terms

Books

• Moral, ethical and legal foundations of state and municipal government. Textbook, S. Yu. Kabashov. The present tutorial reveals the basics of professional ethics of the state civil and municipal service in accordance with the requirements of legislative and regulatory legal…
• Legal and ethical standards in journalism, . The book contains relevant legal and ethical documents adopted by international organizations(UN, UNESCO, Council of Europe, etc.), government agencies of Russia and various…

Man is a social being, therefore, willy-nilly, he has to constantly communicate with other people. And given the fact that all people are different, certain rules were formed that govern our relationship. These rules are nothing but the concepts of good and evil, the rightness and wrongness of actions, the justice and injustice of actions that have developed over the centuries. And each person spontaneously or consciously tries to adhere to them. Depending on what concepts will be embedded in the norms of morality and ethics, whether they will be taken into account at all, each of us can make it difficult or easier to communicate with our own kind. And, therefore, the speed of achieving the set goals, the quality of communication and life will depend on this. Therefore, every citizen needs to know at least the basics of ethics. The rules of good manners have never harmed anyone.

What is ethics

The word "ethics" was first used by Aristotle. Translated from Greek, it means "concerning morality" or "expressing certain moral convictions." Ethics is the doctrine of the rules of communication between people, the norms of human behavior, as well as the duties of each in relation to other people. And most of us, even those who have not specifically studied the code of etiquette, on a subconscious level are aware of the main rule of interpersonal relationships: "Treat others the way you would like to be treated." One of the main aspects of ethics is morality. What is morality? It is nothing but a system of values ​​recognized by man. This is the most important way to regulate relations in different areas our life: in everyday life, family, work, science, etc. In addition to the moral foundations, ethics also studies the rules of ethics - etiquette.

Etiquette - a system of signs

Our actions carry some information: when we meet, we can pat a comrade on the shoulder, nod our heads, kiss, put our arms around our shoulders, or throw ourselves into hugs. A pat on the shoulder indicates familiarity; when a man gets up, if a woman enters the room, then this indicates his respect for her. poses, accepted by man, head movement - all this also has an etiquette value. In phraseological units, one can also observe forms of etiquette: beat with a brow, bow your head, kneel, turn your back, throw a glove, hand on heart, stroke your head, beat bows, a beautiful gesture, etc.

Etiquette is not only a historical but also a geographical phenomenon: not all signs of etiquette, perceived positively in the West, will be approved in the East. And some gestures that are acceptable today were categorically condemned in the old days.

Good manners rules

What is ethics, and what rules does it include, every person should know. Below are the basic concepts of good manners.

The communication that we allow ourselves at home with loved ones is not always acceptable in society. And remembering the statement that you will not get a second chance to make a first impression, we try to adhere to the generally accepted rules of behavior in society when meeting strangers. Here are some of them:

• in a company or official meeting it is necessary to introduce strangers to each other;
• try to remember the names of the people introduced to you;
• when meeting a man and a woman, the representative of the weaker sex is never presented first, the exception is the situation if the man is the president or the meeting is purely business in nature;
• the younger ones are presented as the older ones;
• when presenting, you must stand up if you are sitting;
• after meeting, the conversation begins with a senior in position or age, with the exception of the case when an awkward pause occurs;
• being with strangers at the same table, before starting a meal, you need to get to know your neighbors;
• shaking hands, look into the face of the one you greet;
• the palm should be stretched strictly vertically, edge down - this means "communication on an equal footing";
• remember that any non-verbal gesture means no less than the spoken word;
• when shaking hands on the street, be sure to remove the glove, with the exception of women;
• when meeting, the first question after greeting should be “How are you?” or "How are you?";
• during the conversation, do not touch on issues that may be unpleasant to the interlocutor;
• do not discuss what concerns opinions and tastes;
• do not praise yourself;
• watch the tone of the conversation, remember that neither work, nor family relationships, nor your mood give you the right to be impolite with others;
• it is not customary to whisper in the company;
• if, when saying goodbye, you know that you will meet soon, you should say: “Goodbye!”, “See you!”;
• saying goodbye forever or for a long time, say: "Goodbye!";
• at an official event, you must say: “Let me say goodbye!”, “Let me say goodbye!”.

Teaching children about secular ethics

In order for a child to grow into a worthy member of society, he must know what ethics is. The child needs not only to talk about the rules of behavior in society, at the table, at school, but also to demonstrate and confirm these rules by his own example. No matter how much you tell your child that it is necessary to give way to older people in transport, without setting an example for him on your own, you will never teach him to do this. Not every child is taught the basics of secular ethics at home. Therefore, this gap is trying to fill the school. Recently, the subject "Fundamentals of secular ethics" has been included in the school curriculum. At the lessons, children are told about the rules and norms of behavior in various places, they are taught culinary etiquette, proper table setting, and much more. Also, teachers talk about the principles of morality, discuss what is good and bad. This item is essential for a child. After all, knowing how to behave in society, it will be easier and more interesting for him to live.

What's happened

There is such a thing as a code of professional ethics. These are the rules that govern professional activity. Every profession has its own code. So, doctors have a rule of non-disclosure of medical secrets, lawyers, businessmen - all adhere to a code of ethics. Every self-respecting company has its own corporate code. Such enterprises value their reputation more than finances.

