Own terms in social work. Brief glossary of basic concepts

Adaptation- adaptation of organisms to the conditions of existence. Adaptations of the individual to group norms and to the actual social group.

PATERNITY- a socio-psychological phenomenon, which is a set of knowledge, ideas and beliefs about oneself in the parental role, which are realized in all manifestations of the age-old component of fatherhood; the process of providing by parents (family or adoptive) the necessary conditions for the full development and education of children.

REFERENCE CASE- advanced technology of social pedagogical work with a specific problem situation, which combines a certain monitoring of the situation, and the involvement of other institutions, and the implementation of coordination of actions in order to solve the psychological, interpersonal, social problems of the client, his environment.

SOCIETY- this is a group social community, the members of which have common geographical and sociocultural characteristics (place of residence, interests, religions, values, nationality, etc.) and interaction with each other in order to meet certain needs or solve problems.

Group SOCIAL WORK- a method of social work aimed at providing psycho social assistance a group of people with similar vital needs and united by close interests, by involving members of the group in the process of solving their problems, satisfying common interests; a practical method of social work that helps the individual to expand their social functioning and, through the purposeful experience of the group, more effectively solve their individual, group problems in the microsociety.

DIAGNOSTICS SOCIAL- the process of scientific identification and study of causal relationships and relationships in society, characterizing its socio-economic, cultural-legal, moral-psychological, medical-biological and sanitary-ecological conditions. In a narrower sense, it is the study of the causes of social problems that create difficult life situations for the individual, family, and separate groups.

PROTECTION OF SOCIO-LEGAL- a system of social, legal and economic measures and guarantees that are implemented by state and non-state organizations aimed at identifying, preventing and neutralizing the impact of negative factors (social risks) on human life in order to respect human rights, ensure decent conditions and a standard of living for each member of society .

Inspection SOCIAL- this is a visit to the family (with or without a warning) by a group of authorized persons in order to get acquainted with the state of affairs in the family, first of all - the state of maintenance, development and upbringing of children (children). Social inspection is carried out by employees of services for children, social service centers for families, children and youth, and other institutions providing social services, representatives of authorities local government, the public and, if necessary, employees of the service of district police inspectors, criminal police for children.

CONSULTING is a technology for providing social assistance through targeted information impact on a person or a group of people in order to restore and optimize social functions, development of social norms of communication.

COUNSELING FAMILY- provides for the provision of advisory assistance by a social worker in case of problems, conflicts in relations between adults and children. It is defined as a process aimed at changes in the family, at its well-being with the help and with the participation of both a psychologist and family members through communication.

crisis intervention- prompt assistance to the client, a set of social work methods to help the client, who is in a crisis situation, overcome a certain problem. Crisis intervention aims to promote positive development client through his awareness of the problem and its consequences. Crisis intervention is aimed at activating the client's personal resources to solve pressing problems.

SOCIAL SUPPORT NETWORK- a complex of interrelated relationships that provides sustainable models of interaction and interpersonal relationships. At the same time, it is a structure of relationships when people can demand and ask for help. Usually such a network consists of all those people who help a particular person overcome the daily hardships of life, it includes relatives, friends, neighbors, colleagues and social workers who are responsible for the family in their daily lives.

Information collection methods- methods / procedures for studying various aspects of human life, processes, phenomena, trends in order to form a system of knowledge about them.

Social work methods- a set of techniques and methods that are used to stimulate and develop the potential of an individual, constructive activities to change an unfavorable life situation or solve customer problems and achieve a variety of professional tasks of a social teacher.

FAMILY MONITORING- this is a system of periodic collection, generalization and analysis of socio-pedagogical information about the processes taking place in the family and the adoption of strategic and tactical decisions.

MOTIVATION- motivation to action, a process that controls human behavior, determines its direction, organization, activity and stability, the ability of a person to satisfy his needs. A motive is something the achievement of which is the meaning of life.

EQUIPMENT- (empaument, literal translation from English, the term "empowerment": formed from "empower" - to empower, enable and "ment" - a suffix for the formation of a noun with the meaning "process, concept, action") - a multidimensional social process that helps a person gain the ability to control your own life. Equipment - method of social work, the purpose of which is to help the client to increase the level of control over their own lives and actions, as well as to ensure that their potential is realized.

ASSESSMENT OF THE CHILD'S NEEDS- the process of collecting information is carried out with the long-term goal of ensuring the most effective comprehensive development of the child, determining the specific type of service and assistance that this particular child needs.

ASSESSMENT OF THE NEEDS OF THE CHILD AND THEIR FAMILY- this is a flexible process of collecting, summarizing and analyzing information about the state and life circumstances of the child and family in order to determine the necessary types of social services, social assistance, intervention methods aimed at changing the situation in the family or the behavior of its members for the better.

FAMILY NEEDS ASSESSMENT- a variety of social diagnostic technologies used when working with various categories of families. It is considered as a fundamental technology focused on determining the needs of service recipients, systematic monitoring of the process of providing services (assistance, support, etc.) and the results achieved, analysis of financial costs and forecasting the economic effect, as well as a certain process of determining the basic data necessary for further planning of effective work with the client in order to overcome his difficult life circumstances.

Patronage SOCIAL- a special form of protection of the rights of the individual, property of incapacitated and other citizens in cases provided for by law. Patronage provides for the conduct of preventive, health-improving, sanitary and educational activities at home, and the provision of social services.

SOCIAL SUPPORT- a system of measures for subjects of social work aimed at solving the problems of people in difficult life circumstances by providing them with assistance or the necessary types of social services; a system of measures aimed at creating conditions to ensure the social security of people.

SOCIAL SERVICES- actions of state or non-governmental organizations aimed at meeting needs and ensuring rights, solving problems or overcoming difficult life circumstances individuals or social groups.

FOSTER FAMILY- This is a family that voluntarily took up and cohabitate from one to four orphans and children deprived of parental care. The functioning of foster families is regulated by the Regulations on the foster family, approved by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine (No. 565 of April 26, 2002). foster family- This is a family that voluntarily took from institutions for orphans and children deprived of parental care, from 1 to 4 children for upbringing and cohabitation.

FAMILY RESOURCES is it internal or external factors which can be applied by family members or a social worker in the process of getting the family out of difficult life circumstances: personal qualities of family members, family "strengths", material objects, the family's social environment, and the like.

FAMILY- a small social group created on the basis of official or public marriage or consanguinity, whose members are united by living together and running a household, performing family functions, emotional ties and mutual legal and moral obligations in relation to each other, family traditions.

Difficult life circumstances- these are circumstances that objectively violate the normal life of a person, the consequences of which he cannot overcome on his own.

SOCIAL SECURITY- a system of measures related to meeting the specific needs of people, aimed at restoring and maintaining their social ties and relationships, active assistance in the implementation, protection and protection of their rights.

Social Inspection- this is a visit to the family (with or without a warning) by a group of authorized persons in order to get acquainted with the state of affairs in the family, first of all - the state of maintenance, development and upbringing of children (child); a system of measures aimed at identifying, analyzing, monitoring the living conditions of families, children and youth in difficult life circumstances, the moral, physical and mental state of children and youth, assessing their needs, monitoring compliance with state standards and regulations in the field of social work.

SOCIAL HELP- this is a system of social measures in the form of assistance, support and services provided by the social service to individuals or groups of the population to overcome or mitigate life's difficulties, maintain their social status and full life, adapt in society.

SOCIAL SERVICE- a system of social measures that provides for the assistance, support and services provided by social services to individuals or groups of the population to overcome or mitigate life's difficulties, maintain their social status and full-fledged life.

Social support / SOCIAL SUPPORT- this is a type of social work aimed at ensuring optimal living conditions for families, children and youth by providing the necessary social services, assistance and the implementation of appropriate activities. It is carried out by a social worker whose activities are aimed at supporting the family in various types of its life activity, shaping the family's ability to independently overcome their difficulties, and helping families to solve various problems.

