Not all motorists think about how a modern gas station works. But in order for the fuel to get into the tank of the car, it must go through a rather difficult path through the gas station itself, which now uses the most modern technologies.

Fuel gets to gas stations in different ways, fuel can be brought by train, or it can be delivered to its destination using a pipeline, but most often it is delivered to individual stations using conventional fuel trucks.

Modern fuel trucks, as a rule, have several internal sections, so they bring several types of fuel at once. From the section with a volume of 10,900 liters, the fuel will be drained for about half an hour. During this time, refueling with a specific fuel will be prohibited for safety and more accurate subsequent reporting of fuel volume.

Before the fuel is discharged into underground storage facilities, it undergoes control. First of all, the fuel documents are checked, the seal on the tank is opened, the level of its filling is checked, and then the fuel analysis is taken. New fuel is checked for density, roughly speaking, it should not be diluted with water intentionally or accidentally due to rainwater, condensate, etc.

After checking, the fuel is connected to the tank with the help of a drain pipe and the fuel is drained.

fuel storage

Fuel tanks can be above ground or underground. They are made of steel and are most often made in two layers for safety. Typically, fuel storage tanks do not exceed 50 cubic meters, but there are tanks with a volume of more than 200 cubic meters, such storage facilities are already considered mini-oil depots, to which their own requirements apply.

The fuel level in the tank itself is measured by a metro rod. The fuel level is measured not only when draining fuel, but also when changing shifts of operators.

1. Receiving valve. It prevents fuel from draining from pipelines and all equipment back into the tank. Without the valve, the pump would have to completely fill the entire system from the reservoir to the filling nozzle with each refueling, and this is an extra waste of energy and time.

2. Filter. Another filter element at the gas station, it can be installed immediately after the intake valve or in the gas separator (5). If the filter is clogged, then a rumble is heard during refueling, as the pump has to work with great effort.

3 and 4. Engine and pump. They work in pairs, connected, as a rule, by a belt drive, but there are also designs where the pump and the motor sit on the same shaft. A belt drive is considered safer, as it is protected from increased loads on the engine.

5. Gas separator. In accordance with the name, it separates excess gases from the fuel, which are in a suspended state in a calm state, and when the fuel is actively mixed, they combine and begin to create foam. The device of the gas separator is extremely simple - it is a small reservoir in which the fuel is retained for a short time, and excess gases freely leave through the drainage holes from above.

6. Solenoid valve. Opens when fuel is supplied and closes immediately after fuel injection stops. If this valve is broken, then it can simply shut off the entire system or not close it, in the latter case, even after the pump is turned off, fuel will flow into the dispensing gun by inertia. When the solenoid valve is not closed, the fuel dispenser fills with approximately 0.2-0.5 liters of excess fuel.

7. Liquid meter. It can be called differently, for example, a fuel gauge, a liquid meter, etc., but it has one function - to accurately measure the amount of fuel. Fuel gauges can be electronic or mechanical. In the first case, the accuracy adjustment is carried out using special commands, in the second case, with the help of adjusting bolts.

8. Viewing window. Represents a hollow flask with glass. If the flask is filled with fuel, then the intake valve is working and the fuel remains in the system after the pump is turned off.

It can be called differently, it is designed to control the supply of fuel to the tank neck, it also cuts off the fuel supply when the tank is full.

10, 11, 12. Control system. The system combines the fuel dispenser and the operator's control panel.

More about the filling nozzle device

The refueling gun device is not as simple as it seems at first glance. In addition to the fuel supply function, there is a fuel cut-off system inside when the tank is full.

You can see how this system works in the video above. With normal fuel supply, air enters the gun through a small tube and jet. As soon as the fuel reaches the level of the filler pipe, fuel enters the jet and the air pressure in the protection system drops sharply, the membrane reacts to this and the cut-off spring is activated, the fuel supply stops. When the safety system is triggered, fuel will not be delivered until the gun lever is "cocked" again.

The exception is perhaps the unusual scheme with the top location of the fuel dispenser. But such schemes are used extremely rarely, primarily due to the lack of such equipment and certain difficulties with its maintenance. There is no special benefit from such an arrangement of the fuel dispenser, except that the cars can be placed a little more densely, and the fuel dispensers themselves cannot be hit by a car.

In 1888, gasoline began to be sold in pharmacies.

In 1907, the first gas station opened in the United States, it was a warehouse with cans of gasoline. Later, stations began to appear with one large tank, from which fuel was supplied by gravity.

In Russia, the first filling station was opened in 1911 by the Imperial Automobile Society.

Modern gas stations are not limited to selling only fuel. Many have small shops with related products, products, there are cafes, car washes, etc. Particularly noticeable is the development of gas stations in the United States, where refueling is only part of a complex that includes parking lots for heavy vehicles, recreation and leisure centers, shops, cafes and much more.

In Russia, more than 25,000 car filling stations, approximately 600 of them are located within the Moscow Ring Road. There are more than 120,000 gas stations in the US, about 14,000 in Canada, and more than 9,000 in the UK, while in the 90s there were more than 18,000.

Filling stations (gas stations) are designed to receive, store and refuel ground vehicles with motor fuel.

