A.O. Shilkova

arch. project - prof. A.V. Merenkov

TECHNIQUES AND MEANS OF TRANSFORMATION IN ARCHITECTURE

Today, the quality of the architectural environment can be realized through transformation - as one of the principles of building architectural object. Increasingly, attempts are being made to solve the existing problems in architecture with the help of dynamic principles of shaping.

In the research work, an attempt will be made to generalize the existing experience in the design and construction of dynamically changing architectural objects, paying attention to such an aspect of dynamic architecture as transformative architecture, to consider the methods and means of transformation and to test the obtained materials in the design work.

Transformative architecture- a type of architectural objects capable, depending on the goals and objectives set, to change the volume, composition, internal structure construction, planning solutions. A characteristic difference is the possibility of everyday regular and periodic changes, transformations of the layout and space of buildings and structures over a certain period of time, in accordance with the requirements of the functional processes carried out in the building.

In general, transformation techniques can be classified into spatial, constructive, light-color and interactive.

Spatial transformation techniques- "qualitative" change of an architectural object by transforming internal elements while maintaining its overall constant dimensions. In this case, there are processes of internal adaptation of the architectural object within its outer shell.

Spatial transformation techniques allow buildings to adapt to changing conditions and factors throughout their entire life cycle, thereby providing versatility of use, as well as improving performance and increasing the degree of comfort.

With the help of mobile structures, the problem of optimizing static elements and parameters of buildings is solved, the transformable space creates an environment "without boundaries".

Constructive methods of transformation -"quantitative" change in the overall dimensions of the building (transformation of developing buildings with the help of drop-down covers, telescopically expanding parts of the building, sliding walls, etc.).
In this case, processes of external adaptation of an architectural object take place by changing its outer shell, which regulates the relationship between environmental conditions and controlled internal elements.

Constructive transformation techniques support the relationship of premises with the environment and landscape. Thus, the clear boundaries of architecture are erased. Depending on the nature of the barrier, the dynamics of relations between a person - an object - the environment is formed.

In addition, transformable facade systems are designed to regulate the parameters of the microclimate in the room, changing under the influence of environmental factors.

Light-color transformation techniques allow you to change the visual and semantic characteristics of the light environment, forming a new, more complex, dynamic artistic and virtual image. Using modern views media facades, interactive and LED technologies, it became possible to visually change the volumetric and spatial characteristics of the architectural environment, to create a qualitatively new perception of space.

Interactive transformation techniques are a self-organizing system in which, due to the interaction of a person with his environment, an external or internal transformation of the architectural shell occurs. The building becomes an active installation, where numerous control devices constantly communicate with other control devices, their users and the environment.

The results obtained were tested in the project of the Multifunctional Cultural Complex in Yekaterinburg. The project incorporates the principles of dynamic shaping, flexible planning solutions, the ideas of the penetration of the external environment into the structure of the building and the relationship with the environment, changing the spatial characteristics of the premises.

For example, by moving the stands of the sports hall and transforming the enclosing coating, the internal space of the complex is combined with an open theater. Thus, the number of visual places increases in the case of various events on outdoors (theatrical performances, light and water shows). Through the use various means planning transformation (transformable partitions, lifting-lowering and rotating mechanisms of the floor and ceiling, transformable visual places), a universal space of the auditorium was designed. This solution allows you to build multi-variant configurations of the auditorium and stage space for various theatrical and film-concert productions.

E.V. Akilova

Leaders: NIRS - Assoc. M.V. Vinnitsa,

arch. project - Assoc. M.V. Vinnitsa

TRANSFORMATION OF THE APPEARANCE OF THE BUILDING IN THE PROCESS OF OPERATION
AS A MEANS OF ARCHITECTURAL EXPRESSION

As an art form, architecture aesthetically shapes the human environment, expresses public ideas in artistic images. The nature of architecture lies in the interaction between the architect, the object and the public. Often architectural units are permanent, their appearance does not change over time. Which, of course, leads to dissonance with the constantly changing, developing value orientations, ideals, and requirements of society.

Today, with the development of science and technology, in the context of globalization, the pace of these changes is only increasing. And those samples that were relevant yesterday are losing their significance today.

The terms for the design and construction of the building are also being reduced, but they are still very significant. If we compare these terms, for example, with the pace of development of technical devices, where the obsolescence of a product occurs after 5 years of its use, it turns out that when a building is just entering the operating stage, it can no longer fully meet modern trends. Of course, it should be taken into account that the obsolescence of a building occurs not after 5 years, but not after 20 either. In fact, the obsolescence of a building is more often the cause of reconstruction than its physical deterioration.

The urgency of the problem of adapting the building to constant changes in the surrounding reality is only increasing. With an accelerating pace modern life the need for continuous change of images (fashion, style, brand) increases. At the same time, advances in science, the use of new materials and technologies make it possible to build buildings with a long service life. It is not advisable, from the point of view of economics and ecology, to erect a building for a shorter period than the time of its physical deterioration.

Reconstruction, in order to preserve the original appearance of the building, may not always be the best solution. This solution is suitable for buildings that really represent historical and aesthetic, cultural value for the city. But there is also a large number of typical projects in which there is no individuality, for example, typical buildings of the second half of the 20th century. Today, such buildings are visually outdated and do not represent any artistic value. Therefore, in order for the appearance of the building to remain modern throughout the entire period of its operation, it is necessary to transform its appearance.

Changing the appearance is one of the best ways to extend the life of a building.

