Scientific and technical progress and culture. Scientific and technological progress in the second half of the 20th - early 21st century Scientific and technological progress and socio-political thought
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Target: Show the features of the development of scientific and technological revolution, its characteristic features and components.
Teaching and educational tasks:
- Form the concept of scientific and technological revolution; introduce the features and parts of the NTR.
- To form the ability to listen and highlight the main thing in the content, schematically draw up a summary.
- Show the scale of scientific and technological achievements of mankind.
Lesson type: learning new material, lesson-lecture.
Lesson steps:
- Distribute the lecture scheme, consisting of blocks and their parts, placed on an A4 sheet, to distribute to students. During the lesson, students will be able to make notes on it.
- The same scheme is placed on the board. In the course of the lecture, we will return to it, marking what has already been completed.
- During the lesson, students get acquainted with the key words-terms:
- Geoinformatics;
- Geoinformation systems.
- Listening to a lecture is accompanied by a detailed summary.
- At the end of the lesson, students formulate brief conclusions.
Equipment: textbooks, wall "Political Map of the World", atlas maps, handouts, computer, projector, screen, presentation.
During the classes
I. Organization of the class.
II. Learning new material.
Introduction to the topic.(Slide 1)
Definition of goals.
Today we must find out the characteristic features and components of the scientific and technological revolution, to show that the scientific and technological revolution is a single complex system.
Epigraph. (Slide 2)
Acquaintance of students with the stages of the lesson and with the task for the lesson. (Slide 3)
Lecture plan: (Slide 4)
- Scientific and technological revolution
- Characteristic features of NTR.
- Components of NTR.
- The concept of geographic information systems.
1. Work with the concept of scientific and technological revolution. (Slides 5-6)
Teacher: When studying this topic, we have to turn to one of the most significant, global processes of development of the entire modern world - the scientific and technological revolution.
The entire history of the development of human society is inextricably linked with scientific and technological progress. But there are periods when there are rapid and profound changes in the productive forces of mankind.
Such was the period of industrial revolutions in the XVIII-XIX centuries. in a number of countries of the world, when to replace manual labor machine came. In the 19th century, England invented steam engine, an important role in the development industrial production the invention of the conveyor played. It was first used in the United States in the manufacture of automobiles.
The steam engine became the "primary" cell of the industrial revolution in the century before last, and the computer became the "primary" cell of modern scientific and technological revolution. Modern scientific and technological revolution began in the middle of the 20th century. In all countries, it manifests itself in different ways, and therefore it can be said that it is far from being completed. But a new industrial revolution is already brewing in the world. What it will be - the future will show.
Conversation with the class
Questions:
- The word "revolution" in various dictionaries has the following interpretation. (Students quote the definition of "revolution" from different dictionaries)
- What unites all these definitions?
- How would you define NTR?
- What is the difference between the concepts of scientific and technological progress and scientific and technological progress?
Answer:
Exercise: Analyze the two formulations, compare them and find the main difference between the two phenomena?
Answer:
Modern science has become an industry of discovery, a powerful stimulus for the development of technology.
2. Characteristic features of scientific and technological revolution. (Slide 7)
1) Universality, inclusiveness. (Slides 8-10)
Scientific and technological revolution has affected all countries of the world and all spheres geographical envelope, space. Scientific and technological revolution transforms all branches of production, the nature of labor, life, culture, and the psychology of people. Scientific and technological revolution symbols: rocket, TV set, computer, etc.
The inclusiveness of scientific and technological revolution can be characterized geographically, since thanks to scientific and technological revolution, the words satellite, atom, robot appeared in our vocabulary.
Question: Name the new appliances that have appeared in your home over the past 10 years. What technique does your grandmother, mother, not know how to use?
2) Acceleration of scientific and technological transformations. (Slide 11)
It is expressed in a sharp reduction in the time between a scientific discovery and its implementation in production. Moral wear and tear occurs earlier than physical wear and tear, therefore, for some classes, car repair makes no sense (for example: computers, video cameras, TVs, etc.)
Working with the textbook
Exercise:
- Find an example in the additional text (p. 103) that would confirm this feature of NTR.
- Analyze the table and draw conclusions.
3) Increasing requirements for the skill level of labor resources. (Slide 12)
In all spheres of human activity, the share of mental labor has increased, its intellectualization has taken place.
In the era of scientific and technological revolution, workers with higher education increased the share of knowledge workers. This also applies to you. After graduating from high school, you will find it easier to find an interesting and well-paid job.