Along with refueling at gas stations, the following work can be performed:

Changing and adding oil to engines and coolant to radiators;

Tire inflation with air;

Adding electrolyte and recharging batteries;

Adding brake fluid and bleeding the brakes;

Car wash;

Minor car maintenance and repairs;

Service for drivers and passengers (cafe, shop, etc.).

In order not to reduce the throughput of the station for refueling, all auxiliary work is carried out away from the filling islands at specially designated posts.

Car filling stations are classified according to various criteria. By design:

Stationary;

Container (KAZS);

Mobile (PASS).

By function:

Common use;

Departmental.

According to the way of placement of tanks:

With an underground location;

With ground location;

With the location on the vehicle.

According to the normative parameters of standard projects:

By the number of fuel dispensers;

By the number of gas stations during peak hours;

By the number of refueling cars per day;

According to the total capacity of the tanks.

By type of location on the ground, gas stations are:

Road;

urban;

Rural;

Road gas stations are located near highways. They must provide refueling vehicles with fuel, compressed air and water. The capacity of road stations depends on the traffic on the road and can reach 1000 - 1500 gas stations per day.

City filling stations are located in cities outside the central part (residential areas) and are designed for filling all types of cars and motorcycles. The capacity of city stations is 250 - 1000 gas stations per day, and the stations of the "sidewalk type" - 150 - 250 gas stations per day in the central areas of the city for personal cars.

Rural filling stations provide refueling of vehicles of agricultural enterprises and organizations of regional centers with all types of fuels and lubricants.

River gas stations carry out refueling of water small vessels - boats, motor boats, etc.

Stationary gas stations are built according to standard designs with mass-produced technological systems for receiving, storing and refueling, agreed with the State Fire Service of the Russian Emergencies Ministry. Non-serial technological systems are allowed, the documentation of which is consistent with territorial divisions fire service.

Stationary gas stations are capital structures, including buildings, fuel dispensers, tanks, technological pipelines, treatment facilities and various systems ensure technological process. A variant of gas station structures is shown in Figure 4.1.

The hinged group includes filling islands, informational column lamps, a facing set of the colonnade and a hinged part, a light frieze in the Customer's corporate color scheme, a three-dimensional light sign of the Customer, lighting fixtures, a transitional dome between the building and the hinged group.

Rice. 4.1. The composition of the gas station facilities: a) I - hinged group; 2 - production block of the building; 3 - service block of the building; b) 1 - hinged group; 2 - module of the building of full factory readiness

Filling islands are made of polished or brushed stainless steel and are used as dispenser bases, column supports, steles and service posts to protect them from vehicle damage.

The gas station building consists of one prefabricated module or production and service blocks. The production block includes a central entrance, an operator's work area, an electrical panel room, a pantry, a service exit, a locksmith's room, an administrator's room, a service bathroom, a visitor's bathroom and a security room. The service block is intended for service.

The gas station building is equipped with air conditioning systems, a thermal curtain of the central vestibule, television surveillance, heating, lighting and ventilation, electricity and water consumption metering, sewerage, security and fire alarms, public address systems, as well as fuel dispenser protection units, etc.

Stationary gas stations can provide refueling up to 1500 cars per day. According to their capacity, they are calculated for 200, 250, 500, 750 and 1000 car fillings per day, according to the number of fillings during peak hours - 57, 100, 135, 170 cars per hour, other capacities are possible (Table 4.1). The most common types are filling stations with 500 - 750 fillings per day.

Table 4.1 Normative parameters of typical gas station projects

The technological process of functioning of a stationary filling station includes a set of operations for receiving, storing and dispensing petroleum products. In order to increase the efficiency of filling stations, the technological process can be provided with automated systems for determining the amount of fuel, monitoring the tightness of tanks, reducing fuel losses and maintaining its quality.

The amount of fuel stored at filling stations is determined based on the average filling of one car (50 liters), and the number of fuel dispensers - based on servicing 15 cars per hour.

The layout of the station may have different solutions depending on the capacity and amount of fuel supplied and the services provided to customers. One such solution is shown in Figure 4.2.

Rice. 4.2. Gas station plan: I - platform for a tank truck; 2 - fuel tanks; 3 - parking of cars; 4 - trash cans; 5 - stele; b - storage tanks for treatment facilities

A filling station (gas station) is a complex of buildings, structures and equipment limited by the site and intended for refueling vehicles (except tracked vehicles) with motor fuel.

The gas station also organizes the sale of oils, greases, spare parts, accessories for cars and other vehicles, the reception of used oils and small containers from oil products from owners of individual vehicles, and maintenance. In addition, gas stations provide maintenance services for vehicles, their owners and passengers.

Petrol stations are classified:

■ by design;

■ by functional purpose;

■ by the amount of sold fuels;

■ according to the way the tanks are placed;

■ according to the normative parameters of typical projects;

■ on location;

■ by the number of services rendered.

According to the design, stationary, container and mobile filling stations are distinguished. Stationary gas stations are capital structures, including buildings, tanks, process pipelines, fuel dispensers, treatment facilities and various process support systems. They can refuel up to 1,500 vehicles per day and up to 170 refuelings per hour at peak loads. Container filling stations are characterized by the placement of the main and auxiliary equipment (including tanks) in factory-made block containers. Mobile filling stations are mobile technological system on a car chassis, trailer or semi-trailer. They are made as a single factory product and are intended for retail fuel.