V.S. Larionova

Leaders: NIRS - prof. Yu.S. Yankovskaya,

arch. project - Assoc. V.V. Gromada

TRANSFORMABLE FACADES

Dynamic spatial objects using unexpected metaphors are increasingly used in the architectural practice of the latest period. The implementation of the “new system” is made possible by ultra-modern materials and technical means that have come to architecture from aircraft construction, space design and computer technology, as well as the rapidly developing development innovative methods architectural modeling. Such an interest in "new images" has a fruitful effect on the development of experimental architectural thought.

Today, in the period of an “aggressive” economy, information expansion, architecture is also becoming a part of communication fields, network infrastructure, investment deposit systems, that is, it is of interest not only from the point of view of the history of architecture, the history of technology, but also is in the area of ​​social research.

O.V. Zeiser

Leader - prof. Yu.S. Yankovskaya

CONCEPT OF ADAPTABILITY OF A SPORTS FACILITY

The concept of adaptability determines the specifics of the formation of an architectural object, aimed at openness to changing the structure of a sports facility to meet the changing needs of a modern person and improve the organization of interactions with the external environment.

An architectural object must be capable of certain transformations based on the needs of users.

There are two main problems: the first is theoretical problem the formation and development of the concepts of an architectural object, the second is a practical problem that reveals the existing possibilities for adapting and transforming various elements of a sports facility for various needs.

The urban environment, as a rule, is formed based on the needs of the average resident, but for people with disabilities, such an environment becomes an obstacle course.

The Russian urban environment, unlike the European one, is just beginning to adapt to the needs of people with limited mobility. To date, there is a lack of the necessary material and personnel base to provide the entire complex social services population and the introduction of modern rehabilitation technologies.

One of the tasks defined by the Strategy for socio-economic development Sverdlovsk region, is the elimination or compensation of restrictions on the life of disabled people and the promotion of social adaptation and their integration into society.

In the modern urban environment, the following contradiction can be identified: newly created and reconstructed objects take into account the requirements of accessibility, but they can only be considered as “islands” of an accessible environment. In general, the urban environment is torn apart.

In practice, the movement of MGN is considered either within the space limited by the boundaries of the quarter, or along the streets. At the same time, the intersection of streets and carriageways is one of the most difficult barriers. The concept of "City without borders" aims to offer a variant of comfortable movement of the MGN in conditions of a significant difference in elevation marks (lowering to the river) and safe crossing of the main street of urban significance.

The concept proposes:

• the scheme of the movement of the MGN in the section along the Iset River, combined with the scheme of objects of cultural, community and social services;
• project of a residential quarter for the disabled;
• a theater project that takes into account the requirements of the Moscow State University;
• the concept of a training water base for athletes with disabilities.

When designing various functional areas for MGN, the tasks of humanizing the urban environment are set; improving the functional organization; creating an aesthetically harmonious living environment.

The openness of the concept to urban space can be an impetus for further development barrier-free environment of the city of Yekaterinburg.

Serebrennikova Tatyana Andreevna ,
master's student at Ural State Academy of Arts
Academic Supervisors:
Candidate of Architecture, Professor A.A. Raevsky
Doctor of Architecture, Professor Yu.S. Yankovskaya
Ural State Academy of Architecture and Art
Yekaterinburg, Russia

PRINCIPLES OF SHAPING IN ARCHITECTURE DURING THE AGE OF INFORMATION EXPLOSION

In the era of the information explosion, architecture requires new approaches, methods and principles of shaping, focused on the system of scientific knowledge, changing the existential space. Architecture of the XX-XXI centuries. is an information space, which, depending on environmental factors, is constantly in motion and is a reflection of the picture of the world. In ultramodern architecture, there are three main principles of shaping and dynamics of I-space: mutual translatability, adaptation and presentation. The principles are interconnected, systematized and subject to structural analysis.

Keywords: information explosion, environmentalism, information space, mutual translatability, adaptation, presentation.

Currently, we are at the turn of history, which radically transformed historical development and at the same time acquired a destructive character to some extent, breaking the thread of history “past-future”. This is the age of the information explosion, with all the ensuing consequences.

A distinctive feature of this era is the increasing dynamics of society and the oversaturation of the information field. The high rates of development of new technologies focused on expanding the scope of people's activities, the stratification of life priorities, the mobility of the population, the fuzziness and vagueness of social boundaries, the fragmentation of cultures and traditions largely determine the essence of such aspects as science, economics, engineering, art, etc.

We are witnessing a period of globalization, when the role of external factors is rapidly increasing, the needs of society in modern conditions are constantly changing. In this regard, new methods of design and construction are becoming relevant, where the search for an architectural form, first of all, takes into account changes in the requirements of society and allows for change and adaptation depending on the functional significance of the object and the environment.

In the era of the XX-XXI centuries. information largely determines the path of development of science (physics, mathematics, biology, chemistry, etc.). Everything in the environment and in science is digitized and encrypted by systems of codes, symbols, signs. Information is perceived by us at the level of an organized system of codes, each of which has its own designation and content. In mathematics, each formula encodes the meaning of the expression itself, physics appears to us as expressed symbolic elements of certain concepts and quantities, in chemistry each atom and molecule has its own code designation. Each such system of signs, codes has its own organized structure, it is systematized and has a general universality. Similarly, the architecture of the technogenic period should be systematized, substantiated and subject to a single algorithm of shaping, where an important factor is the principles of creating space from the point of view of ultramodernity.