4) Military-technical revolution. (Slide 13)
It originated during the Second World War. Its beginning was heralded by the explosion of the atomic bomb in Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945, after which an arms race began between the two powerful powers of the USA and the USSR. Throughout the entire period of the Cold War, scientific and technological revolution was focused on using the latest achievements of scientific and technical thought for military purposes. But after the commissioning of the first nuclear power plant and the launch of the first artificial Earth satellite, many countries are doing everything to direct the scientific and technological revolution to achieve peaceful goals.
3. Components of scientific and technological revolution.(Slide 14)
Scientific and technological revolution is a single complex system, the parts of which closely interact with each other.
1) Science and science intensity . (Slides 15-17)
Science in the era of scientific and technological revolution has become a complex body of knowledge. Science is both a complex of knowledge and a special sphere of human activity. For many countries, the development of science is task No. 1.
There are 5 to 6 million in the world. scientists. At the same time, the USA, Germany, Japan, France and Great Britain account for more than 80% of scientific employees, more than 80% of all investments in science, almost all inventions, patents, licenses and Nobel Prizes awarded.
- IN developed countries in terms of the number of scientists and engineers they occupy: 1st place - the United States, 2nd place - Japan, the countries of Western Europe (this group includes Russia).
The connection between science and production is especially growing, which is becoming more and more knowledge-intensive(Science intensity is measured by the level (share) of expenditures on research and development in total costs for the production of certain products).
However, the differences between developed and developing countries in the field of science are especially large:
- Spending on science in developed countries is 2-3% of GDP;
- In developing countries, spending on science on average does not exceed 0.5% of GDP.
2) Technique and technology. (Slide 18)
Technique and technology embody scientific knowledge and discoveries.
The purpose of new technologies is to increase the environmental activity of production, labor productivity, resource saving and nature protection.
Germany and the USA stand out for the production of environmental protection equipment and the introduction of the latest environmental technologies. In addition to the fact that these countries are leaders in the production and use of environmental technologies, Germany is also the main country that supplies them to the world market.
Two ways of developing technology technology in the conditions of modern scientific and technological revolution:
- evolutionary path
- revolutionary path
(Slide 19)
a) Evolutionary path (Further improvement of engineering and technology)
(Slide 20)
Question for the class: Give examples of the evolutionary path of development of engineering and technology.
Answer:
Improving the technology that was produced at the beginningXXcentury - cars, aircraft, machine tools, blast furnaces, ships.
For example, in the early 50s, the largest sea tanker could hold up to 50 thousand tons of oil, in the 60s - 100, 200, 300 thousand tons, in the 70s. tankers with a carrying capacity of over 500 thousand tons appeared. The largest offshore tankers were built in Japan and France.
However, such gigantomania does not always justify itself, since not all seaports can accept and serve such a large transport. After all, the length of the vessel reaches 480 m, the width is about 63 m, such a tanker has a draft with a load of up to 30 meters. The propeller is equal to the height of a three-story house, the deck occupies 2.5 hectares)
b) Revolutionary path (Transition to a fundamentally new technique and technology).
It finds its most striking expression in the production of electronic equipment. If earlier they talked about the “age of textiles”, “the age of the car”, now they are talking about the “age of electronics”.
The breakthrough to new technologies is also of great importance. "Second wave" of scientific and technological revolution, which manifested itself in the 70s. called the microelectronic revolution, because. the invention of the microprocessor in the history of mankind can be compared with the invention of the wheel, steam engine or electricity. (Slides 21-26)
Exercise: Analyze the text of the textbook on p. 94, as well as additional material on p. 115.
Conclusion(students do it themselves): The revolutionary path is the main path in the development of engineering and technology in the era of scientific and technological revolution.
3) Production: six main areas of development.(Slides 27-29)
Question: What are the main directions of development of production. (Students have a handout that can be used to answer the question posed by the teacher)
a) Electronization means the saturation of all areas of human activity with the means of EWT. The electronics industry is the brainchild of scientific and technological revolution.
For example:
- in education - computerization of schools, their connection to the Internet;
- in medicine - ultrasound, computed tomography, development of microsurgery, computed radiography;
- in communication - cell phones.
The electronic industry is in the fullest sense the brainchild of scientific and technological revolution. It will largely determine the entire course of scientific and technological revolution.
This branch has received the greatest development in the USA, Japan, Germany, NIS of Asia.
b) Integrated automation. (Slides 30-34)
It began in the 1950s with the advent of computers. New coil development occurred in the 70s of the XX century, and it is associated with the advent of microprocessors and microcomputers. Robotics is developing rapidly, Japan has achieved particular success in this area. There are 800 robots for every 10,000 auto workers in the country, compared to 300 in the US. The scope of robots today is limitless.
c) Energy economy restructuring. (Slides 35-37)
The restructuring of the energy sector is associated with the ever-growing needs of the countries of the world for electricity. Existing traditional power plants can no longer cope with the load. Therefore, the greatest attention in the world is paid to the construction of nuclear power plants.