According to the functional purpose, gas stations are of general use and departmental. At public gas stations, any car is refueled, regardless of their type of ownership and departmental affiliation. Oil products are sold to them either for money or by cards. Public gas stations are usually located in places with the greatest concentration of cars: on motorways, at parking lots, at road intersections, etc. Departmental gas stations (they are called fuel stations) are usually located on the territory of those enterprises whose cars they fill. Since in this case we use local conditions enterprises, their design often differs from the design of public stations with exactly the same general requirements to them.

By the number of fuels sold, traditional and multi-fuel filling stations are distinguished. Traditional gas stations are designed to refuel vehicles with liquid motor fuel only. Multi-fuel filling stations provide refueling of vehicles with two or three types of fuel, including liquid motor fuel (gasoline and diesel fuel), liquefied hydrocarbon gas (liquefied propane-butane) and compressed natural gas.

Technical characteristics of typical stationary filling stations

Indicators	Number of fillings per day
	250-500 i 500-1000
1. Typical gas stations (without car maintenance points)
1.1, Area land plot, ha
1.2. Number of filling stations, pcs.
- fuel
1.3. Number of tanks:
- for fuel (25 m 5 each)
- for oil (5 m 4)
— for used oils
1.4. Standard project numbers
2. Typical gas stations with car maintenance points
2.1. Land area, ha
2.2. Number of filling stations, pcs.
- fuel
2.3. Number of tanks:
- for fuel (25 m 3 each)
- for oil (5 m: ")
- for used oils (5 m 3)
2.4. Consumed electric power, kW:
– lighting
- power
– heating
– water heating
2.5. Standard project numbers

Note. When organizing a filling complex (gas station) with a car wash, after-sales service consumers, shops, etc. the area of ​​the land plot for construction is increased in comparison with that specified in the table by the amount of area required to accommodate additional buildings and structures, as well as access roads to them and additional parking lots for cars.

According to the way the tanks are placed, gas stations are: a) with an underground location; b) with ground location; c) with the location on the vehicle. The ground location of the tanks is typical for stationary gas stations, the above ground - for container gas stations and some stationary gas stations (for example, in the case of a high level of groundwater), on a vehicle - for mobile gas stations.

Normative parameters of typical gas station projects

		Number of RGS25 tanks, pcs.	gas stations tailor facilities,		refueling,	Filling station area, ha

By location on the ground, gas stations are road, urban, rural and river. Road gas stations are located near highways. Their capacity depends on the fillings per day. City gas stations are located on the territory of cities outside residential areas; their capacity is up to 1000 fillings per day. Rural gas stations provide refueling of vehicles of agricultural enterprises, organizations and the population with all types of fuels and lubricants. Their power is relatively small. River filling stations carry out refueling of water small vessels - boats, motor boats, etc.

According to the number of services provided, filling stations are divided into filling stations proper, which only refuel vehicles with fuel and oils, and into filling complexes (filling stations), where, in addition to refueling vehicles with fuel and oils, they carry out maintenance and washing, there are shops selling spare parts, packaged petroleum products , as well as cafes, campsites and other facilities for providing services to car owners and passengers.

Filling stations (gas stations) and equipment refueling points (PZT) are divided into several types according to their purpose, design and usage features. The basis of all types of gas stations are small mini-gas stations, including:

Tank with a capacity of up to 30 m3,

Pump unit for pumping fuel or fuel dispenser,

pipeline equipment,

Necessary instrumentation.

On this basis, it is possible to create a variety of filling points - stationary, modular, container, mobile, etc.

According to the functional purpose, there are:

Public filling stations - multi-fuel filling stations, on the territory of which the refueling of vehicles with two or three types of fuel (gasoline, diesel fuel, liquefied petroleum gas and compressed natural gas) is provided.

Departmental gas stations - small gas stations located on the territory of the enterprise and intended for refueling vehicles and other motor vehicles only of this company. Large enterprises with a significant number of automotive, tractor, road and other vehicles refueling with motor fuel, as a rule, have their own departmental PZT. This allows them to provide a certain autonomy and independence from any kind of interruption in the fuel supply system.

According to the design of the gas station, there are:

1.Stationary– classic gas stations with underground storage tanks for fuel storage with spatial separation of tanks and fuel dispensers (TRK). Stationary gas stations are built (installed) directly in the places where equipment is serviced, for example, in car parks.

2.Block– Filling stations with underground fuel storage tanks, the technological system of which is characterized by the installation of a fuel dispenser unit above the fuel storage unit.

3.container– Filling stations with above-ground fuel storage tanks. They are characterized by separate placement of the fuel dispenser and the tank with process equipment in containers made as separate factory products.

4.Modular– Filling stations with above-ground arrangement of fuel storage tanks with spatial separation of fuel dispensers and fuel containers, made in the form of separate modules: a filling module and a fuel storage module.