In the era of the information explosion and environmentalism (the dictates of the priority of the environment), architecture requires a new approach, focused primarily on reflecting the aspects that form the existential space. The factors inherent in the technogenic era dictate the methods of shaping themselves, which are systematized and add up to a common sign-symbolic picture. Thus, the architecture is a kind of information space (infospace, i-space), which is a way of transferring the state of the environment - the existential space.

Based on the foregoing, interrelated semantic chains follow:

Scheme1

In the definition of the concept of information space, the following can be distinguished:
- the determining factor, the meaning-forming phenomenon in it is information;
- the subject of activity within its boundaries is a person;
- there are specific information carriers;
- its regulation, density, mobility, measure of accessibility are determined by social need.

It is spatial representations that create a general worldview, on the basis of which a general picture of the world arises.

The environment as an event is an episodic phenomenon, it occurs within the boundaries of the spatial situations of the environment of any purpose when the time parameter changes. The continuous unfolding of events is structured into a single historical process, which is directly related to factors of anthropogenic, natural, cultural, social, and other nature.

Scheme 2

Architecture is the essence of the space itself - the code of the environment. The environment, in turn, reflects the existential space and picture of the world. Thus, architecture in the era of the information explosion should be a reflection of the picture of the world in the modern cultural space, depending on the events taking place within a certain time frame.

To date, the basic principles for creating architecture as an i-space have been outlined:
- the principle of interoperability
- the principle of adaptation
- principle of presentation

Scheme 3

Scheme 4

As you know, today's phenomenon of modern architecture is the lack of a specific style base. The search and invention of new metaphors are "in the state of becoming", capable of surprising and delighting, but at the same time not tied to any particular ideology. Characteristically expressed directions have been outlined, which contain informational significance and unique patterns of design. Thus, we can observe a trend in the development of digital architecture, where the fundamental criterion is the orientation towards computer technology. The connection with latent energy and tectonics of geological formations largely determined such a direction as landform architecture. The problem of greening, which in many ways became more acute precisely at the end of the 20th - early 21st centuries, and the natural factor itself revealed a "green" architecture, where the natural component is the starting point. Considering such currents of the information period, we can conclude that information, science and the environment as a whole predetermined the development of i-spaces of directions.

Thus, highlighting the main or secondary elements of any possible i-spaces, systematizing them and combining them into a common dynamic structure according to the logic of thinking, we get new methods of shaping. Let's designate this principle as the principle of mutual translatability, where each element of the i-space has the ability to interchange, translate, project, thus forming a completely different architecture.

The sciences of complex systems, including fractal geometry, non-linear dynamics, neo-cosmology, self-organization theory, etc., brought with them a change in the worldview perspective that influenced both the consciousness of people and the architectural space. We can talk about the birth of new directions based on new scientific knowledge. Principle of adaptation

Scheme 5

By the beginning of the twentieth century. for the first time a new attitude was formulated towards architecture, which must adapt to the constant changes and updates brought by technical development in all areas of life. The unique principle of architectural systems is dynamism, variability, adaptation of the compositional structure. The emergence of the concept of "adaptation" in architecture is due to the need to address factors that are constantly in motion throughout the development of civilization, such as population growth, its social mobility and migration associated with the rapid growth of cities and the active development of areas. The concept of "adaptation" is very multifaceted and can be interpreted from different angles in relation to each specific situation.

The architectural system is in constant structural organization which has the ability to change, adapt and transform. These ongoing processes can be represented as a matrix grid filled with modules that change depending on certain factors. Each module contains a symbolic code that characterizes the historical era, time, society. The invariance of the transformation of modules leads to a change in the entire matrix structure, as a result of which global changes occur in the architectural space as a whole.

Building light and mobile is more important than building rigid and immovable.

Mobility
The dynamic sign of the mobility of an architectural object is reflected both in internal processes and in external ones. Mobility is expressed in the transformation of the internal space and mobility of an architectural object due to changes in the needs and lifestyle of people, functional purpose and adaptation to environmental conditions.

Modularity
Modularity in architecture is considered as the organization of the spatial environment on a "global" scale, applied both to the entire architectural structure, and in a single version, applicable to a specific object.

An architectural object is a matrix model consisting of residential and public modules. Modules are interchangeable, change their functional significance, are replicated along the coordinate axes. The choice of the necessary solution is associated with the provision of certain criteria, which may be implicit, hidden and related to aesthetic, climatic, insolation requirements, as well as the requirements of lighting, air exchange, etc.

Transformation
The dynamics of modern life often requires the creation and corresponding transformable architectural forms. In modern architecture, transformation is used to solve functional problems:
- temporary, reversible transformations of the architectural space in case of its multifunctional use;
- regulation of the microclimate of the room due to reversible movements of structural elements (enclosing surfaces, roofs, blinds);
- transportation of structures or their elements in folded form to the place of their erection; installation of other building structures.

Environmental friendliness
The energy and environmental crises largely dictated to the architect new ways of development in design. The further evolution of the artificial habitat is aimed, first of all, at overcoming the contradictions in establishing the connection between "man and nature". So the emerging directions "Organi-tech", "Eco-tech" demonstrate an increasing interest in the problem of ecology; biotectonic flow is focused on the use of renewable energy sources. The use of modern power plants is an integral factor in architectural design in many countries.