By the beginning of the 21st century, more than 450 nuclear power units were in operation in the world. Leading countries: USA, France, Japan, Germany, Russia, Ukraine. However, in recent years, due to the difficulties of using nuclear power plants, many countries are afraid of environmental consequences, and the developed countries of the world have paid attention to alternative energy.
d) Production of new materials. (Slides 38, 39)
The requirements of modern production for ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, as well as for chemical industry, which produces synthetic polymers, is steadily increasing. But it brought to life fundamentally new composite, semiconductor, metal-ceramic materials. The chemical industry is mastering the production of optical fibers.
A special role in the production of new materials is assigned to the "metals of the XX century": beryllium, lithium, titanium. Titanium is currently the No. 1 metal for the aerospace industry, nuclear shipbuilding, as it is a light and refractory metal.
e) Accelerated development of biotechnology. (Slides 40-42)
The direction arose in the 70s and is developing at a faster pace. Biotechnology applies traditional knowledge and modern technology to change the genetic material of plants, animals and microbes in order to create new products.
Biotechnology contributes significant contribution in improving health, increasing food production, reforestation, increasing productivity in industry, disinfecting water, cleaning up hazardous waste.
The results of biotechnology can already be seen. This includes the creation of clones and modified products. More and more often we hear about the discoveries of medical scientists in the field of genetic engineering.
Of great importance are biotechnological programs that are used in the extraction of mineral resources. Biotechnologies are developing especially successfully in the USA, Japan, Germany, and France.
f) Cosmization. (Slide 43)
The development of astronautics has led to the emergence of another new science-intensive industry - the aerospace industry. The use of space only for military purposes ended with the Cold War.
Space is increasingly becoming a place where the countries of the world cooperate. It is used for earth exploration, in fishing, in agriculture, to obtain new materials in a vacuum.
It was space images that confirmed Wegener's theory "On the movement of lithospheric plates." results space research have a huge impact on the development of fundamental sciences.
4) Management: on the way to high information culture. (Slide 44)
The current stage of scientific and technological revolution is characterized by new requirements for the management of modern production. It is incredibly complicated and requires special training.
For example: in the implementation of space programs, such as landing a lunar rover on the moon, research and landing of descent vehicles on the planets of the solar system, landing a man on the moon, several tens of thousands of different companies are tied up, which must work in a coordinated mode.
Only people who are fluent in the science of management can manage such programs. At the end of the 20th century, a special science of management arose - cybernetics . At the same time, it is the science of information.
The information flow is growing every day. That is why the transition from paper information to the machine. New specialties appeared that did not exist before: a programmer, a computer operator, and others.
We live in an era information explosion". Nowadays, there is already a global information space. The Internet plays a big role in its creation.
This is a real telecommunications "web" that has enveloped the whole world. The use of the Internet is in full swing in education. She did not bypass the geographical science, which included a new direction - geographic informatics .
4. Geoinformatics contributed to the creation of geographic information systems.
(GIS is a complex of interconnected means of obtaining, storing, processing, selecting data and issuing geographic information.)
Geoinformatics is one of the main directions of combining geographical science with the achievements of the modern stage of scientific and technological revolution.
III. Lesson summary:
1) Checking the schematic outline.
2) Fixing:
Assignment on the topic of scientific and technological revolution: Determine the place of the following provisions in the table:
- Production of new materials.
- Complex automation.
- Restructuring of the energy sector.
- Accelerated development of biotechnology.
- Acceleration of scientific and technological transformations.
- Cosmization.
- Increasing qualification requirements.
- The birth of scientific and technological revolution as a military-technical revolution.
- Versatility and inclusiveness.
- Electronization.
There should be time for questions at the end of the lecture. Questions received at the lecture must be recorded, collected, systematized and studied.
IV. Homework
- Topic 4, §1 in V.P. Maksakovskiy "Economic and social geography of the world"
- Prepare presentations on topics:
- "Using the achievements of scientific and technological revolution in geography",
- "The development of biotechnology in modern world”, “Space and scientific and technological revolution”
Interesting Facts
In the first half of the 20th century, the volume of scientific information doubled every 50 years, in the middle of the century - 10 years, in the 70s-80s - 5-7 years, in the 21st century - 3-5 years.
In 1900, 10 thousand magazines were published all over the world, and at the beginning of the 21st century - more than 1 million.
In geography alone, 700 journals are published today and 10,000 book titles are published a year.
And in total, 800 thousand titles of books and brochures are published annually in the world with a total circulation of more than 16 billion copies.
The modern scientific and technological revolution has entailed fundamental changes in human society, in production, in the interaction of society with the environment.