5.Mobile– Filling stations with above-ground fuel storage tanks, the technological system of which is characterized by the location of the tank, fuel dispenser and technological equipment on one base or in a container in the form of a single factory product. The scope of mobile filling stations is quite wide and includes their use by vehicle fleets, construction, road repair and other organizations. They are convenient wherever you need a constant supply of fuel to enterprises.

6.Mobile- these are, as a rule, mobile gas stations, the technological equipment of which is installed on the vehicle platform (automobile or caterpillar chassis, trailer, semi-trailer) and is made as a single factory product. Mobile refueling points have optimal dimensions and relatively low weight, so they can be delivered to the place of work of construction, road and other special equipment or vehicles. This allows you to significantly speed up manufacturing process and ultimately reduce downtime costs.

So, as you can see, according to the way the tanks are placed, all filling stations can be divided into three categories:

With an underground location (traditional - classic and block filling stations);

Ground-based (container and modular filling stations);

With the location on the vehicle (mobile gas stations).

Finally, by level of automation exist:

Automatic gas stations are such gas stations where only the driver is involved in the whole process without attendants. In this case, the driver must have his personal code or electronic key, with the help of which he activates the fuel dispenser and refuels the equipment necessary quantity fuel. The driver of a tank truck acts similarly when filling the gas station tank with fuel. In both cases, data on personal and quantitative accounting are received by a single center (for example, through the GLONAS system) and processed. This option is very attractive in economic terms, it eliminates unaccounted fuel drain (theft) and saves on the maintenance of maintenance personnel (operators).

Semi-automatic gas stations are points where the process of filling (draining) differs from the previous one in that the data on personal and quantitative accounting are recorded directly at the gas station (for example, in the control room).

Ordinary filling stations are filling points where the driver informs the dispatcher of his credentials and the amount of refueled (drained) fuel, and then refuels the car on his own or drains the fuel from the tank truck.

Advantages of different types of filling stations

We will not talk about the features of stationary gas stations - this is how all commercial gas stations look. Let's take a closer look at container, modular and mobile gas stations, because they are much more convenient as a departmental gas station and have a lot of advantages.

container gas station- as a rule, this type of refueling is intended for receiving, storing, and also issuing one type of fuel to consumers (vehicle owners) (rarely - two or more). Such filling stations are characterized by the fact that fuel dispensers with the necessary technological equipment are placed in one container and connected to another container - a fuel storage tank, into a single technological system. The use of container filling stations is justified in the construction of large facilities, where a large number of vehicles, road and special equipment are involved.

The main advantages of a container filling station are:

Relatively low cost set, the payback period is not more than one year.

Short installation and commissioning time (approximately two weeks).

Due to the reliable and durable design of the tank, the container filling station does not require the construction of a complex foundation.

It does not require the installation of a special container for a possible emergency spill of fuel.

The container filling station is supplied as a kit consisting of finished factory products with the relevant documents and technical data sheets. As a rule, a container filling station is equipped with a fuel dispenser, but it can also be equipped with a pumping unit with a system for receiving and dispensing fuel. In the latter case we are talking about those filling stations where personal accounting of fuel issuance is not required.

Modular gas station- a filling point, which is characterized by an above-ground location of tanks, as well as the separation of the fuel dispenser and the fuel storage container. Here, the composition includes the same fuel tanks as in container gas stations. However, the modular version differs from the latter in that fuel dispensers are installed on filling islands, and not in a container. This design of containerized modular gas stations makes it possible to complete them with various types of fuel dispensers, since there are almost no restrictions on dimensions.

Advantages of modular filling stations:

It is possible to use different types of fuel dispensers.

Installation is carried out without special expenses and does not require much time.

As in the previous case, a quick payback.

In addition to the difference in size, modular gas stations have other design features and differ from each other in the set of installed technological equipment.

Mobile gas station Today, filling stations of this type are very popular among customers. They provide reception, storage and distribution of all types of motor fuels for any vehicles. Mobile gas stations allow you to work with fuels such as diesel, gasoline and aviation fuel, as well as with hydraulic, motor, transmission and other oils.

To ensure the operation of pumps in mobile filling stations, it is possible to use an electric (including battery-powered), hydraulic, mechanical (manual) drive, as well as a drive from an internal combustion engine (ICE). In some cases, when using tanks of increased strength, it is possible to use compressed air for squeezing fuel directly out of the tank.

Among the advantages of mobile filling stations:

The ability to promptly and quickly refuel vehicles at enterprises, as well as where stationary gas stations are not available.

There is always a reserve fuel supply for vehicles, as well as an operational fuel supply, the volume of which can be from 1000 to 30,000 liters.

The fuel tank can be made in a double-walled version, which makes it possible to use it in regions with low temperatures.

Mobile gas stations can be successfully used in the territories of warehouse complexes, in ports, at parking lots of small ships and boats. They can also be installed at recreation centers, where it is necessary to refuel both the vehicles of the base itself and the vehicles of vacationers. They have found wide application in car dealerships and car services, in agriculture during mass field work.

The mobile filling stations that we offer to our customers are manufactured in Russian Federation, include different kinds control of reception, storage and distribution of fuel, they are made in the form of a single factory product and have all the necessary certificates and technical data sheets. Installation of a mobile gas station and its subsequent use does not require special permits.