TECHNOLOGIES OF SOCIO-EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES- a system of optimal ways to transform, regulate social relations and processes in the life of people, focused on social services, help and support for citizens in a difficult life situation; a set of forms, methods and techniques used by social services, individual institutions social service, social workers to achieve the success of socio-pedagogical work.

TECHNOLOGIES OF SOCIAL WORK WITH THE CLIENT- this is a set of knowledge about the methods and means of carrying out specific actions, a set of techniques and operations that are implemented in a certain order, in a certain sequence, to achieve certain changes in the social status and well-being of the client.

FAMILY TYPES- characteristics of families that differ in family life experience, structure, intra-family climate, functioning features, value orientations.

FORMS OF SOCIAL WORK- options for organizing the interaction of a social teacher with clients, aimed at creating conditions for the positive activity of children and youth, solving the relevant tasks of socialization, providing assistance and support.

SOCIAL SERVICE CENTERS FOR FAMILY, CHILDREN AND YOUTH- special institutions authorized by the state to implement social policy through social work with children, youth and families.

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M. A. Gulina
Social Work Dictionary

The person is not the problem, but he has the problem.

H. Stein. Social science and social work practice and education

Reviewer: S. B. Malykh, Doctor of Psychology, Professor, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Education.

FOREWORD

This dictionary is the first edition in Russian, which presents the main thesaurus of the modern methodology of social work in the broadest sense of the term. From the history of the development of social work in Western European countries, it clearly follows that social work has deep roots in psychology, sociology, philosophy (ethics, for example), it is also inextricably linked with the mental health of members of society, their legal rights, values ​​and attitudes towards attitude towards oneself and the environment. That is why this publication integrates the experience of both foreign experts in this field and the experience gained by Russian specialists.

The development of social work as a state-organized system of comprehensive assistance programs for the population in our country began less than 20 years ago, although the traditions of patronage and charitable activities were quite deep in pre-revolutionary Russia. The birth, or institutionalization, of social work as professional area 1870 can be considered: the time of the first national conference of social workers in the United States. Approximately at the same time, an unprecedented social movement of “Narodnaya Volya” began in Russia, which can be called the first volunteers, or groups of people who deliberately placed themselves at the service of the poorest sections of Russian society. At that time, and in many other developed countries, altruism began to take public forms, and the accumulated practical experience began to be comprehended and systematized.

Currently, social work abroad is a separate scientific field in which extensive research is carried out, dissertations are defended and an academic title is awarded Professor of Social Work; almost every foreign university has a separate faculty of social work, where the requirements for the professional skills of graduates are very high. The development of social work in our country, even in a relatively short period of time, clearly showed the same need for the professionalization of this one of the most humane practices.

This, in turn, is impossible without the development of the theory and conceptual apparatus of social work, since the professionalization of social work is associated with an understanding of precisely the psychological mechanisms and possible consequences of both positive and negative actions of social workers, psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers employed in various social programs. teachers, employees of shelters, employees of social security, penitentiary and other similar institutions.

That is why in this dictionary much attention is paid to the dynamics of ideas about the subject of social work. If the period before the 2nd World War was characterized by great attention to the practical problems faced by social workers, then in the post-war period, in parallel with the rapid development of alternative directions to psychoanalysis in personality psychology and psychotherapy, social work began to acquire an increasingly psychological content as a practice and more and more often psychological concepts began to be used to interpret the accumulated experience. This trend towards the psychologization of social work in certain sections of it is observed today, when writings on "treatment in social work" are written (for example, Turner F. Social Work Treatment, 1979), on psychodiagnostics in social work, and the practical training of social workers consists of a variety of training skills to intervene in a situation requiring help (intervention skills), the ability to listen to the client, etc. So, already in 1954, the prevention and reduction of the socially and psychologically dangerous effects of crisis situations began to be considered the subject of social work. Emphasis was also placed on the development of ethical, harmonious and effective relationships between the individual and the society and community in which he is located. Three major blocks of methods have become leading in social work: consulting, search for resources And networking around the client. It became clear that, unlike other practices, the goal of social work should be self-reinforcement the person being helped.

A whole galaxy of major theorists worked on the theory of social work in post-war Europe and America. Some of them believed that the task of social work is to help people achieve relationships that will help them realize their potential as human beings in accordance with their cultural customs and values.

Social work in the history of the development of its subject has undergone a number of radical changes in the focus of research. The most serious such change is the shift of attention from the causes to the function - from finding and curing the causes of dysfunctions to the creation of a working adequate program, which provides for the responsibility of society for this dysfunction. The old models of "helping the needy" are becoming less popular: the practice of social work reflects an ever-evolving democratic ethic, which manifests itself in the understanding of social welfare as a "right" of everyone and everyone, and not a "gift" of the privileged to the unprivileged, although it is also true that social workers today understand their responsibility for the needs of people, continuing to provide them with professional assistance in the fight against social stress.

A

AA(Alcoholic Anonymous - Alcoholics Anonymous is a voluntary "community of men and women who are united by the experience, will and common desire to recover from alcoholism themselves and help others to do so." AA is a unique non-professional, informal psychotherapeutic group of self-help and mutual assistance.

AA originated in the United States in 1935, initiated by an alcoholic businessman who was trying to stop drinking and learned from his own experience that it is much easier to endure withdrawal symptoms by helping others to do the same. The movement embraced over 1 million people from more than 110 countries and in the late 1980s. began to penetrate into Russia. Many physicians, psychotherapists, and psychologists have a positive view of AA. The American Association of Physicians in 1967 declared group membership to be the most effective treatment for alcoholism. AA is a loose community: there is no clear structure (each group acts independently), no central leadership (just some coordination), no entry procedure (just the desire to stop drinking and attend group meetings), no contributions of any kind (only voluntary donations ), nor the obligation to attend meetings. A.A. members differ in sex, age, nationality, family, property, social position, religion, alcohol experience, etc., they are united only by a general approach to the problem of alcoholism. Alcoholism is seen as a progressive disease that cannot be cured, but with a strong desire, it can be stopped.

The success of A.A. activity is determined by a number of factors.

1. It is well known that in the treatment of alcoholism one of the most difficult problems is to overcome the psychological defense of the patient and convince him of the need for treatment. In A.A., the neophyte begins precisely with the awareness of himself as an alcoholic. A person can be either an alcoholic or a non-alcoholic; "moderate alcoholic" is an illusion. Understanding this is the first step to breaking free from alcohol addiction. Therefore, the first of the 12 commandments reads: "We recognized that alcoholism has subjugated us to itself and that it, and not we, controls our destinies."

2. The principle of anonymity is an important factor for those who feel shame or fear that neighbors, colleagues, superiors will find out about their alcoholism. Naturally, the members of the group do not meet in masks and know each other, but they must not reveal the name of others without their consent.

3. AA does not ask for the impossible, such as vows not to drink for the rest of the day or even tomorrow. They put a complex, but doable "program for the day" - do not drink "today". AA knows that there is almost always a risk of relapse (“relapse”)

4. The psychotherapeutic effect of the group is a consequence of the fact that each AA, struggling with his own craving for alcohol, seeks to help others. The commonality of problems and interests leads to the exchange of experience, mutual support. In addition, by getting together, having fun, getting to know families, AA thereby form a “non-alcoholic micro-society” in the “alcoholic world”.

Abortion- loss of a fetus as a result of a planned interruption or miscarriage of a pregnancy.

Abortion is allowed up to 12 weeks of gestation (and only in exceptional cases at a later date). Most abortions are performed in the first 12 weeks of pregnancy free of charge for the patient in public health facilities or for a fee in private clinics.