However, it should be noted that scientific and technological revolution is developing most successfully in the developed countries of the world, while most countries in Africa, Oceania, some countries of Asia and Latin America are still far from developing the achievements of scientific and technological revolution in their country.
Literature
- Gladky Yu.N., Lavrov S.B. Economic and social geography of the world. – M.: Enlightenment, 2006.
- Gladky Yu.N., Lavrov S.B. Global geography. – M.: Enlightenment, 2001.
- Maksakovskiy V.P. Toolkit"Economic and social geography of the world" - M .: Education, 2006.
- Maksakovskiy V.P. New in the world. Figures and facts. - M .: Bustard, 1999
Scientific and technological progress is a continuous process of introducing new equipment and technology, organizing production and labor based on the achievements of scientific knowledge. As a result of scientific and technical progress, all elements of the productive forces develop and improve: the means and objects of labor, labor, technology, organization and management of production.
Culture is a way of doing things public man and the result of this activity, characterizing the qualitative state of a certain stage of social progress.
The idea of a conflict between technical and cultural progress has been and is being expressed by many philosophers. There is a point of view that under the influence of technological progress, the death of culture will come, it will submit to technology and collapse, die. That technological progress has given rise to cultural regression: painting has been replaced by photographs, bacchanalia is in fashion, polygamy, belts, bracelets and necklaces have replaced clothes, a complete fall of all arts and poetry, instead of music - waves of meaningless tones and sounds without passion and expression, melodies have disappeared, and all that which does not lead to practical, ordinary, permanent benefit is despised. Other main cause of social disasters modern society see in the ever-increasing disproportion between the level of development of technology and morality.
There is also a statement about the existence of two cultures between which there is no understanding, I understand technology as an element of culture and they are separated by a wall of misunderstanding.
A number of scientists oppose the division of a single human culture into two segments. Explaining this by the fact that scientists in their activities proceed not only from their scientific principles, but also from the values of humanism. Humanitarians, in turn, enjoy using technology.
Many Western philosophers of technology believe that culture is essentially one and that this unity is based on creative material and spiritual activity. What is the connection between technology and culture? First of all, technology is the most important cultural value. The sphere of culture is not limited to the classical values of art, ethics, science. In addition to the spiritual, there is a material part of culture, which includes technology as an activity and its means, embodying human knowledge. Progress technical means, the acquisition of skills and abilities to use them, their improvement are the most important factor in the development and functioning of culture. A modern cultured person must be able to use many technical means.
Technology plays a huge role in this development of human culture. Of course, other cultural values are also important, for example, fiction or science. But society in its daily hectic life does not deal with scientific achievements, but with their technical implementation.
The connection between art and technology is also realized through the technique of art itself. The impact of technology on art is organically accompanied by the impact of art on the design, construction and operation of technology. The relationship between the design solution and the aesthetic properties of a technical object existed before, manifesting itself in different ways in various types technology and art forms. So, in architecture, excessive material has always caused the impression of excessive heaviness, and the lack of material has been associated with instability, unreliability and caused negative emotions. here design, aesthetic and functional qualities were connected together.
In the conditions of modern scientific and technological progress connection between utilitarian design and aesthetic qualities created technology extraordinarily enhanced and realized in a design that has taken shape in an independent form creative activity and includes both the theoretical part - production (or technical) aesthetics, and the practical - artistic design. It is quite natural that the creation of technical means that meet the basic requirement of design - the relationship of function, design and content of products - is in principle incompatible with imperfect technology, requires a high production culture and improves the quality of products. So design acts as a stimulator of technical progress, there is a feedback between art and technology.
Today, when the century is drawing to a close, we have the opportunity to summarize the results of philosophical and sociological thought and to identify, based on an analysis of the works of philosophers and sociologists, the main factors that determined the course of events and the spiritual atmosphere of the time. This is all the more important because these factors have not lost their effectiveness so far, and the influence of many of them has increased.
SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL PROGRESS
The unprecedented progress of science and technology largely determined the unique originality of the 20th century. The consequences of scientific and technological progress can be traced literally in all spheres of life. modern man. It is generally accepted that the development of science and technology in the XX century. showed an unprecedented revolution, as a result of which science became a decisive part of technology, both industrial and any other. Thus, we can talk about technological revolution. The essence of the latter is seen in the large-scale application and dissemination of technologies based on the latest theoretical achievements. The technology itself has become the most valuable product. The current situation, only with a slight exaggeration, can be characterized as follows: “Who owns the most advanced in scientific and technically technology, he owns everything."