Why is it beneficial?

Mini-filling stations, as a rule, are delivered to the customer in the form of a set of equipment assembled into a single technological system. The service life of such mini gas stations is twenty years or more, and the operating conditions provide for their placement in all climatic zones of our country.

Mini gas stations are the best option in terms of price and quality. They are good in that they occupy a small piece of land, their throughput allows you to fully meet the needs of customers in motor fuel for vehicles.

The payback of mini-gas stations is quite high. Experience shows that with constant operation within one year of 10-15 units of automotive or special equipment, a mini-gas station fully pays for itself only because of the difference between wholesale and retail fuel prices.

In addition, the use automated system control system at a mini-gas station allows you to organize the necessary control and accounting of fuel supply without the participation of an operator, which is especially advisable with a small number of vehicles.

"Point of Refueling" offers a full range of services to provide your fleet with fuel directly on the territory of the enterprise, and at the same time you pay less than refueling at third-party gas stations!

Filling stations are designed to refuel vehicles with fuel*. At the filling station, the following is additionally carried out: "

Sale of oils, greases, spare parts and various accessories for cars;

Acceptance of used oils from owners of individual vehicles;

Car maintenance and washing.

The classification of gas stations according to various criteria is shown in fig. 1.1.

Stationary stations are located in cities, towns and highways. Subdivided into stations:

With an underground location of tanks and their spacing from fuel dispensers (TRK);

With an underground location of tanks and placement of the fuel dispenser above the fuel storage unit, as a single factory product;

Fuel filling stations located on the territory of enterprises and intended for refueling their own vehicles.

Stationary typical filling stations are divided by capacity into 200, 250, 500, 750 and 1000 car fillings per day, by productivity they are divided by the number of fillings during peak hours - 57, 100, 135 and 170 cars per hour.

During the construction of filling stations, standard projects with mass-produced technological systems for receiving, storing and issuing fuel, agreed with the Main Directorate of the State Fire Service of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. It is allowed to use non-serial technological systems. The technical and operational documentation of such projects is consistent with the territorial divisions of the State Fire Service.

Mounted group: filling islands; information column lamps; facing set of colonnade and hinged part; light frieze in the corporate coloring of the "Customer"; three-dimensional light sign "Customer"; lighting fixtures; transitional dome between the building and the hinged group.

Filling islands are made of polished or brushed stainless steel and are used as dispenser bases, column supports, steles and service stations to protect them from vehicle damage.

■ filling station building consisting of one prefabricated module or production and service blocks. The production block includes: central entrance; operator's work area; switchboard; pantry; services
ny exit; locksmith's room; administrator room; service bathroom; bathroom for visitors; security room. The service block is intended for service.

Engineering systems: air conditioning; thermal curtain of the central vestibule; television surveillance.

Large filling stations have heating, lighting and ventilation systems; metering units for electricity and water consumption; sewerage and plumbing equipment, security and fire alarms; lighting control unit; fuel dispenser protection unit; speakerphone.

The amount of fuel stored at filling stations is determined based on the average filling of one car (50 liters), and the number of fuel dispensers - based on servicing 15 cars per hour.

To protect against fires, static electricity and stray currents, the tanks are grounded and equipped with fire fuses.

Fuel is poured into underground tanks through special filters.

The pipelines are laid with a slope of 0.005 towards the tank and are interconnected by means of couplings or welding.

The walls and ceilings of the building are constructed from fire-resistant materials. Heating - water or steam low pressure. It is allowed to heat the building with fireproof electrical appliances closed type.

The equipment of the station must ensure the filling of cars with a closed jet, without losses, with guaranteed purity of the fuel. Dispensing columns are mounted according to standard installation drawings. The columns are installed on concrete foundations on a plumb line and securely fastened with bolts.

Container stations (KAZS) are located on highways, tourist routes, car fleets, industrial and agricultural enterprises, paid parking lots, garage cooperatives, as well as in places where vehicles are concentrated. They are:

With the ground location of the tanks and the placement of the fuel dispenser in the fuel storage container, made as a single factory product, or on the same frame with the tank; ...

With the ground location of the tanks and the spacing of the dispenser and fuel storage tanks.

Two types of stations by capacity:

A - with a total capacity of tanks of more than 20 m 3;

B - with a total capacity of tanks not more than 20 m 3.

The total capacity of the tanks should not exceed 40 m 3 in settlements and 60 m 3 - outside settlements.

The unit capacity of tanks (chambers of a multi-chamber tank with double partitions) in settlements should not exceed 10 m 3, and outside settlements - 20 m 3.

The capacity of the tanks of the modular station may be increased by no more than 2 times.

Typical container gas stations.

"KONEHITSAUS" (Finland).

There are from one to four tanks in the container, depending on the type of fuel. The total capacity of the tanks is from 10 to 25 m 3 . The framework of the container is made of pipes. The walls and roof are made of plastic-coated profiled steel sheet, which provides protection against corrosion. The roof is gable or flat. On the end side of the container, a door is provided for passage during inspection technical condition tanks and measuring the fuel level.

Fuel tanks are made of steel sheet and thermally insulated. For the convenience of stripping, they are equipped inside with special ladders. Each tank is connected to a fuel dispenser with a dispensing sleeve and a tap. The speakers are installed on the base of the container under a canopy. .. .. .