There are two main methods of abortion: vacuum aspiration and medical. Both are used on an outpatient basis, complications after abortion are rare. Feeling usually normal after one or two days, however, some women experience feelings of depression for a long time after that. Unplanned pregnancy entails a number of different consequences, and therefore women's reactions to abortion vary greatly: from feelings of relief, euphoria to grief, anger, sadness, numbness and guilt, which is quite justified in a situation of severe life crisis. Severe DEPRESSION after an abortion is rare, usually in very young or single women, and in late pregnancy abortions or a history of depression. Women with unplanned pregnancies may need an attentive companion, for example, during pre-abortion counseling. If a woman is forced to have an abortion and finds it difficult to come to terms with it, psychological counseling can help.

Although abortion is a perfectly legal procedure, it is condemned by many on religious and ethical grounds. Some people oppose such an indication for abortion as “fetal disorders”, believing this to be discrimination against the very existence and life experience of disabled people. They are pushing for a society that favors the disabled and their caregivers so that women do not see abortion as the only way out. Abortion advocates, on the other hand, argue for a woman's right to make her choice, otherwise there is a threat of clandestine abortions and independent attempts to terminate an unplanned pregnancy.

Absolute poverty- lack of resources that threatens people's lives.

Aversive stimulus- an event or physical sensation that a person considers unpleasant and perceives as a punishment. BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION programs are based on the fact that the aversive stimulus directly follows the unwanted behavior that the therapist or social worker wishes to eliminate. In the past, such stimuli have included electric shock, inhalation of ammonia fumes, and drinking lemon juice. Modern behaviorists advocate natural stimuli, in particular the expression of disapproval. Many do not use aversive incentives at all as manipulative and unproductive, developing alternative programs in collaboration with their clients and their families.

Authoritarian personality- a person who is respectful and obsequious in relation to those in power and hostile towards other people who are different from him. An authoritarian PERSON is not always ready to be responsible for his actions, believing that other people are leading him.

Explaining the phenomenon of an authoritarian personality, psychologists and psychoanalysts see the reason for its formation in the imbalance between discipline and self-expression in a child who was brought up in conditions of strict observance of social norms. The consequence is a switch of aggression from parents to other objects (including surrounding people) in order to avoid punishment.

Authoritarianism(autocracy) - a socio-psychological characteristic of the style of leadership and leadership, the features of which are: rigid centralization by the head (leader) of his managerial functions, the concentration in his hands of all power, the suppression of the initiative of subordinates ("slave"), preventing them from solving the most important issues of joint activities, the predominant use of orders and orders, various forms of punishment to exert appropriate influence on them.

Agency– general concept, which is used in relation to any organization engaged in social or charitable activities, whether it is a local government, voluntary or private organization.

agnosia(from Greek. A - negative particle and gnosis- knowledge) is a violation of various types of perception that occurs when the cerebral cortex and the nearest subcortical structures are damaged. Agnosia is associated with damage to the secondary (projection-associative) sections of the cerebral cortex, which are part of the cortical level of the analyzer systems. The defeat of the primary (projection) sections of the cortex causes only elementary disorders of sensitivity (impairment of sensory visual functions, pain and tactile sensitivity, hearing loss). When the secondary parts of the cerebral cortex are damaged, a person retains elementary sensitivity, but he loses the ability to analyze and synthesize incoming information, which leads to a violation of various types of perception.

There are several main types of agnosia: visual, tactile, auditory.

Visual agnosia occur with damage to the secondary sections of the occipital cortex. They manifest themselves in the fact that a person - while maintaining sufficient visual acuity - cannot recognize objects and their images (object agnosia), distinguish spatial features of objects, basic spatial coordinates (spatial agnosia); the process of identifying faces is disturbed while the perception of objects and their images is preserved (facial agnosia, or prosopagnosia), the ability to classify colors is impaired while color vision is preserved (color agnosia), the ability to distinguish letters is lost (letter agnosia, this type of agnosia underlies one of the forms of reading impairment,), the volume of simultaneously perceived objects is sharply reduced (simultaneous agnosia). The nature of visual agnosia is determined by the side of the lesion and the localization of the focus within the secondary cortical fields of the occipital regions of the cerebral hemispheres and the adjacent parietal and temporal regions.

Tactile agnosia arise when the secondary cortical fields of the parietal lobe of the left or right hemisphere are damaged and manifest themselves as a disorder in the recognition of objects by touch (astereognosia) or in a violation of the recognition of parts of one's own body, a violation of the body scheme (somatognosia).

Auditory agnosia occur with damage to the secondary cortical fields of the temporal lobe. With damage to the temporal cortex of the left hemisphere, auditory or auditory-speech agnosia manifests itself in the form of a violation of phonemic hearing, i.e., a violation of the ability to distinguish speech sounds, which leads to a speech disorder; when the temporal cortex of the right hemisphere is damaged (in right-handed people), auditory agnosia proper occurs - the inability to recognize familiar non-musical sounds and noises (for example, barking dogs, creaking steps, the sound of rain, etc.) or amusia - the inability to recognize familiar melodies, a musical ear disorder .

Agrammatism(from Greek. agrammatos- inarticulate) - errors in the grammatical construction of active speech (expressive agrammatism) and in understanding the meaning of grammatical structures expressing relationships using inflections (father's brother) pretexts (under, over) unions (although despite etc.) and word order (the dress touched the oar And paddle touched the dress)(impressive agrammatism). Agrammatism in adults occurs with various forms of aphasia as a manifestation of speech disorders. Agrammatism in children can manifest itself in the early stages of speech development, as well as with hearing impairments that prevent speech communication and the assimilation of complex grammatical forms of the language. The phenomena of agrammatism can be found both in oral and written speech.

Agraphia(from Greek. A - negative particle and lat. grapho- writing) - writing disorders that occur with various speech disorders. They manifest either in a complete loss of the ability to write, or in a gross distortion of words, omissions of syllables and letters, inability to combine letters and syllables into words, etc.

Agraphia in children is one of the manifestations of alalia - a consequence of a general underdevelopment of speech associated with organic brain damage. Often, agraphia in children is found in speech disorders associated with deviations in mastering the sound composition of a word, with a violation of the sound analysis of words. Agraphia in adults is one of the manifestations of aphasia. In these cases, the form of agraphia depends on the location of the brain lesion and the characteristics of aphasia. With damage to the cortex of the left temporal region (in right-handed people), agraphia is associated either with a violation of phonemic hearing or with defects in auditory-speech memory. With safe copying from the text and the preservation of graphic stereotypes (signature, writing familiar words, numbers, etc.), writing under dictation and independent writing is violated. In mild cases, patients mix sounds that are similar in phonemic features, find it difficult to isolate sounds in words that are similar in sound; in severe cases, the letter becomes completely inaccessible to patients. With damage to the cortex of the lower parts of the left post-central region of the brain (in right-handed people), agraphia is associated with a violation of the kinesthetic basis of the speech act. Patients make mistakes when writing sounds that are close in articulation (for example, d, l, n) and weakly articulated sounds (vowels). The exclusion of external articulation makes writing even more difficult. With damage to the cortex of the lower parts of the left premotor area of ​​the brain (in right-handed people), agraphia occurs due to a violation of the dynamic organization of the speech act. The general "kinetic melody" of the letter suffers. Correctly writing down individual letters and even syllables, patients find it difficult to write a whole word: perseverations arise, difficulties in switching from one syllable or letter to another, which disrupts the entire writing process. With damage to the parieto-occipital cortex of the left hemisphere of the brain, agraphia is included in the syndrome of visual gnostic disorders. There are difficulties in transcribing phonemes into spatially organized graphemes. The spatially oriented elements of the letters are distorted and written in a mirror image. These defects are manifested in independent writing, writing under dictation, when writing off the text. Sometimes (more often with damage to the occipital-temporal cortex of the left hemisphere of the brain in right-handed people), patients cannot write a grapheme corresponding to a particular sound at all; visual images of letters disintegrate; the letters depicted by the sick do not have any resemblance to the required ones. This violation of the letter is called optical agraphia. special shape agraphia are violations of writing that occur when the frontal lobes of the brain are damaged, when writing suffers, like other types of arbitrary purposeful mental activity. In such cases, independent active writing is most disturbed due to defects in design, programming of writing, and control over the process of writing letters.