Thanks to the application of the principles of adaptation, such as mobility, modularity, transformation and environmental friendliness, it becomes possible to trace the stylistic features of shaping in architecture. The style of shaping is formulated in terms of limited options for using the morphological parameters of the form elements and strictly defined modular structures that determine the features of the interaction of the form elements. Presentation principle

Architecture has a great influence on people: this determines its ideological significance, which is taken into account when creating a certain purpose of space and manifests itself in its socio-utilitarian, artistic, aesthetic and compositional qualities. Proceeding from this, the connection of established facts follows, but with a new designation and content. What role does the expression i-space play, by what means and compositional techniques is it expressed (if any) and what elements scientific systems used in the construction of this space?

Architecture defines a system of codes, thereby opening up to an interpretive reading that expands its information opportunities. The codification of i-space forms can be temporary, its functional certainty can be changeable, while re-profiling, reconstruction can radically change the image of the i-space itself and the environment as a whole.

The principle of presentation implies an emotional-sensory characteristic of i-space. In the process of working on the project, the emotional meaning of the future object is first guessed, then, as it develops, matures, is refined, and at the end of the work appears to the author’s inner gaze as a complex flowing system of various kinds of impressions, meanings, signs, thus presenting itself. The emotional structure and degree of impact of i-space, first of all, depends on time, place, environment and functional purpose.

Architecture at this time stage “presents” itself, and a person “accepts” and “perceives” it. The feeling that the architecture of an object conveys, the feeling that it evokes, are part of the meaning that this object carries as a whole.

The emotional reaction is holistic and reflects not only the external, but also the "internal" environment of a person, his well-being, mood and much that does not depend on the appearance of an architectural structure located in this moment in sight. From a cultural and semiotic point of view, a person's reaction to an architectural object depends not only on the property of the object, but also on the ability to understand the subject, his culture and experience. Space and its environment influence each other mutually. Space and man are mutually dependent on each other.

It is obvious that today we cannot precisely formulate the definition of cutting-edge architecture. In our time, architecture requires new concepts, new methods, approaches, directions and goals, which should not be limited to narrow formal studies, but be considered as a complex discipline that is constantly in contact with scientific knowledge. Our sense of space has expanded with the advent of modern means and messages to the limits of our planet.

Architecture faced the problem, which has no precedent in its history, to turn to the methods of thinking of modern science: semiotics, new philosophy, microphysics, biochemistry, psychology, anthropology, synergetics, mathematics. In other words, today we are dealing with a fundamentally different architecture - architecture as an i-space.

Consideration of the directions in architecture in the era of the information explosion and the parameters of the existential space that form these directions makes it possible to trace the relationship between environmental factors (economic, natural, social, etc.) and architecture. The study of architectural trends in this era makes it possible to identify the main methods and patterns of the practical and theoretical component of the development of architectural form (the parameters by which the principles function) and, based on their comparison, create a model of invariants of the principles of shaping.

This research hypothesis will make it possible to predetermine the formative principles of architecture by generating parameters, codes, signs and symbols of the main matrix structure of already known directions. Methods and means of shaping, formulated on the basis of the factors of the modern picture of the world, are an alternative to established design methods.

With the development of civilization, the emergence of new cultures and trends, society and the environment will be increasingly saturated with information and communication fields that appear before us in the form of numbers, graphs, ciphers, codes, signs and symbols. This entails a significant change in the surrounding space and its component of the natural environment - architecture. It's about not only about changes in the world order itself, but also about the new consciousness of man, about the new man, his attitude and worldview. In this regard, there is a need to identify in advance the fundamental parametric model of architectural shaping and, based on a single universality, create new design principles and methods.

In the era information technologies a new space is being created in which the “natural environment”, dependent and relative, must be recreated on a fundamentally new basis.

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Housing must be a transformable system, corresponding to the dynamics of the family's way of life itself. Such a system of planning organization of the apartment should be found, which would allow further transformation of internal spaces and obtain new options that also meet functional and aesthetic requirements. For example, in multi-room apartments of modern construction, a free layout of rooms is laid, which is implemented in agreement with the owner.

In general, the transformation of the internal space of an apartment can be divided into:

Daily (transformation of children's and bedrooms);

Short-term (transformation of common rooms when receiving guests, celebrations, etc.);

Seasonal (for example, the inclusion of summer premises in a residential or utility area);

Demographic (in connection with the entry of the family into a new period of formation).

At the same time, the planning decisions of reconstructed buildings are influenced by its constructive scheme, i.e. location in space of walls, pillars, columns. Moreover, the presence of an already existing skeleton makes it necessary to take, during reconstruction, a sequence of planning decisions that is reverse to the new construction, including the following steps:

The division of the wall core into separate sections with existing or newly arranged staircases;

Distribution of sections into apartment cells (located on one or two levels);

The allocation of a residential and auxiliary zone in each apartment cell (with simultaneous linkage with the placement of engineering equipment and newly organized or existing sanitary and technical communications).

The possibility of choosing the layout of apartments (linear, two-sided, corner and end), the number, size and proportions of rooms, as well as providing ventilation and insolation are determined by the size and ratio of the width of the body and the distance between the staircases. The solution of the kitchen and sanitary block deserves special attention, which largely determines the level of comfort of the reconstructed housing.

1. For small-room apartments, it is convenient to place the kitchen and sanitary unit in a compact group at the entrance to the apartment. At the same time, a sufficient level of isolation of living rooms is ensured, and it is also possible to avoid the need for a corridor.

2. In case of high complexity or impossibility of transferring the existing sanitary and technical communications, the kitchen and sanitary block can be located in the back of the apartment. At the same time, communication with the hallway and rooms is carried out through the corridor.