In the XX century. found its full realization the process of transformation of science from the form of knowledge of the laws of the universe into the main means
world transformation based on his knowledge. The position of science today is radically different from previous eras, when the scientist was perceived as a lone eccentric, solving the mysteries of nature with greedy curiosity. modern science research teams (which, however, does not exclude the role of the individual creator), are organized according to universal principles, and everyone is related to technologies and their application. New technologies have radically changed the world of man and the very nature of his being. In addition, they turned human activity into one of the intra-natural factors (for example, into a geological factor), the power of which is comparable, and sometimes exceeds the forces of nature itself. Many natural processes now do not proceed as they could in the absence of human activity. Man has become a geological force on a planetary scale.
At the origins of the technological revolution lay scientific revolution late XIX - early XX century. During this period, a number of outstanding discoveries were made that radically changed the ideas about the laws of nature and the face of science itself. The scientific revolution gave rise to non-classical (post-classical) science, which differs from the previous type of scientific knowledge in a number of essential characteristics. The latter is now perceived as classic.
Classical science arose from the 17th century. It was based on the methods of classical mechanics developed by I. Newton and mathematical natural science in general, based on the achievements of mathematics by R. Descartes, G. Leibniz and others. This type of scientific knowledge assumed a certain picture of the world, which from the standpoint of non-classical (modern) must be recognized as simplified. Let us pay attention to some of its features - this issue will be considered in more detail later.
Firstly, the picture of the world of classical science assumed the dominance in nature of unambiguous and definite laws - dynamic - and paid almost no attention to statistical (probabilistic) laws. Secondly, it was based on the premise of the possibility of complete exclusion (elimination) of the subject, i.e. man, from the object of knowledge - the conceivability of nature in such a way, "as if there were no man." Thirdly, it proceeded from the understanding of man himself as a purely or predominantly rational being - the role of the irrational, dark principle in man was not fully known and was not taken into account. The picture of the world of classical science created the basis for the belief in the achievability of the absolute triumph of scientific reason, the belief that all social and human problems would soon be solved through the development of science. During several centuries of its development, classical science has enriched human thought with a number of brilliant achievements in the most diverse branches of knowledge.
postclassical science did not reject the achievements of scientific classics, although at first it seemed that we are talking about about the destruction of the very foundation of the former scientific knowledge. However, it soon became clear that it was necessary to talk about a radical expansion of scientific horizons, about a significant complication scientific picture of the world. From the second half of the XIX century. series follows scientific discoveries, which marked the formation of a new, different from the classical type of scientific knowledge.
One of the first in this series was the creation by J. Maxwell of the theory of the electromagnetic field, which required the introduction of some fundamentally new provisions into the foundations of physics. This was followed by discoveries related to the detection of radioactivity (A. Becquerel, M. Sklodowska-Curie, and others), which later led to the creation of M. Planck's quantum theory. Quantum theory has introduced physics into a peculiar world of elementary particles, the laws of which are striking in their unusualness and strangeness in comparison with the laws of classical physics. The creation by A. Einstein of the theory of relativity, which postulated the constancy of the speed of light and the possibility of accelerating and slowing down the passage of time, strengthened confidence in the unusual (non-classical) theses new science. To this should be added the revision of the foundations of mathematics, which led to the creation of set theory, as well as the development of a new logic, essentially different from that which was laid down by Aristotle and existed without major changes for more than two millennia. New theories made it possible to give a physical interpretation of the non-Euclidean geometry of G. Riemann and N. Lobachevsky, whose ideas cannot but look surprising when compared with the usual geometry of Euclid.
Panorama scientific achievements the first decades of the 20th century. is not exhausted, of course, by the named discoveries. It is no coincidence that the most extensive literature is devoted to the dramatic events in the scientific world of that time. However, these are enough to draw a conclusion about the novelty and unusualness - non-classical - of the new science. Over the course of subsequent time, these achievements were developed and enriched, comprehended from different angles of view. Soon, many of them brought their practical results, embodied in a variety of technical devices.
By the age of 40 conditions are ripe for the transformation of what was previously only theoretical calculations into material form of technical achievements. This period includes the formation of electronics, which led to the creation of the first computers, the use of radar, remote control and automation, the creation of nuclear weapons and the beginning of work on thermonuclear weapons, the development of projects for the peaceful use of atomic energy, experimental jet aircraft, including at supersonic speeds, the widespread introduction of radio, the first steps of television and much more.
Technological revolution of the XX century. was a continuation and qualitative development of the industrial revolution of the XIX century. The first stage of the technological revolution is associated with automation production processes. Automation has become a fundamentally new step compared to mechanization, which was feature industrial revolution of the past. Mechanization meant the replacement of the muscular energy of man and animals with the energy of machines. Steam and then electric cars back in the 19th century. allowed the creation of a large industry. Automation was the next step on this path. Now a person has got the opportunity not only to use the energy of machines instead of muscular, but also to create and use specific working bodies of machines, largely replacing the human hand. The process of automation went especially intensively after the Second World War, starting from the end of the 1940s and 1950s.