Aggressive behavior- hostile actions, the purpose of which is to cause suffering, damage to others; one of the reactions of a living being to the frustration of needs and conflict. In its direction, aggressive behavior can be: 1) direct, direct, i.e. directed against an object that is a source of frustration; 2) displaced, when an individual experiencing frustration cannot direct his aggressive behavior directly against the source of frustration and is looking for a scapegoat.

Since aggressive behavior directed outward (heteroaggression), as a rule, is subjected to social sanctions by society, which increases frustration, a person can develop a mechanism that directs aggressive impulses inward, on himself. This aggressive behavior is called autoaggression. It manifests itself in acts of self-humiliation, self-accusation up to self-inflicted bodily harm and suicide. In humans, as a result of socialization, aggressive behavior takes on diverse forms. Distinguish aggression socially acceptable when tension and anxiety caused by frustration and conflict are resolved in actions consistent with social norms, and asocial aggressive behavior, manifested in actions that are not consistent with the norms of behavior (swearing, insults), up to destructive acts.

Aggression– an act or INSTALLATION with the intent to harm the physical or psychological well-being of another person or group of people. (See also VIOLENCE.)

Adaptation is an integrative indicator of a person's condition, reflecting his ability to perform certain biosocial functions, namely:

Adequate perception of the surrounding reality and one's own body;

An adequate system of relations and communication with others, the ability to work, study, organize leisure and recreation;

Variability (adaptability) of behavior in accordance with the role expectations of others (Psychological Dictionary. M., 1997. P. 13).

When studying adaptation, one of the most pressing issues is the question of the relationship between adaptation and socialization. The processes of socialization and social adaptation are closely interrelated, as they reflect a single process of interaction between the individual and society. Often, socialization is associated only with general development, and adaptation is associated with the adaptive processes of an already formed personality in new conditions of communication and activity. The phenomenon of socialization is defined as the process and result of the assimilation of the active reproduction by the individual of social experience, carried out in communication and activity. The concept of socialization is more related to social experience, development and formation of the individual under the influence of society, institutions and agents of socialization. In the process of socialization, the psychological mechanisms of the interaction of the individual with the environment, which occurs in the process of adaptation, are formed.

Thus, in the course of socialization, a person acts as an object that perceives, accepts, assimilates traditions, norms, roles created by society; socialization ensures the normal functioning of the individual in society. In the course of socialization, the development, formation and formation of the personality are carried out, at the same time, the socialization of the personality is a necessary condition for the adaptation of the individual in society. Social adaptation is one of the main mechanisms of socialization, one of the ways of more complete socialization. Thus, social adaptation - it is: a) a constant process of active adaptation of the individual to the conditions of the new social environment; b) the result of this process.

The socio-psychological content of social adaptation is the convergence of the goals and value orientations of the group and the individual included in it, the assimilation of norms, traditions, group culture, and entry into the role structure of the group.

In the course of socio-psychological adaptation, not only the adaptation of the individual to new social conditions is carried out, but also the realization of his needs, interests and aspirations; a person enters a new social environment, becomes its full member, asserts himself and develops his individuality. As a result of socio-psychological adaptation, the social qualities of communication, behavior and activities accepted in society are formed, thanks to which a person realizes his aspirations, needs, interests and can self-determine.

The process of adaptation in the psychoanalytic concept can be represented as a generalized formula: conflict - anxiety - defensive reactions. The socialization of the individual is determined by the repression of attraction and the switching of energy to objects sanctioned by society (Z. Freud), and also as a result of the desire of the individual to compensate and overcompensate for his inferiority (A. Adler).

E. Erickson's approach differs from the main psychoanalytic line and also assumes the presence of a positive way out of the situation of contradiction and emotional instability in the direction of the harmonious balance of the individual and the environment: contradiction - anxiety - protective reactions of the individual and the environment - harmonic balance or conflict.

Following 3. Freud, the psychoanalytic concept of adaptation was developed by the German psychoanalyst G. Hartmann.

G. Hartmann recognizes the great importance of conflicts for the development of personality, but he notes that not every adaptation to the environment, not every process of learning and maturation are conflict. The processes of perception, thinking, speech, memory, creativity, motor development of the child and much more can be free from conflicts. Hartmann introduces the term "conflict-free sphere of the Self" to denote the totality of functions that at any given moment has an impact on the sphere of mental conflicts.

Adaptation, according to G. Hartmann, includes both processes associated with conflict situations and those processes that are included in the conflict-free sphere of the self.

Modern psychoanalysts, following 3. Freud, distinguish two types of adaptation: 1) alloplastic adaptation is carried out due to changes in the external world that a person makes to bring it in line with his needs; 2) autoplastic adaptation is provided by changes in the personality (its structure, skills, habits, etc.), with the help of which it adapts to the environment.

These two actually psychic varieties of adaptation are supplemented by another one: the individual's search for an environment that is favorable for him.

Humanistic direction research of social adaptation criticizes the understanding of adaptation within the framework of the homeostatic model and puts forward a position on the optimal interaction of the individual and the environment. The main criterion of adaptation here is the degree of integration of the individual and the environment. The purpose of adaptation is to achieve positive spiritual health and the conformity of the values ​​of the individual with the values ​​of society. At the same time, the process of adaptation is not a process of balance between the organism and the environment. The adaptation process in this case can be described by the formula: conflict - frustration - an act of adaptation.

The concepts of this direction are based on the concept of a healthy, self-actualizing personality, which strives to achieve its life goals, developing and using its creative potential. Balance, rootedness in the environment reduce or completely destroy the desire for self-actualization, which makes a person a personality. Only the desire to develop, to personal growth, i.e. to self-actualization, forms the basis for the development of both man and society.

stand out constructive And unconstructive behavioral responses. According to A. Maslow, the criteria for constructive reactions are: their determination by the requirements of the social environment, focus on solving certain problems, unequivocal motivation and a clear representation of the goal, awareness of behavior, the presence in the manifestation of reactions of certain changes of an intrapersonal nature and interpersonal interaction. Unconstructive reactions are not realized; they are aimed only at eliminating unpleasant experiences from consciousness, without solving the problems themselves. Thus, these reactions are analogous to defensive reactions (considered in the psychoanalytic direction). Signs of a non-constructive reaction are aggression, regression, fixation, etc.

According to K. Rogers, non-constructive reactions are a manifestation of psychopathological mechanisms. According to A. Maslow, non-constructive reactions under certain conditions (under conditions of lack of time and information) play the role of an effective self-help mechanism and are characteristic of all healthy people in general.

There are two levels of adaptation: adaptation And maladaptation. Adaptation occurs when an optimal relationship between the individual and the environment is achieved through constructive behavior. In the absence of an optimal relationship between the individual and the environment, due to the dominance of non-constructive reactions or the failure of constructive approaches, maladjustment occurs.

The adaptation process in cognitive psychology of personality can be represented by the formula: conflict - threat - adaptation reaction. In the process of informational interaction with the environment, a person encounters information that contradicts her attitudes (cognitive dissonance), while experiencing a state of discomfort (threat), which stimulates the person to search for ways to remove or reduce cognitive dissonance. Attempts are being made:

Refute the received information;

Change your own attitudes, change the picture of the world;

Find additional information in order to establish consistency between previous ideas and information that contradicts them.

In foreign psychology, a significant distribution has received neobehavioristic definition of adaptation. The authors of this direction give the following definition of social adaptation. Social adaptation - This:

The state in which the needs of the individual, on the one hand, and the requirements of the environment, on the other, are completely satisfied. It is a state of harmony between the individual and nature or the social environment;

The process by which this harmonic state is achieved.