3. In large multi-room apartments, the greatest convenience is provided by the separation of the kitchen and sanitary block (and, possibly, duplication of its elements). For example, a kitchen and a toilet with a sink are located at the entrance to the apartment, while a bathroom and a second toilet are located at the back of the apartment, next to the bedrooms.

At school, the walls help. (paraphrased Russian proverb)

According to statistics, the number of schoolchildren in Russia has been constantly growing in recent years. To keep up with the exit from the demographic hole, the federal government allocates at least 50 billion rubles for the construction of new schools, the reconstruction and repair of old buildings. Government program It is designed for 10 years and entered into force in 2016.

The return to more or less mass construction of schools automatically raises the question of the architecture of modern school buildings. Although issues related to the education system, the competence of teachers, the improvement of the material and technical base, etc. are more often discussed in society. Yes, a teacher from God and a "packed" computer class in some segment will give some effect. But still, modern teaching systems have little decent future in outdated buildings.

According to a number of experts, it is a fundamentally new (we note - for Russia) school architecture that can change typical ideas about education, form flexible system education, which will be aimed at revealing the individuality of each child. Here you can paraphrase a Russian saying - in a modern school, even walls help - in the literal sense of the word, given the current global trends in school architecture.

It should be noted that by “modern school architecture” we do not mean a weird facade, but a complex structure of interaction between the multifaceted functions of the educational process, activities and poles of children’s development with the structure of the building itself, their harmony and common work on final result: all-round assistance in revealing the abilities and talents of schoolchildren.

This message is taken from the message to the Federal Assembly of December 3, 2015, by Russian President Vladimir Putin, who stressed that the preservation of the nation, the education and upbringing of children, and the every possible assistance in revealing their abilities and talents is the government’s long-term agenda. The President also said that it is necessary to take all possible measures so that students of all Russian schools have the opportunity to engage in any kind of creativity, receive a quality education, a favorite profession and realize their potential.

What is the current situation with the urban positioning of schools and the conditions for their design?

Massive predominantly quarterly and micro-district development of territories with multi-storey residential buildings continues in Russia, which, according to the standard, should be provided with schools and kindergartens. Conceptually, Soviet practice in this matter remains unshakable. Whether this is good or bad is a question of a different order and philosophy of the development of the primary housing market.

Today, as part of a separate microdistrict, one or three-complete schools can be located: a basic school for 9 classes (225 students), for 18 classes (450 students), a secondary school for 11 classes (275 students), for 22 classes (550 students) and 33 classes (825 students). Medium walking radius educational institutions is standardized according to SNiP 2.07.01-89* and depends on the climatic zone, category of students and location - in a city or village. On average, it is 300-500 meters.

Russian schools, as in the USSR, are still the largest public facilities in the microdistrict. The construction volume of such buildings is on average more than 30,000 m3, which is much higher than the volume of other public facilities in a residential area. Due to its size, the school is a kind of compositional center and unites other buildings around it. It should be noted that in recent years, new types of buildings have become widespread, combining a school with a preschool institution, a leisure center, clubs and other premises. This is especially true for the regions of the Far North.

The height of modern school buildings is taken taking into account the number of students and the degree of fire resistance: from one to three floors. It is possible to build 4-storey schools, but with significant restrictions - I, II degrees of fire resistance, while the first classes cannot be placed on the 4th floor, and the rest of the classrooms should be no more than 25%.

School education is becoming more diverse, which is directly reflected in the appearance and internal structure of schools. To do this, the amount of daylight penetrating into classrooms and corridors is increasing, communications between different groups of classrooms are being improved, and optimal solutions for school areas are being developed.

At the same time, the state needs to achieve a dual and difficultly compatible (but still possible) goal - to meet the optimal budget of a building being built for state money, and to achieve high spiritual goals set by the country's leader. And now also the new Federal Minister of Education Vasilyeva, who said that the school should educate children in a Person, not a Consumer.

So far, the situation is a bit reminiscent of one of the heroes of the fairy tale about Aibolit - the mutant horse Tyanitolkay.

Thus, the Ministry of Construction has formed a catalog of standard design documentation for reuse, which contains projects of existing facilities. That is, the department approached the solution of the issue with straightforward construction and bureaucratic simplicity, without visible attempts to philosophically comprehend the current trends in educational process.

Whereas the former leadership of the federal Ministry of Education set its own task for the Moscow State University of Civil Engineering - to develop promising standard projects school buildings, taking into account the requirements of new educational standards. We are talking about the creation of a new type of school, which, with its space-planning, architectural concept, technical equipment, would contribute to the implementation of a number of new functional requirements for the educational process, but at the same time would have sufficient versatility for the whole country in order to reduce the cost of building facilities as much as possible due to unified elements - modules.

Andrey Volkov, rector of NRU MGSU, commented on the work in this direction in his interview to Stroitelnaya Gazeta: “... The space of the school should be maximally involved in the educational process. This also determines the economic efficiency of the project, because the more space we use for the main activity, the more effective the solution.
Must be implemented A complex approach to design, which consists in taking into account various kinds of national, social, territorial, natural and climatic features of the region in which construction is underway.

A typical school built according to the principles of modular design will not be identical to a faceless gray box. The project in each case will be individual both in terms of visual perception, and in terms of the layout of modules, functionality, and scale.”