The next step in the technological revolution was informatization. Informatization is associated with the widespread introduction of computers and computer networks in conjunction with perfect means of communication. The computer has become a unique means of automating intellectual activity. If all the previous means of automation concerned only the sphere of material labor, facilitated the work of the hands, but not the head, then computer-information technologies directly affected the intellectual sphere. Information opportunities as a result of the changes that have taken place, they have not only increased many times over, but have become incomparable with the pre-computer era.
The importance of the information revolution was realized in the 70s and 80s. Since that time, the importance of information has sharply increased as a powerful means of influencing social processes and a person. The introduction of satellite communications and other methods of disseminating information dramatically increases the capabilities of radio and television, including their impact on mass consciousness, and consequently, on the direction and course social processes. The struggle for control of the media is becoming part of the political struggle that is being waged both domestically and internationally. However, informatization has made it impossible for individual countries to exist in isolation; the desire to isolate oneself from the processes taking place outside the country has become completely unrealizable.
The brilliant achievements of science and technology have significantly changed the face of the world and man. The consequences of the technological revolution are manifold. Obviously, technical power has opened up wide opportunities for spiritual development in a wide variety of directions. However, as it turns out, technology by itself does not automatically entail progress in the spiritual, moral and cultural fields. Rather, it is the case that scientific and technological achievements are complicating factor spiritual situation, which since the XX century. becomes much more diverse and confusing compared to previous eras. The power of technology raises many acute problems that need to be solved. Suffice it to name the problem of nuclear safety and environmental threat. They are only component a whole range of problems that are well known today.
The social significance of technology is so obvious that it is not disputed by any of the philosophers of the 20th century. Differences between philosophical directions are associated with differences in evaluation this role. Some thinkers assess this role as extremely positive, linking high hopes with the progress of technology. This view should be characterized as technocratic. Another part of the thinkers approaches the assessment of the role of technology more cautiously, pointing not only to the advantages created by scientific and technological progress, but also to the dangers. This view should be classified as humanitarian. Representatives of the humanitarian approach express concern not only about the problems generated by scientific and technological progress (such as nuclear and environmental), but mainly about the fact that in the face of technical power, a person is in danger of “losing his own face”. In other words, a person, having believed in the omnipotence of technological achievements, can imperceptibly lose humanitarian values, such as the ability to sympathize and compassion for one's neighbor, the values of goodness and beauty. In this case, there would be a threat dehumanization social, interpersonal relations. This threat is quite real, and its reality can be observed everywhere, including in our country. Therefore, in what follows, we will mainly adhere to the humanitarian approach.
Over the course of the century, waves of technocratic sentiments and expectations arose repeatedly. As a rule, they were associated with a new breakthrough in science and technology. Yes, in the early 1960s. special hopes were placed on automation. Somewhat later - to solve the problem of thermonuclear fusion, which would provide mankind with practically inexhaustible sources of energy. In the 70-80s. hopes for the progress of biological science became popular, promising tempting prospects in the field of genetic engineering and in other directions. It is characteristic that each time the next achievement was perceived as a kind of "magic wand", as a magic key that opens the door to an instant solution to all problems. Today, some authors place the same hopes on informatization and the computer.
Of particular importance is the fact that technological progress is characterized by the property of fundamental unpredictability their consequences, among which are those that have a negative significance. Man, therefore, needs to be in constant readiness to be able to respond to the challenges of what he created: the artificial world technical devices can bring not only benefits, but also cause irreparable damage to humans and the environment.
History of philosophical development of the XX century. testifies to an intense search for answers to the challenges of technology, to the dramatic difficulty of realizing the impending dangers, when in place of a frivolous confidence in the transient and insignificant nature of difficulties, on the one hand, and a panic fear of the negative consequences of technological progress, on the other, comes a courageous awareness of the need for tireless and painstaking work. Hardly any major philosopher of the 20th century left unattended questions of understanding the role of technology. It is obvious that the result of the philosophical understanding of scientific and technological progress, first of all, should be recognized as the understanding of the importance of constant “monitoring” of the negative consequences of the development of science and technology. The task of realizing the danger and developing an adequate response, excluding both the immoderate praise of technology and the curse addressed to it, is not the task of a one-time solution. She gets up again and again, each time as if anew. Each subsequent generation must solve it independently, however, not forgetting the lessons of the past and thinking about the future.
- See, for example: Avdeev R F. Philosophy of Information Civilization. M., 1994.
slide 2
Questions
- What changes will technology in the 21st century bring about in our lives?
- What threatens society with the destruction of the natural environment?