Thus, behaviorists understand social adaptation as a process of changes (physical, socio-economic or organizational) in behavior, social relations or in culture in general. The purpose of these changes is to improve the survival ability of groups or individuals. This definition has a biological connotation, indicating a connection with the theory of evolution and attention mainly to the adaptation of groups, rather than the individual, and we are not talking about personal changes in the course of adaptation of the individual. Meanwhile, the following positive points can be noted in this definition: 1) recognition of the adaptive nature of behavior modification through learning, the mechanisms of which (learning, learning, memorization) are one of the most important mechanisms for acquiring adaptive mechanisms of the personality; 2) the use of the term "social adaptation" to refer to the process by which an individual or group achieves a state of social equilibrium in the sense of not experiencing conflict with the environment. Wherein we are talking only about conflicts with the external environment and ignores the internal conflicts of the individual.

ABSOLUTE POVERTY - a person's lack of funds that society considers necessary to maintain the minimum acceptable subsistence standard of living.

ANOMIA - distortions in the value-normative system.

BASIC KNOWLEDGE - in social work - knowledge derived from research, theoretical judgments, systematically studied relevant phenomena, experience of practicing social workers.

VALID CONSTRUCT - in social research - a set of methods that evaluate reality with relevant tools.

VERBAL COMMUNICATION - communication of information through human speech.

MUTUAL ASSISTANCE - mutual assistance, in a narrower economic sense - a form of exchange that originated in a primitive community with the advent of distribution according to work and personal property.

IMPACT ON THE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT - a set of measures aimed at improving the social microenvironment.

HYPOTHESIS - an assumption expressed in the form of scientific concepts, which should fill in the gaps in empirical knowledge or link various empirical knowledge into a single whole, as well as provide a preliminary explanation for a fact or group of facts.

CASH BENEFITS - funds paid to a client by social services or other organizations.

DIAGNOSIS - in social work - the process of understanding a specific problem, its roots and possible ways of helping.

DISCOURSE - logical reasoning as opposed to intuitive conclusion.

HEALTHY LIFESTYLE - a way of life that combines everything that contributes to the performance by the individual of certain social and domestic functions in the most optimal conditions for the body; includes rationally organized, physiologically optimal work, moral and hygienic education, compliance with the rules and requirements of rational nutrition, mental hygiene and personal hygiene, active motor mode and systematic physical education, thoughtful organization of leisure, refusal to bad habits etc.

KNOWLEDGE is the result of cognition of reality, verified by practice, its true reflection in human thinking.

DISABLED - a person who has a health disorder with a persistent disorder of body functions due to a disease, the consequences of injuries or defects, leading to a limitation of life and causing the need for it social protection.

INDIVIDUALIZED SOCIAL SERVICE - a type of social service and a system of relevant structures of local authorities, whose activities are directed to a specific person by providing targeted material, psychological and social support.

RESEARCH - standardized procedures aimed at the search for knowledge.

A CLIENT (the term “service user” is often used in the social work literature) is a person who, either in his own eyes or from the point of view of other people, has found himself in a problematic situation and cannot cope with it.

COGNITIVE THERAPY - helping the client to change their cognitive processes, thereby making it possible to cope with emotional and behavioral problems.

COMMUNICATIVE INTERACTION - the process of exchanging communicative actions between subjects.

COMMUNICATION - an act of communication between two or more individuals based on their interaction.

CONGRUENCE - the degree of congruence between message (what you express), experience (what happens in your field), and awareness (what you notice).

CONSTRUCT - a complex of abstract concepts and empirical references.

A CONTRACT is a working agreement between the parties regarding a joint effort to bring about change.

CONCEPT - an abstraction, a general idea, a symbol representing a class of certain events and phenomena, for example: ego, stress, social type, social functioning.

LIBIDO - originally meant the specific sexual energy underlying all sexual manifestations, which theoretically can be measured, but on this moment she is immeasurable.

PERSON WITHOUT A DETERMINATED RESIDENCE - a person who does not have a permanent home, does not lead a settled way of life.

BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION - helping individuals to obtain patterns of behavior that enable them to function successfully in environment.

SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH - specific procedures that include a number of necessary follow-up actions, such as formulating a hypothesis, experiment, verification of the data obtained.

NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION - the transfer of information through the signs of optical-kinesthetic, paralinguistic and extralinguistic systems, the organization of space and time of the communicative process through visual contact.

NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATION - an agency whose activities are exclusively charitable and not aimed at making a profit.

INCONGRUENCE - the degree of inconsistency between the message, experience, consciousness.

DIRECT ASSISTANCE - the activities of a social worker in the interests of the client, when the goals of the work are determined as a result of direct contact with the client.

PENSION - monetary provision received by citizens from public consumption funds. Old age, disability, length of service, loss of a breadwinner - all these factors are the basis for calculating a pension.

ASSISTANCE IN THE PLACE OF RESIDENCE - a system of social services to provide support to clients in a particular area.

PRACTICAL THEORIES - in social work - eclectic constructs that include systemic theories and explanatory models, principles used in helping practice and serving to understand individuals, their problems, life situations.

PRINCIPLE - fundamental theoretical knowledge that is neither provable nor requiring proof.

ACCEPTANCE - the relationship established by the social worker, expressed in sympathy for the client, in maintaining constant care and empathy.

PROBLEM - a situation in which an individual is not able to independently realize his needs, which complicates his social functioning.

PROBLEM-ORIENTED APPROACH IN SOCIAL WORK - assisting the client in understanding their problems and implementing actions to solve them.

PROFESSIONALIZATION - formation professional position, integration of personal and professionally important qualities and skills into relatively stable professionally significant formations, qualified performance of professional activities.

PROFESSIONALISM - a high, stable level of knowledge, skills and abilities, allowing to achieve the greatest efficiency in professional activities.

PROFESSIONAL ADAPTATION - entry into a profession, mastering a new social role, professional self-determination, the formation of personal and professional qualities, the experience of independent performance of professional activities in the field of social work.

PROFESSIONAL DEFORMATION - negative changes in the personality of a social worker as a consequence of temporary mental states of fatigue and tension, leading to crises and mistakes in professional activities.

PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCE - a characteristic of a social work specialist, the degree of his compliance with the requirements of the profession.

PROFESSIONAL TRAINING - the formation of a professional orientation and a system of professional knowledge, skills and abilities, the acquisition of experience in the theoretical and practical solution of professional situations and tasks in social work.

PROFESSIONAL ROLE - a social role determined by the place of the individual in the system of objective social relations, as well as by the totality of the functions performed by him.

PROCESS - an organized, consistent activity of a social worker aimed at developing the client's ability to independently solve their problems.

WORK IN SMALL SOCIAL GROUPS A range of methods used to improve the quality of life of the population in a given territory.

WORKING WITH AN INDIVIDUAL CASE is one of the main methods of social work aimed at solving the problems of a particular person.

WORK WITH A GROUP - a method of social work, when people with common interests or problems, with the participation of a social worker, meet regularly to carry out activities aimed at achieving common goals.

redistribution - the transfer of part of the surplus product produced by the community members to the leaders for various social needs.

RECIPROCATION - mutual assistance, mutual exchange of gifts, services.

SELF-ACTUALIZATION (according to A. Maslow) - the most complete disclosure of abilities and realization of a person's potential.

SELF-DETERMINATION - the client's right to make decisions independently.

SEXISM - institutional and individual orientations and attitudes based on gender, leading to discrimination of the subject.

FAMILY THERAPY - a set of approaches and methods to help the family in resolving problems that arise in the relationship between its members.

SYNDROME OF "EMOTIONAL BURNOUT" maladaptation to the workplace due to excessive professional workload and inadequate interpersonal relationships in the provision of professional assistance.

SOCIAL ADAPTATION - the adaptation of citizens who find themselves in a difficult life situation to the environment of life.