The head of the university also outlined the principles that the Ministry of Education and Science would like to see in new projects. One of them is the principle of a universal classroom, which is designed to organize frontal, group and individual lessons. The classroom, with its space-planning solution, technical equipment, furniture, lighting scheme, should provide the possibility of equal work efficiency in all three forms of organizing classes. Subject classrooms should include study rooms, rooms for practical exercises, laboratory. It is also necessary to provide a school-wide lecture room with modern multimedia equipment.

As conceived by the developers, the minimum combination of training modules is designed for one so-called parallel - 330 places from the first to the eleventh grade with an estimated class size of 30 students. Depending on the planned occupancy of the school, the number of modules can be varied. Thus, it is possible to obtain an object of the required scale. Functionally, the modules are divided into two large blocks - basic and additional.

The basic ones are educational, school-wide premises, a canteen, a gym, an assembly hall, libraries, administrative, medical premises, and so on. Additional modules are, for example, a technological workshop module, specialized modules for teaching children with disabilities, modules for a business, linguistic center, a winter garden, a living corner, and even residential modules if it is a boarding school.

This fits perfectly into the framework of global trends, which were noted by Polina Naidanova, a researcher at the Ural State Academy of Architecture and Art (Yekaterinburg). Thus, in the architecture of school buildings in Europe and the United States, there is a tendency to functionally divide school blocks into a “business part”, which includes administrative, sports and entertainment blocks facing the street, and an “educational part”, which is hidden from the eyes of passers-by, protected from noise and open to the sunny side. The blocks are also divided into zones for elementary and high schools. Between themselves, the blocks are usually connected either by an information passage, which may contain a library, or by recreational patios.

The researcher also notes another direction - the school building becomes an indissoluble unity with the natural environment. Interpenetration concerns not so much the external effect of "fitting" the volume into nature, but rather the "disclosure" of the interior and the entire complex of the building from the inside to nature and the inclusion of elements of nature in its interior.

An important part of the school is the atrium actively involved in the educational process. About him developers new school from MGSU also did not forget. The intra-school space, surrounded by premises, form a single space for playing and learning activities and serves as a meeting place and general school activities. In principle, it can also be considered as the "Zone of innovations, or i-zone" (according to the wording of Neporad V.I.). It is a zone for the creation and exchange of high-tech and creative innovations.

Andrey Volkov summarizes: “A school designed in accordance with the new principles is more efficient and, if you like, more meaningful. The existing efficiency ratio is calculated from the ratio of the areas used directly in the educational process to the total number of areas. As a rule, in existing schools this coefficient is less than 0.5, while our project includes a coefficient that exceeds this indicator. At the same time, we have the opportunity to reduce the standard price of construction. That is, the cost of construction installation work at standard design will decrease predictably with a simultaneous increase in the quality of the proposed solutions.

By the way, MGSU, together with architectural and space-planning solutions, took up the analysis of the existing regulatory framework with a view to correcting them.

Meanwhile, for example, the Moscow authorities do not waste time in vain. By order of the city authorities, a single regulatory document has been developed for the design of educational institutions - the "Code of Rules" Buildings of educational organizations. Design Rules”, which already introduces the concepts of “blocking” and “transformation”.

The document combined all the existing regulatory requirements in the field of designing such facilities: technical regulations, sanitary regulations and fire safety regulations. For the first time, the code contains requirements for anti-terrorist security, operation and energy efficiency of educational institutions. The typology of buildings and premises has been expanded, which is extremely important in the context of a shortage of territories for the existing compacted development, including reconstructed, as well as for new construction, taking into account undulating demographic fluctuations.

For such cases, the Code of Practice provides for requirements for this type of school buildings, as transformable blocks primary school. The uniqueness of transforming buildings is that they can change according to the needs of the education system, i.e. to be transformed from a preschool institution to a block of primary classes and vice versa, and also to combine these two functions.

Additionally, the Code of Rules provides rules for calculating individual premises - such as assembly halls, canteens, lobbies, etc., introduced norms for specific areas for premises that were not previously covered normative documents. This code has already been approved by the order of the Ministry of Construction of Russia dated August 17, 2016 (No. 572 / pr.)

Summarizing the above, as a result, it is worth citing the main theses of the modern school, formulated by Polina Naidanova, namely:

1. the possibility of transforming the learning space into small, medium and large according to the principle "student - group - class - flow";
2. formation of large functional planning zones: studio classes, conference rooms, etc.;
3. the formation of an "open" system: the absence of traditional closed classrooms;
4. the availability of premises that are designed for various kinds classes taking into account age characteristics (games, workshops, lectures, laboratories, etc.);
5. availability of mobile equipment in classrooms;
6. availability of conditions for the development of the health of students that will meet the needs of children;
7. a new system for the location of engineering communications, the possibility of autonomous existence, the presence of energy-saving systems.

To be continued...

Ticket number 6

Historical ethno-cultural evolution of types of residential and public buildings and structures

Culture of the state of Kok-Orda and Ak-Orda. Moghulistan.

Mobile and transformable modern architecture.

1. The settlement system in the sources refers to a territorial combination of settlements, between which there is a more or less clear distribution of functions, production and social ties. In addition, when analyzing the settlements of settled agricultural peoples, regardless of the time and place of their functioning, it is customary to single out such basic elements as: settlements, outbuildings, a center, cultural and community institutions, places of worship, fortifications, etc. In nomadic settlements, due to historical and socio-economic reasons, many of these elements were absent. In particular, there were no fortifications and cultural institutions, mosques appeared mainly only during the transition to a settled way of life. The basis of temporary settlements was residential buildings, with the appearance of seasonal stationary settlements, household and memorial and religious buildings were added to them. Nevertheless, the entire complex of architectural objects is characterized by the interaction of morphology (structure, structure, form) and axiology (content, meaning, value), which actually allows us to consider the system of a pastoral settlement as a model of a holistically structured object included in a hypersystem - the environment. .