- Scientific and technological progress - good or bad?
slide 3
Scientific and technological revolution
The scientific and technological revolution is a leap in the development of the productive forces of society, their transition to a qualitatively new state on the basis of fundamental changes in the system of scientific knowledge.
slide 4
The scientific and technological revolution is a leap in the development of the productive forces of society, their transition to a qualitatively new state on the basis of fundamental changes in the system of scientific views.
slide 5
- 1st stage (60-70 years). Production automation
- 2nd stage (70-90 years). Computer (information) revolution
slide 6
Stage 1: 60-70 years. XX century:
- automation of production processes,
- robots, machine tools with program control,
- flexible production lines
Qualitative shifts in technology, in the tools of production
Slide 7
Since the end of the 70s. – computer revolution:
- The computer controls and manages the machine, freeing the person from contact with it.
- They are characterized by a speed of movement and thought inaccessible to the human hand.
Slide 8
Slide 9
- Information-intensive technologies and new technological thinking began to play a decisive role in production
- Changing the principles of production
Slide 10
- directions of development of modern technologies
- obtaining materials with desired properties
- biotechnology (genetic engineering)
- changes in the subject of labor
slide 11
slide 12
slide 13
- One of the promising areas is biotechnology
- Creation of new structural materials
- The position of man in the production system is changing
- Changes in various fields public life
Slide 14
- Internet
- New scientific and technological civilization
slide 15
Economic content of the new stage of scientific and technological revolution
- strengthening the social orientation
- economic development
- The complexity of modern production (economic reasons)
- highly educated
- psychologically stable
- strong-willed worker
slide 16
- Transition to an extensive way of production development
- Reducing the number of people employed in production
- Reducing the use of raw materials and energy
- Refusal of the territorial binding of enterprises to sources of raw materials.
Slide 17
- A sharp increase in investment in R&D
- Increasing the role of scientific research
- Reduction of terms of replacement of technologies
- The emergence of scientific and production associations
Slide 18
Economic consequences of scientific and technological revolution
- Transition to an intensive way of production
- transcontinental companies
- Investments in high technology industries
- Complex scientific and production associations
Slide 19
Social consequences of scientific and technological revolution
- Fast development spheres of industrial and household services
- The face of the working class is changing:
- Increasing skills of the working class
- Reduced old professions (miners)
- Scientific and technological revolution causes fundamental shifts in the organization of production and labor, in the production management system.
Slide 20
Scientific and technological revolution and natural environment
Growth of scale economic activity led to a violation of the ecological balance on the planet, the consequence of which is an ecological crisis.
slide 21
- Increased consumption of natural resources
- Pollution of the planet and the World Ocean, and atmospheric air
- 16-18% of the territory of Russia are regions where the environmental risk to health is 10-100 times higher than the norms established by most countries.
philosophy psychoanalysis science
New time replaces the Renaissance as a transitional period from feudalism to capitalism. The formation of the capitalist mode of production still nourishes the illusions of Freedom, Equality and Fraternity. The place of the alliance "religion-philosophy" is occupied by the tandem "philosophy-science". Philosophy is experiencing its finest hour, raising ontological and epistemological, philosophical and methodological problems. But the stake on reason and scientific and technological progress led to the fact that the humanistic anthropocentrism of the Renaissance gives way to a philosophical anthropocentrism of a scientistic nature. In a new capacity, anthropocentrism substantiated the need for industrial methods of mastering nature. The exploitation of nature turned into the exploitation of man, his alienation from everything, from everyone and from himself.
In conditions where the emphasis is placed on science and the development of technology, a person turns into a means of dubious ends. “As a result,” as F. Nietzsche subtly remarked, “God died.” “But even man did not become God,” added F. M. Dostoevsky. Moreover, man lost himself, turned into a public function.
In the XX century. the slavery of capital is replaced by the slavery of the absurd. "Second nature" as a system of intermediaries got out of control and exacerbated global problems. Science has become a hostage to politics. It becomes more and more applied, fulfilling the order of the current moment. The ball is ruled by civilized barbarism, destroying culture and turning the people into a population, into an object of manipulation.
Under these conditions, the traditional opposition of materialism and idealism in philosophy is replaced by philosophical pluralism. Such directions as scientistic, activity, anthropological, philosophical and theological and socio-critical are being formed.
Philosophical schools of the scientistic direction develop the philosophical problems of science, shaping the worldview of the scientific and technical intelligentsia and those sections of society that consider scientific and technological progress as the only means of solving the global problems of our time.
Philosophical schools of the activity direction develop socio-political problems of the development of society, forming the worldview of the broad masses of the population, linking their fate with the successful solution of the indicated problems.