SOCIAL PROTECTION - a system of principles, rules, methods, legally established by the state of social guarantees, measures and institutions that ensure their implementation to provide optimal living conditions, meet needs, maintain life support and the active existence of the individual, various social categories and groups; a set of measures, actions, means of the state and society directed against risk situations in the normal life of citizens (illness, unemployment, old age, death of the breadwinner, disability, etc.); a set of state measures of a socio-economic and legal nature to ensure a state-guaranteed minimum level of material support for socially vulnerable segments of the population during the period of economic transformation and the associated decline in living standards.

SOCIAL PEDAGOGY - the science and practice of creating a system of measures to optimize the education of the individual, taking into account the specific conditions of the social environment.

SOCIAL SUPPORT - the provision of cash benefits, loans, information, training opportunities (retraining) and other benefits to certain groups of the able-bodied population who are temporarily in a difficult life situation.

SOCIAL ASSISTANCE - temporary measures of targeted individual support in a crisis situation (services, benefits), which are carried out within the framework of the general policy of income control (means allowance, etc.), as well as in special situations (forced migrants, liquidation of the consequences of natural disasters and man-made disasters, etc.).

SOCIAL WORK - professions in the field of social work that provide social change, help solve problems in relations between people, increase the social well-being of people, giving them certain powers and freedom. Applying in practice theories of behavior and social systems, social work is carried out in the area where people interact with the factors around them. In social work, the fundamental principles are the principles of human rights and social justice(Defined by the International Federation of Social Workers in July 2000 in Montreal, Canada).

SOCIAL REHABILITATION - a set of measures aimed at restoring social ties and relationships that have been destroyed or lost by an individual due to a health disorder with a persistent disorder of body functions (disability), changes in social status (elderly citizens, refugees and forced migrants, unemployed, etc.), deviant personality behavior.

SOCIAL SERVICE - a system of state and non-state structures that carry out social work and include special institutions for the provision of social services and government bodies.

SOCIAL SPHERE - a special area of ​​public life, existing along with the economic, political, spiritual and interacting with them. Relationships in the society of social groups, classes, professional and socio-demographic strata of the population, as well as national communities regarding the social conditions of their life.

SOCIAL THERAPY - the interaction of a social worker and a client in order to provide the latter with specific services to organize support from others, help in solving social conflicts and problems.

SOCIAL SECURITY - a system of socio-economic measures for the material support of the disabled, for the comprehensive provision of childhood and parenthood, includes social pensions (for disability, for length of service, for the loss of a breadwinner, etc.), benefits (for pregnancy and childbirth, citizens who have children, etc.), compensation payments (to non-working able-bodied persons caring for disabled citizens, etc.), scholarships, etc.

SOCIAL SERVICE - the activities of social services and individual specialists in social support, the provision of social, social, medical, psychological, pedagogical, social and legal services, the implementation of social adaptation and rehabilitation of citizens in difficult life situations

SOCIAL INSURANCE - a system of material support for workers in case of disability, illness, age, etc., provides guarantees for social and professional risks of various types. The most important source of social insurance is the mandatory deduction of insurance premiums from wages, supplemented by employers' contributions.

SOCIO-CULTURAL ACTIVITY is a system of measures to create opportunities and conditions for a comprehensive, comprehensive cultural development of the entire population and its low-income strata, in which the activities of social individuals are aimed at the development of nature and the development of social life process through conscious, coordinated action to unlock human life possibilities.

SOCIAL AND PEDAGOGICAL MODULE AT SCHOOL - a direction of school social work aimed at helping children and adolescents who experience learning difficulties due to deficiencies in the development of the intellect, emotional-volitional sphere, improper behavior, inability to establish communication, inability to communicate.

SOCIAL SERVICES - organizations whose activities are aimed at supporting human development and ensuring its well-being.

SOCIAL SERVICES - actions to provide assistance to a client of a social service in accordance with the types of social services.

SOCIAL DIAGNOSIS - an expert assessment involving the collection of data about the client and his living conditions, as well as the analysis of information to develop a plan of care.

SOCIAL SHELTER - an institution of social assistance, where a person in a difficult life situation can stay around the clock, provided with food and necessary assistance.

SOCIAL WORKER - a social worker who provides advisory, rehabilitation, pedagogical and social services to clients.

EDUCATIONAL SOCIAL WORKER - a specialist who helps a child cope with social and psychological problems in the process of socialization.

STATIONARY SERVICE - a special system of assistance and care for people placed in special institutions.

THEORY - a system of basic ideas in a particular branch of knowledge.

TERRITORIAL SOCIAL SERVICE - a set of governing bodies and specialized institutions that provide direct social services to various groups and categories of the population on the territory of various administrative units Russian Federation.

TYPOLOGY - in social work - a system designed to classify, systematize, organize phenomena and practice experience into integral relevant structures, for example: a typology of individual work, a typology of interventions, a typology of diagnostics, etc.

DIFFICULT LIFE SITUATION - a situation that is subjectively perceived by a person as difficult for him personally or is objectively violating his normal life activity (disability, orphanhood, unemployment, etc.).

FACT - an event made, accomplished, the reality in front of us, that which is recognized as really existing.

FUNDRAISING is the activity of raising funds or finding a sponsor to finance a specific project.

SOCIAL SERVICE CENTER is an institution of social protection of the population, carrying out organizational and practical activities to provide various types of social assistance to the elderly, the disabled and other groups of the population in need of social support.

POVERTY LINE - funds that society considers necessary to ensure the minimum acceptable subsistence standard of living of the population at the moment.

SCHOOL SOCIAL SERVICE is a division of the school designed to organize active cooperation between the school administration, teachers, students and parents, external social structures to provide real qualified, timely and comprehensive assistance to children and teachers in order to protect their personal rights and prevent their violations.

Empathy is a special way of understanding the feelings of another person, which consists in empathy with his emotional state, in penetrating into his experiences.

ETHNOCENTRISM - a system of views according to which the values, culture, lifestyle, traditions of one ethnic group are the main criterion for the perception and evaluation of other ethnic communities.

EFFICIENT LISTENING - a way to optimize interpersonal communication, the process of active interaction with a partner.

GLOSSARY

SOCIAL ADAPTATION - the process and result of the active adaptation of an individual, stratum, group to the conditions of a new social environment, to changing or already changed social conditions of life. You. two forms are distinguished: a) active, when the subject seeks to influence the environment in order to change it (for example, changing the form, values, forms of interaction and activities that he must master); b) passive, when the subject does not seek such an impact and change. Indicators of successful A.S. the high social status of the individual (stratum, group) in this environment, his psychological satisfaction with this environment as a whole and its most important elements (in particular, satisfaction with the work and its conditions, its content, remuneration, organization) stand out. Indicators of low A.S. are: moving the subject to another social environment (staff turnover, migration, divorces), anomie and deviant behavior. The success of A.S. depends on the characteristics of the environment and the subject.

ADMINISTRATION - governing bodies that, on the basis of the rights granted to them, carry out executive and administrative functions to maintain a certain order, organize activities at enterprises and institutions, within individual districts, territorial entities and other communities. The governing bodies also have social services at all levels. They are called upon to manage social work within their competence.

SOCIAL ACTIVITY - conscious, purposeful activity of a person, social group, community, focused on the transformation of objective social conditions, the formation social qualities individuals (groups). A.s. - characteristics of activity, reflecting the degree of realization and development of people's social capabilities (abilities, knowledge, skills, aspirations, goals, tasks). The main areas of A.S. - socio-political and labor activity. The incentive mechanisms for A.S. in modern conditions are the use of various forms of direct democracy, publicity, the expansion of the rights of labor collectives, entrepreneurship. A.s. finds, in particular, its expression in the emergence of new social movements and organizations, in charitable activities, etc.

ALIMENTS - funds that, in cases established by law, some family members are obliged to pay for the maintenance of others. Family law establishes the circle of persons entitled to A., obliged to pay them, the amount and terms of payment of A. If the voluntary payment of A. is refused, they can be recovered through the court.