Thus, Kazakh settlement system is defined by us as spatial locus, including all the necessary conditions and means to ensure the livelihoods of people engaged in cattle breeding. In this case, the spatial locus is understood as the territory economically developed by the clan (family): winter, spring, summer and autumn pastures along with functioning seasonal settlements and a complex of buildings.

End of the 19th century characterized by intensive industrial development of Kazakhstan. The construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway (1892-1905) contributed to the acceleration of this process. A new factor that actively stimulated the development of trade and, as a consequence, the architecture of commercial buildings and structures, was the active construction of railways. Railway stations were large architectural complexes, some of which were given under commercial premises and buildings. Thus, the following features have been identified in the region under study: 1. Features of the development of the architecture of ancient and early medieval Kazakhstan as a whole are due to the ideology of a nomadic society that closely interacts with the settled agricultural economy of the peoples of neighboring states; as the main building materials clay, stone and wood stand out. 2. The Great Silk Road had a positive impact on the development of commercial buildings and structures, the main direction of which in the VI-XVI centuries. moved to the study area. It stimulated the emergence of a number of urban centers, and in the south of Kazakhstan contributed rapid growth settlements and their transformation into cities; 3. After the founding of outposts and fortresses Russian Empire, gradually transforming into cities, the active penetration of merchant capital was facilitated by the growth of industry and the construction of railways. Thanks to economic and political transformations, stationary types of trade were gradually established: shops, shops, wholesale warehouses, etc. All considered types of commercial buildings XIX - beg. XX centuries can be divided by 4 interconnected groups in terms of functional and spatial content: 1) buildings intended only for trade; 2) trade and warehouse premises with a predominance of warehouse functions; 3) buildings that equally combine residential and commercial premises; 4) commercial and business and commercial and public buildings. These 4 groups include the following 6 types of retail and wholesale trade buildings finished products: 1) a stand-alone shop; 2) shops organized in malls; 3) guest yards; 4) shops at residential buildings; 5) shops; 6) trading houses.

2. The states of Kok Orda and Ak Orda. Until the beginning of the XIV century, the territory of the Golden Horde coincided with those lands that Muslim sources understood under the term "Ulus Jochi". However, from the beginning of the 14th century, the Ulus of Jochi broke up into two states - Kok Orda and Ak Orda, of which the latter was in vassal dependence on the former. Ak Orda included the above-mentioned lands in the Syrdarya basin, as well as steppes and cities in the northeast of the Aral Sea and up to the Ishim and Sary-Su rivers. After the separation of the Ak Orda, the term Golden Horde is applied mainly to the lands of the Kok Orda. So, the Ulus of Jochi broke up into Kok Orda and Ak Orda, each of which had its own dynasty from the descendants of the eldest son of Genghis Khan Jochi. From the first years of the formation of the Ulus of Jochi and after the collapse into two indicated hordes, according to Persian authors of the 15th-17th centuries, the Kok Horde constituted the right wing (baraunkar, onkol) of the Ulus of the Jochi troops, i.e. supplied from among its nomadic population all the tumens included in it, and Ak Orda constituted the left wing (dzhaunkar, solkol), i.e. supplied all the left wing tumens. As a result of the collapse of the Golden Horde, several feudal estates also appeared on the territory of Kazakhstan. In the middle of the XIV century, the Ak Orda actually separated from the Golden Horde. Some sources confuse the data on the location of the White and Blue Hordes. In particular, this concerns "Anonymous Iskander" Muin al-Din Natanzi, who erroneously changed places of the White and Blue Hordes on December 24, 2015. The discussion about the location of the Horde, which lasted from the beginning of the study of the history of the Golden Horde in Russia and in the West, ended with the conclusion that the Blue Horde was in the east, and the White Horde was in the west. Standing apart is the opinion of I. Mingulov, who considers the White Horde a state that existed in the east from the middle of the 13th to the first quarter of the 15th century. inclusive. In Ulus Zhoshi itself, the concepts "Ak Orda" and "Kok Orda" denoted only political centers, headquarters of khans, and the state itself was called Ulug Ulus.