Conclusion

A man without etiquette is a savage, a barbarian. It is the rules of morality that give a person the right to consider himself the crown of creation. By teaching your child what ethics is from an early age, you increase his chances of growing up as a full-fledged member of society.

Human communication is based on some ethical principles, norms and rules. Without their observance, communication will slide to the satisfaction of one's own needs, which will lead to the destruction of relationships between people.

The task of all ethical norms and rules of conduct is to unite and unite all members of society.

... the most important rule of communication with strong people: one cannot publicly doubt their infallibility.
Jennifer Egan. Citadel

Every person has a need to communicate with others. Some are more sociable, some are less, but for the main two forms of human interaction - friendship and love - communication is necessary. Any human actions always have some kind of framework, boundaries and rules. What norms and rules govern our communication and determine the culture of speech?

The problem of communication ethics

The ethics of speech communication is determined by the culture of speech. Ethics prescribes to people the rules of moral behavior, etiquette determines the manners of behavior in certain situations and specific formulas of politeness. A person who observes etiquette, but violates the ethical standards of communication, is hypocritical and deceptive. Ethical and highly moral behavior with non-compliance with the rules of etiquette from the outside also looks rather strange and does not inspire confidence.

Thus, the concepts of ethics of speech communication and speech etiquette must be considered together. The basic ethical principles and moral norms of communication are always considered along with specific rules for conducting a conversation: a greeting, a request, a question, gratitude, farewell, etc. And if almost everyone is familiar with speech etiquette (the ways of greeting, gratitude, congratulations, expressing gratitude and sympathy, etc. are familiar to many), then we often forget about ethical principles and norms.

Ethical principles of communication

There is a so-called Golden Rule communication, the essence of which is that others should be treated the way you would like others to treat you. This rule can be extended to any situation. Thus, the following basic ethical principles of communication are considered:

• (willingness to sacrifice something for the sake of another),
  virtue (establishing relationships with others from the standpoint of good and good),
  exactingness (making demands on oneself and others to fulfill a moral duty, responsibility),
  justice,
  parity (equality between people), etc.
  

  Thanks to benevolence, sincerity and openness, trust arises between people, without which communication is impossible. The following moral qualities of a person are also manifested in communication: honesty, truthfulness, kindness, respect for others, concern for others, politeness, etc.

  
  

  The ethical principles of communication also affect the content of the speech itself. It should be logical, understandable to both parties, polite, meaningful, truthful and expedient. The question of brevity as the sister of talent, everyone decides for himself. to someone short speech seems unnatural (it depends only on the personal characteristics of a person).

  Types of ethics

  Ethical norms of communication can be conditionally divided into mandatory and recommended. Obligatory ethical norm is observance of the principle "Do no harm". In order not to cause harm to a person through communication, it is important to restrain negative emotions, not to offend another, not to humiliate, not to be rude and not to envy.

  
  
  

  Ethical norms are also determined by the motives of communication:

  • There are emotionally positive motives: to bring joy, to satisfy the interlocutor's need for understanding, respect and love, to interest.
    There are emotionally neutral motives: to convey information.
    There are emotionally negative motives: to be indignant in response to a bad deed, to express anger at injustice.
    

    All of them are considered ethical because they are based on high moral motives. But when a person proceeds from base motives (to deceive another, to take revenge, to spoil the mood), this is not ethical, although it can be dressed in an acceptable form.

    Non-compliance with ethical standards

    When the ethics of speech communication is not respected (a person is rude, insults, opposes himself to others, imposes his own opinion on others, etc.), this leads to damage both for the speaker and for the listener. A moral person always experiences shame, not only when he himself voluntarily or involuntarily does something unethical, but also when others do it. In addition, non-compliance with norms and rules can lead to disruption of communication, the emergence of barriers and interference in communication.

    Ethics in business communication

    Along with general ethical principles, the business world has its own additional rules and norms of communication. Main difference business communication from the usual, everyday - this is the presence of a greater number of formalities. Almost the same laws and moral norms apply here:

    • In morality there is no absolute truth and the highest judge among people.
      You always need to start with yourself: we praise others, we make claims against ourselves; we do not make an elephant out of a fly in case of mistakes of others and do the opposite in relation to ourselves.
      The moral attitude of others towards us depends only on ourselves.
      

      The basic ethical principles of communication in the business world are considered not only in relation to any interpersonal interaction, but are also divided into vertical communication (subordinate-manager) and horizontal communication (employee-employee).

      
      

      Any organization should strive to improve the ethics of communication: the development of ethical standards, the creation special commissions on ethics, training and instilling ethical standards in employees. Thanks to this, the moral atmosphere of the entire enterprise will improve, which will lead to increased employee loyalty, the implementation of the right moral choice when making decisions, and strengthening the reputation of the company.

      
      

      In any communication, with friends, relatives or colleagues, one must adhere to basic ethical norms and rules. This will allow you to build trusting relationships with others, give and receive support and help from them, satisfy your own and others' needs for respect, recognition and love. In order to educate a highly spiritual society, to pass on moral values ​​to other generations, it is worth starting, first of all, with oneself. Perhaps this small contribution of everyone individual person in their own development and education will change the world.