Transportation of the container to the installation site is carried out using a trailer.

The company also produces automatic filling stations with tanks made according to the SFS-2733 standard with a capacity of 50 m 3 (two chambers for 20 and 30 m 3). The station is equipped with two SU-8500 ST fuel dispensers installed on the same frame as the fuel storage tank. The fuel dispensers are controlled by a microprocessor located in the control rack. Petroleum products are issued on the basis of cards.

In the receiving compartment there are drain pipes with couplings and a drain pump with a filter and an electric motor.

KAZS-2M (Russia).

Comprises:

Control container for the operator with fuel dispenser control panels, electrical cabinet, rest area and bathroom;

Fuel storage container with two tanks of 8.6 m 3 each. The container contains four fuel dispensers, a pumping device, trusses with hanging dispensers. Refueling remote control.

Technical specifications :

Maximum throughput - 500 cars / day;

The total capacity of the tanks is 17.2 m 3;

Number of filling posts - 4;

Heating of the control container - electric;

Control container weight - 6450 kg;

Storage container weight - 6550 kg;

The area of ​​the gas filling station with entrances is 390 m2.

MAZ S (Russia).

It consists of one, two or three modular filling stations with an additional tank block and a container-type operator room. Transported by vehicles.

It can be located on sites with difficult hydrogeological conditions (rocky soils, high level groundwater, etc.).

The tanks are filled with a tank truck pump. Breathing device - SMDK-50 valve.

Tank capacity: modular block-point 14 m 3 , block-reservoir 15 m 3 . Weight:

block-point modular 4190 kg, block-reservoir 2670 kg; operator room 2900 kg. "Paritet-K" (Russia).

It consists of two blocks of complete factory readiness: a fuel storage container and a receiving well. Equipment for fuel transfer and emergency emptying of the tank is installed in the technological compartment of the fuel storage container.

Any fuel dispensers allowed for operation in Russia and having a certificate of conformity can be used.

For pumping fuel, centrifugal pumps with an electric drive are used, designed to work in an explosive area.

The tightness of double-walled tanks is automatically controlled by the operating level of the liquid in the interwall space. To prevent the formation of voids in the interstitial space when the temperature changes environment an expansion tank equipped with a liquid level sensor is installed. The air space of the tank communicates with the atmosphere through a fire fuse.

To access the fittings installed on the neck of the tank, the fuel storage container is equipped with a ladder and a platform with a blown flooring that ensures the safe work of personnel.

The receiving well is connected with pumping equipment fuel storage container using a double-walled pipeline. Mobile stations (PASS).

They are a mobile technological system installed on a car chassis, trailer or semi-trailer. Made as a single factory product and intended for fuel retail trade.

PAZS are placed in places of concentration of vehicles, motor boats and boats, agricultural machinery in the field, on tourist routes, the territory of stationary gas stations during the cleaning and repair of tanks.

Special equipment:

Tanker with a filling neck;

Cabinet with counting and dispensing devices;

Side drawers;

Gasoline unit.

The tank in most cases has an elliptical shape. An intake pipe is installed in the tank and a fitting with a flange is welded on top for attaching the filler neck with a hatch. On the tank there are brackets-handrails for the access of the tanker driver to the neck.

The filler neck of the tank is designed for filling fuel and producing installation work inside the tank. The diameter of the manhole (652 mm) allows a person, if necessary, to freely enter the tank. Fittings are welded to the hatch body for installing a breathing valve and a fuel gauge.

Counting and dispensing devices are located in a frame-type cabinet at the rear of the tank, or on the left side along the way. In the transport position, the dispensing sleeves with taps are mounted on the side walls of the cabinet. The cabinet has electric lighting.

Tools, fire-fighting equipment, etc. are placed in side boxes mounted on brackets along the tank.

Fuel is supplied by a pump driven by an electric motor.

The source of electrical energy is a benzoelectric unit (Fig. 1.3). The equipment can also be operated external source electricity.

Typical mobile filling stations

Model 56142

It is intended for transportation, short-term storage and refueling of equipment with fuel with a density of not more than 800 kg/m 3 . Designed for operation in road and climatic conditions, the base chassis of the car MA3-5337.

Technical specifications:

Base chassis MA3-5337.

■ wheel formula 4x2.

Tank capacity - 11000 l.

Gross weight - 17650 kg.

Productivity of the distributing equipment - 500 l/min.

Model 46121

It is intended for transportation and filling with light oil products with a density of not more than 800 kg/m 3 and is designed for operation at an air temperature of -40 to +50 °C.

Technical specifications:

Base chassis ZIL-4331 (diesel).

Wheel formula 4x2.

Tank capacity - 6500 l.

Gross weight - 10700 kg.

Productivity of the distributing equipment - 50 l/min.

1.2. Accommodation Requirements

In relation to residential, industrial and public buildings, the gas station is located on the side of the prevailing wind direction. Placement on overpasses, under them and on watercraft is not allowed. General form stationary gas station is shown in fig. 1.4.