ALCOHOLISM - a pathological craving for alcohol, accompanied by social and moral degradation of the individual. Alcohol dependence is formed gradually and is determined by the complex changes that occur in the body of the drinking person. The craving for alcohol is manifested in a person's behavior in the form of increased fussiness in preparation for drinking, rubbing hands, and emotional elation.

The main factors influencing the formation of A. are hereditary factors, character, individual properties of a person, and features of the environment in which he lives and works. Alcoholization is also promoted by a low level of financial situation and education, the custom of treating each other, early initiation to alcohol (in adolescence), the desire to overcome shyness, etc.

There are three stages in the alcoholization process. At the first stage, dependence on alcohol is already clearly manifested: the patient will not miss the opportunity to drink. At the second stage, the craving for alcohol acquires the features of a physiological dependence, when the body requires more and more alcohol. The third stage is characterized by the extreme depletion of the body's compensatory capabilities, which is expressed in a sharp decrease in tolerance: patients get drunk already from small doses of alcohol.

A.'s treatment requires a radical restructuring of the personality, the formation of a solid sober setting. In this, the patient can be assisted by psychologists, physicians, social workers; psychotherapy, hypnotherapy, autogenic training, sensitization, occupational therapy, alcohol propaganda, etc. are used. However, the success of treatment depends on the patient himself.

ALTRUISM - selflessness, conscious and voluntary service to people, the desire to help others, to promote their happiness based on the motive of love, devotion, fidelity, mutual assistance, sympathy, compassion. The term was introduced by O. Comte as the opposite in meaning to egoism. It is one of the principles in social work. Testing for the ability to A. is an important requirement for admission to educational institutions and employment.

AMORALISM:

1) a socio-historical phenomenon, expressed in the denial of generally accepted norms of morality in people's behavior;

2) the principle of practical or ideological orientation, which justifies the legitimacy of a nihilistic attitude to universal norms of morality in human behavior, as well as in the policy pursued by certain groups of people or political parties;

3) characteristics of the population negative qualities a person, his actions and way of life (meanness, dishonor, unscrupulousness, betrayal, dishonesty, lies, deceit, etc.).

ANOMIA - a term meaning various types of violations in the value-normative system of society; this is a state of society in which a noticeable part of it, knowing about the existence of norms binding them, treats them negatively or indifferently. The concept of A. was introduced by the French sociologist E. Durkheim. Then it was developed by the American sociologist R. Merton, who considers A. as the basis of deviant behavior, a state of consciousness that is caused by the impossibility of achieving individual goals in “legal ways”. It is currently used in the study of crisis phenomena, transitional social states, in the sociology of law and morality, in the field of social work - in the study and solution of problems of deviant behavior.

APARTHEID is the most extreme form of racial discrimination. It means the deprivation and significant restriction of the political, socio-economic and civil rights of any group of the population up to its territorial isolation in the so-called reservations (reserves). Certain acts of genocide belong to A. Modern international law considers A. a crime against humanity. In 1973, the UN adopted the International Convention for the Suppression and Punishment of A.

ASCETISM - an extreme form of abstinence from sensual pleasures, conscious suppression of natural desires and needs, complete disregard for material goods and the joys of earthly life. How moral principle opposes hedonism, elevating pleasure to the highest good and the goal of life. There are two main varieties of A. - religious and moral, taking specific forms and motivations in different historical eras. Religious A. manifests itself most often in the form of hermitage, solitude, in various kinds of self-torture, fasting, celibacy, etc. Moral, so-called worldly A., acquired, in particular, the form of protest against property inequality, luxury and idleness of the ruling classes. The scientific solution of the issue lies in overcoming the extremes of both A. and hedonism, in the realization of all the richness of the essence of man, in achieving the joy of being and the fullness of the sensation of life.

ASSOCIATION OF SOCIAL WORKERS - associations of specialists in the field of social work. In Russia, several

A.S.R.: Interregional Association of Social Workers (established in 1991); Association of Social Workers (established in 1992); Association of Social Educators and Social Workers (established in 1990); Association of collectives of universities and schools of social work (created in 1993). They take part in the activities of the International Federation of Social Workers and other international organizations, cooperate with national associations of various countries.

POVERTY - an indicator of the income of a family (or a separately living person) in accordance with the number of its members, the age of its head and the number of children under 18 and corresponds to the minimum level of consumption.

B. is defined as the presence of shortcomings in something, as the scarcity of funds, income, designed to satisfy the material and other needs of people.

Poor or needy - people whose monthly income per family member is less than the minimum consumer basket(minimum consumer budget) or equal to the minimum wage.

In the 1990s In Russia, the systemic crisis predetermined the need to use indicators of the minimum wage, rather than the subsistence minimum, in solving the problems of social protection of the population.

The level of B. in society is used to establish the size of the minimum wage, pensions, allowances, scholarships, estimates of expenses for the maintenance of citizens in nursing homes, the disabled, children in orphanages and children's homes, patients in hospitals, convicted in correctional labor institutions. Since the subsistence minimum in our country is now one of the lowest in the world, the indicated expenditures for the needs of urgently needy groups and strata of the population are extremely low compared to similar expenditures in developed countries.

A REFUGEE is a person who is not a citizen of the Russian Federation and who, due to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, citizenship, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion, is outside the country of his or her nationality and cannot benefit from protection of that country or is unwilling to avail itself of such protection owing to such fear; or, having no particular nationality and being outside the country of his former habitual residence as a result of such events, is unable or unwilling to return to it owing to such fear.

NON-SUPERVISED - a minor whose behavior is not controlled due to non-fulfillment or improper fulfillment of duties for his upbringing, education and (or) maintenance on the part of parents or legal representatives or officials.

UNEMPLOYED are able-bodied citizens who do not have work and earnings, are registered with the employment service in order to find a suitable job, are looking for work and are ready to start it.

HOME - homeless, without a place of residence and (or) place of stay.

WELFARE - the provision of the population with the necessary material, social and spiritual benefits, that is, objects, services and conditions that satisfy certain human needs. Depends on the level of development of productive forces, the nature of production relations, the degree of development of society as a whole. B. is expressed by a system of indicators characterizing the standard of living.

CHARITY:

1) in the narrow sense - the provision by individuals or organizations of gratuitous assistance to needy people or social groups (strata) of the population;

2) in a broad sense - gratuitous activities for the creation and transfer of financial, material and spiritual values ​​​​(benefits) to meet the urgent needs of a person, social group, stratum, society, caught in a difficult life situation.

Voluntary activities of citizens and legal entities for disinterested (gratuitous or on preferential terms) transfer to citizens or legal entities property, including cash, disinterested performance of work, provision of services, provision of other support.

MARRIAGE is a historically conditioned, sanctioned and regulated by society form of relations between a man and a woman, establishing their rights and obligations in relation to each other, children and society. According to the procedure of the marriage ceremony, B. is distinguished between civil and church, as well as actual (marital relations are not formalized in the manner prescribed by law). According to the structure B. are divided into monogamous (countries of Europe and America) and polygamous (some countries of Asia and Africa).

STATE SOCIAL ASSISTANCE - the provision of social benefits, social supplements to pensions, subsidies, social services and vital goods to low-income families, low-income citizens living alone.

STATE SYSTEM OF SOCIAL SERVICES -

system consisting of state enterprises and social service institutions that are the property of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and are under the jurisdiction of state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

CITIZENS WISHING TO ADOPT CHILDREN FOR UPBRINGING IN THEIR FAMILIES - citizens of the Russian Federation permanently residing in the territory of the Russian Federation and wishing to adopt (adopt) children left without parental care, take them under guardianship (guardianship) or in foster families, as well as citizens of the Russian Federation, permanently residing outside the Russian Federation, foreign citizens and stateless persons who wish to adopt (adopt) children left without parental care, if there are grounds established by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

RISK GROUPS - persons (contingent) with an increased risk of AIDS: prostitutes, homosexuals, drug addicts, venereal patients, etc.