Moghulistan. As a result of the collapse of the Shagatai (Chagatai) ulus in the middle of the XIV century on the territory southeastern Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, a new nomadic state arose. Political history of Moghulistan in the second half of the 14th century. remains little known, especially his inner life. The sources do not contain reliable information about the events in the northern regions, in Zhetysu and in the Tien Shan. The most detailed information is provided by Mohammed Haidar Dulati. After the death of a descendant of Shagatai Kazan Khan, who was an opponent of nomadic life, the tribal elite of the Zhetysu clan decided to form a state independent of the Shagataids. However, in all Mongolian states, according to tradition, only Chingizid could be the supreme ruler. Therefore, Emir Puladchi, a representative of the tribal nobility of the Dulat tribe, came out with the intention of creating an independent khanate with the help of a protege - a khan from the Genghisides. Genghisides, on whom the dulats chose, turned out to be 18-year-old Togluk-Timur. Having made their protege khan, the Dulat emirs also strengthened their power as the leading political force of the country. With the support of the tribal elite of the dulats, it was possible to some extent stabilize the situation in the country, unite the entire vast territory of Moghulistan under its rule, and subdue the tribes inhabiting it. The headquarters of Togluk-Timur was located in Almalyk. The struggle for the unification of all regions under the auspices of the central government was the main content of the internal political life of the state. The nomadic nobility of individual tribes stubbornly resisted the Khan's attempts to limit their independence. Togluk-Timur made an attempt to reform the administrative and political structure of his state. Some measures have been taken to streamline the tax system. The fact of active planting of Islam among the subject population is known. Togluk-Timur decided to reinforce his power with a proven ideological support following the example of the khans of Maverannahr. These are some of the facts of the inner life of the new state in the first decades of its existence. Under the successor of Togluk-Timur, Ilyas Khoja, internecine wars began, which ended with the division of Moghulistan into several parts. In most of Zhetysu, power passed to the emir Kamar-ad-Din dulat, and the territory from Ili to Tarbagatai was subordinated to Yente tora. In fact, the Bulgachi tribes that inhabited the Issyk-Kul region, the Kangly tribes, the Kereites, the Arkenuts, etc., were actually independent. At this time, the invasion of the territory of the Great Ulus and Moghulistan of the Emir of Maverannakhr - Timur begins. The absence of a unified centralized authority made it difficult to organize resistance to Timur's aggressive policy. Under these conditions, the emir Kamar-ad-Din and the Khan of the Great Ulus Orys decided to act collectively against Timur. Timur's campaigns against Moghulistan. The first campaign of Timur to Moghulistan took place in 1371-1372. However, it was a "reconnaissance" campaign, aimed at demonstrating strength and capturing prisoners and booty. More serious campaigns began in 1375 and were directed against the emir Kamar-ad-Din. The campaign of 1375 ended with Timur's complete victory, but Kamar-ad-Din managed to retain power on 24.12.15. In 1376, Timur's new army marched on Moghulistan, but the Kipchak commanders revolted and went over to the side of Orys Khan. The next campaign was undertaken in 1377, when Sygnak was captured, where Toktamys became the khan. The troops of Moghulistan were twice defeated, but Kamar-ad-Din again managed to escape. In the 80s. Kamar-ad-Din made an alliance with Toktamys, Yenge tore and Khyzyr Khoja Khan against Timur. In 1389, Emir Timur undertook another campaign to Zhetisa. The Mughal rulers were unable to organize a rebuff, and Timur's troops marched throughout the country, ruining the camps and cities. The next campaign in 1390 again ended with the defeat of Moghulistan. In 1404, Timur decided to finally conquer Zhetisa and went on a campaign at the head of a huge army. Only the death of the shaker of the universe "in Otrar at the beginning of 1405 averted this threat. In the first half of the 15th century, the political situation in Moghulistan was characterized not only by the internecine struggle of the sons and grandsons of Khyzyr Khoja, but also by the war with the Timurids, the Oirat tribes. The Timurids tried to tear away the Eastern Turkestan from Moghulistan. Wais Khan (1418-1428) was forced to move the capital from East Turkestan to Zhetisu. After the death of Wais Khan, a long and bloody struggle began between his two sons, which led to a split in the feudal nobility of Moghulistan. In the mid-30s years of the XV century, power passed into the hands of one of the sons of Wais Khan - Sultan Yesen-Bug. Dissatisfied with this, the other son - Yunus, left Moghulistan, taking with him about 30 thousand families. Despite the efforts of Khan Yesen-Buga, Moghulistan for a long time In the middle of the 15th century, many tribes migrated from the borders of the state.In fact, the power of Esen-Buga extended only to part of Kashgaria. The long internecine struggle of the ruling factions of the nomadic nobility led at the end of the XV-beginning of the XVI centuries. to the collapse of Moghulistan. The attempts of the Moghul khans to restore the political dominance of the Shagataids in former territory Moghulistan ended in failure. In the middle of the XVI century. Moghulistan ceased to exist as an independent state. Thus, at the beginning of the 15th century, objective reasons led to the collapse of the Ulug (Great) Ulus and the formation of a number of independent national states on its territory.

3. In modern everyday life, we increasingly use the term "mobility". With the development of new technologies and human needs, it's time to take a fresh look at the architecture we are used to. The concept of “mobility” is interpreted in different ways: in one case it is a mobile home on wheels, in the rest it is a collapsible structure, in the third it is a reinforced concrete building with a small building area. In the 1950s and 1960s, the first manifestations of mobile architecture appeared in the world. This concept was reduced to what served as a mobile housing for temporary residence in one place, but gradually acquired a more individual character. Light houses, mobile or in the form of hotel rooms do not require significant material costs, as well as time for installation work, so they are cost-effective. Characteristic of mobile architecture is "internal mobility". This refers to the adaptation of an object to new conditions: social or economic status, a change in family composition, a change of generations, or simply a change of housing "according to the mood", without changing the general volumetric and structural parameters, by transforming the internal space of the object of the object, its interior. And it is these parameters that characterize the mobile architecture.

Transformative architecture- a type of architectural objects capable, depending on the goals and objectives set, to change the volume, composition, internal structure of the building, planning solutions. A characteristic difference is the possibility of everyday regular and periodic changes, transformations of the layout and space of buildings and structures over a certain period of time, in accordance with the requirements of the functional processes carried out in the building.

In general, transformation techniques can be classified into spatial, constructive, light-color and interactive.

Spatial transformation techniques- "qualitative" change of an architectural object by transforming internal elements while maintaining its overall constant dimensions. In this case, there are processes of internal adaptation of the architectural object within its outer shell.