The layout should exclude the possibility of emergency spillage of fuel on the territory and beyond. At the entrance and exit from the territory, it is necessary to have gently sloping elevated sections with a height of at least 0.2 m or drainage trays that divert atmospheric precipitation contaminated with oil products to the treatment plant. The planning should include:

Convenient access and parking of vehicles at the dispenser during refueling;

Wide view of the entire territory from the operator's premises;

Rice. 1.4. General view of a stationary gas station.

Allocation of zones for green spaces;

Sanitary and hygienic conditions for station workers;

Coordination with the overall architectural composition of the microdistrict.

The location is indicated road sign"AZS". Gas filling stations should be installed on concrete sites, concrete slabs, in exceptional cases - on asphalt sites that ensure the collection of fuel in case of leakage.

The minimum distances from the gas station to external objects and between its buildings and structures are accepted in accordance with NPB 111-98.

The distance from the edge of the platform for the AC to the ground-based process equipment, structures of sheds and process shafts of underground tanks must be at least 2 m. For process shafts of underground tanks filled with non-combustible material, this distance is not standardized.

The fence must be ventilated. Landscaping of the territory with shrubs and trees that emit flakes, fibrous substances or pubescent seeds during flowering is not allowed. Near the plantings of agricultural crops, through which the spread of flame is possible (cereals, cotton, etc.), a ground cover is provided that does not spread the flame or a plowed strip of land with a width of at least 5 m.

Signs are installed about the location of a fire reservoir, water intake wells or a fire hydrant, markers in the presence of sheds, posters with the duties of a driver when refueling a car. -=

The territory must be lit in accordance with existing standards, especially the places for refueling and draining fuel. It is equipped with telephone and loud-speaking communication, and measuring instruments in accordance with the “Table of Equipment of Gas Stations with Measuring Instruments”.

Signs are installed indicating the name of the operator on duty, the opening hours and the location of the nearest gas station. Each column must be marked with its serial number and brand of the dispensed oil product.

The PAZS should be located on a specially designated area, agreed with the administrative authorities and state fire supervision, be level and provide the possibility of free access of vehicles for refueling in compliance with fire safety rules. Appropriate guard markings are installed.

PAZS is registered with the traffic police. The stencils "Mobile gas station", "Flammable" and a cargo classification sign are applied. On the inside of the cabinet door there is a plate indicating the grades of petroleum products sold and the technological scheme of filling equipment. Equipment set:

Special equipment and tools;

Single set of spare parts;

Mernik exemplary II category with a capacity of 10 liters;

Two fire extinguishers;

First aid kit;

Means for the collection and elimination of spilled fuel spills.

On the territory of stationary stations it is allowed to use PASS

only in cases of repair or cleaning of tanks.

Filling station documentation:

License for the right to operate;

Passport with the technological and electrical diagram of the station and a mark on the annual check for compliance with the real object.

The passport states:

The number of the gas station and its exact address;

Name of the plant owner and operating organization;

The size of the land plot used and the expiration date of its lease;

Additional services car service (car wash, parking lot, number of vehicle maintenance and repair posts, cafes, shops, etc.); - .. -

Data on the reconstruction;

Information about the technological equipment used (fuel dispenser, tanks, electrical equipment, ventilation and heating systems, treatment facilities).

When describing the fuel-dispensing equipment, the number of fuel dispensers and their brand, the year of commissioning, the type of fuel sold, the number of fuel-dispensing hoses (pistols) are indicated.

Tanks are described as follows:

Total amount;

Number of operated (ground and underground);

Year of manufacture and date of commissioning;

Nominal capacity and type of fuel;

■ total capacity of the tank farm;

Technical measures carried out for each tank (date of stripping, leak testing, flaw detection).

The technological scheme is a scale-free scheme of a pipeline network with equipment and shut-off and control valves that ensure the performance of all technological operations with fuel.

On the electrical diagram in the passport, consumers of electricity (electric motors, lamps, heating devices, etc.), equipment (starters, switches, etc.), power lines (cables, wires, brands and their cross-sectional areas, laying methods) must be indicated.

Forms and technical descriptions of fuel and oil dispensers. ■ - -

Sections of the forms must be constantly filled in during the operation of the equipment. Particular attention is paid to the mark of the state verifier about the error, which is certified by the imprint of the State verification mark and signature.

Passports and technical passports for tanks.

Sections of the passports contain notes on cleaning, leak testing, checking the high-altitude stencil, and flaw detection. The base height or height stencil of tanks is checked annually in the summer and after repairs. The result is documented in an act (protocol).

Calibration tables for tanks.

Tanks are checked every 5 years. The tables are considered valid if they are approved by the Gosstandart bodies and signed by the State Verifier.

Rules technical operation gas station;

Safety and fire safety instructions;

Instructions for the operation of treatment facilities;

Instructions for the collection of waste oil products;

A shift report containing information about the presence of fuel in the tanks at the beginning and end of the shift, the readings of the total meters, the receipt of oil products, the level of commercial water in the tanks, the error in the operation of the fuel dispenser, determined using second-class measuring instruments.

Journal of accounting for incoming oil products;

Journal of accounting for equipment repair with reflection in it of information on the maintenance and repair of technological equipment and facilities, meter readings before and after repair of the fuel dispenser, marks

about removing the seals of the Lord.