Philosophical schools of the anthropological direction cover the philosophical problems of an individual and his attitude to the world, forming the worldview mainly of the humanitarian intelligentsia, as well as those strata that most acutely experience or experience the results of human alienation.
Philosophical schools of the religious (theological) direction are associated with a range of issues aimed at substantiating the expediency of religion.
They form the worldview of believers, as well as all those who hope to find salvation from social and spiritual adversity in religion.
Philosophical schools of the socio-critical direction are focused on the analysis of what is and the design of what should be. They form the worldview of those broad circles of the public who are most acutely experiencing the global problems of our time and are ready to make their own contribution to their solution.
Philosophical pluralism of the 20th century. testifies that humanity is going through a protracted crisis, that non-standard problems requiring non-standard solutions have become actual in the “nature-society-man” system, and that the solution of these problems is far beyond the capabilities of classical philosophy.
Irrationalism is a philosophical doctrine that denies rationalism (i.e. opposition to classical philosophy).
The unshakable faith of scientists in the power of human reason and the obligatory nature of social progress was first given by the Great French Revolution (1789 - 1794), which gave rise to terror, a civil war with tens of thousands of human victims. This made many philosophers think about the real possibilities of reason and science and create their own, critical in relation to rationalism, philosophical systems.
The critical transition of the new philosophy played a positive role in the development of philosophical knowledge:
· a critical assessment of rational cognition was given;
its boundaries, the limits of its capabilities were determined;
· the ratio of mental qualities of a person, as well as psychological qualities (will, emotions, feelings, etc.) was studied;
· spiritual world was considered not in its highest forms, but in terms of experience, practice, in psychological forms.
The new philosophy puts forward a number of bold and new ideas competing with the old classical philosophical system:
1. The idea of studying the life of an individual and the importance of its analysis, the primacy of studying the life of an individual over the study of large human communities (classes, peoples, nations, ethnic groups).
2. Movement from the idea of a free and reasonable person, capable of reshaping nature, society and himself personally, to a person who is rigidly determined by economics, politics, religion, etc. It turned out that a person has not only a mind and consciousness, but also a subconscious.
3. Consciousness and mind of an individual and (more importantly) public consciousness are not understood as an independent structure, but it is declared that they are subject to manipulation by various forces - the state, party, authorities.
4. The idea of two non-intersecting lines of human knowledge - scientific and philosophical, which have as their product scientific truth, philosophical truth, is being actively promoted.
Irrationalism manifested itself in such currents of Western philosophy as:
philosophy of science;
· existentialism;
· psychoanalysis of Z. Freud;
· some variants of Hermeneutics and Phenomenology;
philosophical mysticism.
The first steps away from rationalism to irrationalism were made by Kierkegaard, Schopenhauer, Nietzsche.
The first representative of the philosophy of life was the German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860). For some time, Schopenhauer worked with Hegel in the philosophy department at the University of Berlin. (Schopenhauer was assistant professor and Hegel was professor.) Interestingly, Schopenhauer made an attempt to teach his philosophy as an alternative course to Hegel's philosophy, and even scheduled his lectures at the same time as Hegel. But Schopenhauer failed and remained without listeners.
Subsequently, from the second half of the 19th century, the glory of Schopenhauer eclipsed the glory of Hegel. The failure of the lectures in Berlin was doubly offensive to Schopenhauer, since he sharply negatively assessed Hegelian philosophy, sometimes calling it the delusions of a paranoid, then the impudent nonsense of a charlatan. Especially unflattering was Schopenhauer's opinion about dialectics, which he considered a cunning technique that masks the absurdity and shortcomings of the Hegelian system.
Schopenhauer's main work is The World as Will and Representation (1819). The title of this work reflects the main ideas of Schopenhauer's teachings. The whole world, from his point of view, is the will to live. The will to live is inherent in all living beings, including man, whose will to live is the most significant, because man is endowed with reason, knowledge. Every individual person has its own will to live - not the same for all people. All other people exist in his view as dependent on the boundless egoism of a person, as phenomena that are significant only from the point of view of his will to live, his interests.
One of his original works was the "Treatise on Love", Schopenhauer believed that love is too serious a phenomenon to be left only to poets. In Schopenhauer's "Treatise" there are many interesting, vivid images arising from his system, for example, love is a strong attraction that occurs between two people of the opposite sex. Attraction, a mysterious force that attracts lovers, is a manifestation of the will of an unborn being, their unborn child - that is, nature “calculates” at the level of organisms of two people that, from a biological point of view, the combination of these organisms will give optimal offspring, and as a result, the energy of mutual attraction of these organisms.
Schopenhauer is usually called one of the founders of irrationalism, meaning by this term all those directions that belittled the role of a rational, conscious person in human behavior. According to the views of supporters of some philosophical schools, irrationalism is a negative phenomenon.
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