Schedule of maintenance and preventive maintenance of process equipment and facilities;

Schedule for verification of measuring instruments, approved by the Gosstandart body;

logbook of electricity consumption; register of applications for the import of petroleum products; register of equipment, inventory and property; job descriptions of employees; a sheet of equipment with measuring instruments; certificates of verification of measuring instruments; book (magazine) of acceptance and delivery of duty; book of complaints and suggestions;

Plan for the elimination of possible accidents, agreed with the fire service and the elimination committee emergencies with the district administration. The plan should be developed taking into account the specific conditions of activity, provide for operational actions of personnel to prevent accidents and eliminate emergency situations, and in case of their occurrence - to localize, to minimize the severity of consequences in case of fuel spills, fires and explosions;

Certificates of conformity for equipment and products of foreign production;

Appointment orders responsible persons for safe operation, labor protection, fire safety, operation of electrical installations and for opening the seals of the State Verifier;

Journal of accounting and maintenance of electrical protection equipment;

Journal of operation of lightning protection devices.

In addition, the PAZS must additionally have:

Job description of the refueling driver;

Form for fuel dispenser;

Technical description of the fuel dispenser;

Passport and protocol of verification of the PASS tank;

Passports and operating instructions for the chassis of the car, trailer, petrol-electric unit, fuel and oil distribution unit.

1.3. Automotive means of transporting fuel

Automobile means of transportation are classified according to the following criteria:

base chassis type;

Type of oil product;

Passability of vehicles;

Support element type of the base chassis.

The type of base chassis is determined by the model of trucks, trailers and semi-trailers.

The type of oil product is determined, as a rule, by the density, which is indicated in the passport for the tank. When transporting heavier oil products, axle loads increase, which reduces the life of the base chassis. Underfilling tanks when filling with a heavier oil product reduces the efficiency of their use.

By appointment, vehicles are divided into transport and refueling. Vehicles are for transportation only. Refueling stations, along with transportation, dispense fuel through special dispensing systems in fuel tanks cars.

The parameters of tank trucks are regulated by the parameters of the base chassis: carrying capacity, gross permissible weight, overall dimensions, cross-country ability, etc.

According to the load on the axles of the base chassis, tanks are divided into two groups: A - for operation on roads with permanent pavements (cement-concrete, asphalt concrete, etc.); B - for operation on the roads of the general network.

" Table 1.1

Passability of vehicles:

Plain;

Increased.

According to the type of the carrier element of the base chassis of the vehicle, tanks of frame and frameless construction are distinguished. The vast majority of tanks are rigidly mounted on the frame of the base chassis of vehicles. To increase the payload, frameless tanks have been created, which have a number of significant advantages: it allows you to change the length and base of the product; lower the center of gravity; reduce metal content. Recently, a frameless design has been used in the development of tank trailers and large capacity tank semi-trailers.

Car tanks are classified into three classes according to their carrying capacity:

Small load capacity with a full load of up to 2.5 tons. They are used for transporting fuel over short distances and dispensing in small batches.

Medium payload with a payload of 2.5 to 5 t for bulk transport and distribution in large quantities.

Large capacity with a payload of over 5 tons for transportation of fuel to remote areas and intercity transportation.

Symbols of the main classification features:

Base chassis type: car - A, trailer - P, semi-trailer - PP;

Type of tank: transport - C, refueling - TZ;

Nominal capacity in m3;

Base chassis brand.

Examples symbols:

transport tank with a capacity of 8000 l, mounted on the chassis of a car MA3-5334 - AP-8-5334:

refueling tank with a capacity of 3800 l, mounted on the chassis of a ZIL-130 car - AT3-3.8-130:

transport tank, with a capacity of 5600 l, mounted on the basis of the wheel drive units of the GKB-817 trailer - PP-5.6-817.

Automobile tanks consist of three main parts (Fig. 1.5): power plant, chassis and special equipment. The trailer and tank semi-trailer consist of elements of the carrier system and special equipment. As elements of the carrier system, the base chassis of trailers, semi-trailers or the tank itself with wheel travel elements are used.

The power plant is a source of mechanical energy necessary for the movement of the tank car and the pump drive.

The chassis is a combination of mechanisms that provide movement and control of the tank car, and elements of the carrier system that serve to accommodate special equipment.

The special equipment of the tank truck includes devices and systems that ensure the preservation of the quality of the transported fuels and the reduction of time and labor spent on loading and unloading operations:

Complete tank;

Cap of a mouth of the tank assy;

Hydraulic system with pump and technological piping fittings;

A set of auxiliary equipment (instrumentation, sleeves, hoses, boxes, cases);

$ th lo

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Rice. 1.5. Tank car AC-8.7-5320. 1 - fire extinguisher; 2 - pressure-suction sleeve; 3 - drainage system; 4 - rack level indicator; 5 - special electrical equipment; 6 - tank; 7 - chassis; 8 - pencil case; 9 - chain; 10 - stairs; 11 - mudguard; 12 - communications; 13 - shield; 14 - grounding device; 15 - plate.

A set of spare parts, tools and accessories (spare parts);

Fire fighting equipment set.