Any social community that contributes to the emergence, development and implementation of antisocial behavior of minors.

HUMANISM:

1) in a broad sense - a historically changing system of views based on the recognition of the value of a person as a person, his right to freedom, happiness, development and manifestation of his abilities. The good of a person is considered a criterion for evaluating social institutions, and the principles of equality, justice, humanity - the norm of relations between people;

2) in the narrow sense - the cultural movement of the Renaissance. One of the most important principles of social work.

HUMANITARIAN AID - material, financial, economic charitable support of people provided by international government, public organizations and private individuals in the event of natural disasters and socio-economic upheavals, wars and other misfortunes that have befallen the country and its citizens.

HUMANITY - humanity, benevolent attitude towards people, their dignity (as opposed to cruel, unfriendly).

DEVIANT BEHAVIOR - behavior that is contrary to the legal and (or) moral norms accepted in society.

SOCIAL ACTION - a conscious action of a person, usually caused by his needs, which is associated with the actions of another person or other people, is oriented to their behavior, affects them and, in turn, is influenced by the behavior of others. In the doctrine of D.s. M. Weber made a particularly great contribution. It got further development in modern sociology (phenomenology, functionalism and other areas). D.s. includes: subject, environment or “situation”; the orientation of the subject to the conditions of the environment, to the “situation”; orientation of the subject to another (or others).

CHILDREN IN DIFFICULT LIFE SITUATION - children left without parental care; disabled children; children with disabilities, i.e., those with disabilities in physical and (or) mental development; children - victims of armed and interethnic conflicts, environmental and man-made disasters, natural disasters; children from families of refugees and internally displaced persons; children in extreme conditions; children are victims of violence; children serving sentences of imprisonment in educational colonies; children in special educational institutions; children living in low-income families; children with behavioral problems; children whose life activity is objectively impaired as a result of the circumstances and who cannot overcome these circumstances on their own or with the help of the family.

CHILDREN LEFT WITHOUT PARENTAL CARE - persons under the age of 18 who were left without the care of a single or both parents due to the absence of parents or deprivation of their parental rights, restriction of their parental rights, recognition of parents as missing, incapacitated (limitedly capable) who are in medical institutions, declaring them dead, serving their sentences in institutions that carry out punishment in the form of deprivation of liberty, being in places of detention suspected and accused of committing crimes; evasion of parents from raising children or from protecting their rights and interests, refusal of parents to take their children from educational, medical institutions, institutions of social protection of the population and other similar institutions and in other cases of recognizing a child left without parental care in the manner prescribed by law.

ORPHANS - persons under the age of 18 whose both or only parent have died.

EMPLOYMENT is the activity of citizens related to the satisfaction of personal and social needs, which does not contradict the legislation of the Russian Federation and, as a rule, brings them earnings, labor income.

DEPENDENCE - providing the unemployed (sick, elderly, minor, etc.) with the means necessary for subsistence.

IMMIGRATION - entry into the country for temporary or permanent residence of citizens of another state (for political, religious and other reasons).

DISABLED - a person who has a health disorder with a persistent disorder of body functions, caused by diseases, the consequences of injuries or defects, leading to a limitation of life and causing the need for his social protection.

SOCIAL SERVICE CLIENT - a citizen who is in a difficult life situation, who is provided with social services in connection with this.

SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL CLIMATE - the socio-psychological state of the team, the nature of value orientations, interpersonal relationships and mutual expectations in it. There are K.s.-p. auspicious and inauspicious, healthy and unhealthy.

It is of exceptional importance in the implementation of the forms, methods and principles of social work.

CODE OF ETHICS - a set of rules and norms (formal and informal) that regulate social behavior, role, intragroup and intergroup interaction, prescribed for execution. K.e. can be general social (observed throughout the community), professional (peculiar to a particular profession: doctor, teacher, military man, scientific worker, social worker, etc.), national (reflecting mental traits), religious (observed by people of the same religion), as well as characteristic of a particular social group: age (youth, elderly), status (intelligentsia, elite), etc. .e. reflects the foundations and norms of behavior of various social groups connected by a common culture (subculture). K.e. performs the following functions: creating the foundations for interpersonal and intercultural interaction, forming role interaction, substantiating social expectations and social understanding. In the professional sphere, it is an indispensable condition for increasing the efficiency of activity.

CONVENTION FOR THE PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS (EUROPEAN) - an international treaty of 1950 in the field of human rights protection, based on the principles of ensuring objective standards and providing protection to individuals against the abuse of state power.

The legal regime of the convention is based on the acceptance by the member states of the obligation to provide every citizen with the standards adopted by the convention in the field of protection of human rights.

On the basis of the convention were formed:

European Commission of Human Rights;

European Court of Human Rights.

FAMILY COUNSELING - a targeted psychological impact on the family and its members in order to restore, optimize its functioning and improve relations between its members, create favorable intra-family conditions for the development of the family and its members.

SOCIAL COUNSELING - a special form of providing social assistance through targeted psychological impact on a person or a small group in order to socialize them, restore and optimize their social functions, guidelines, and develop social norms of communication. The following areas of K.s are distinguished: medical and social, psychological, socio-pedagogical, social and legal, social and managerial, social and innovative, etc. Organization of K.s. includes regional social counseling centers and specialized services (family counseling, marital counseling, psychological assistance and counseling, helpline, C.S. services in medical institutions and public organizations).

CONFIDENTIALITY - confidentiality, not subject to publicity; the ethical principle that a social worker (or other worker) has no right to disclose information about a client without the consent of the latter. This may include information about the identity of the client, professional judgments about the client, materials from the “medical history”. In special cases, social workers may be required to legally give certain representatives of the authorities certain information (for example, the threat to use force, the commission of a crime, suspicion of child abuse, etc.), which entails the initiation of prosecution.

SOCIAL CONFLICT - clash of parties, opinions, forces; the highest stage of development of contradictions in the system of relations between people and social institutions. Allocate international conflicts - between nations, states; conflicts of classes, social groups and strata within society; conflicts between small groups, families, individuals.

The removal or weakening of the conflict (especially between small groups, in families, between individuals) is one of the most important tasks of social activity specialists.

LABOR CONFLICT is a kind of social conflict. It appears in the following main forms:

1) boycott by workers of certain types production activities(without interruption of the main work);

2) increased staff turnover (massive change of the main job);

3) strikes and strikes;

4) sabotage (collective failure to comply with the instructions of the leadership);

5) forced reduction by the employer of working hours of workers;

6) delay in payment of wages;

7) lockouts (mass layoffs). Occurrence, flow and resolution of K.t. largely predetermined by the essence and content social policy state, the degree of social security of the population.

PERSONALITY:

1) a stable system of socially significant features that characterize an individual as a member of society, community, group;

2) an individual carrier of these traits as a free and responsible subject of conscious volitional activity. Sociological analysis JI. involves the allocation in it of the socially typical, necessary for the implementation public functions characterological and moral qualities, knowledge and skills, value orientations and social attitudes, prevailing motives of activity.

In L., as in a person in general, it is necessary to see (especially in the process of social work) three components: social, psychological, and physiological (biological).

ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY - an irresponsible person who causes damage to others by his activities, unable to feel guilty, often in conflict with others and public institutions, inclined to blame others and not learn from mistakes, showing intolerance, etc. This behavior pattern indicates insufficient socialization and is one of the most common personality disorders.

MARGINAL - a person who is in an intermediate, borderline position between any social groups (or cultures), who has lost his former social ties and has not adapted to the new conditions of life. Most often, these are representatives of migrants, ethnic minorities, rural residents who have been moved to cities and do not have the conditions for the perception and assimilation of the urban lifestyle, its norms, values, attitudes, etc.

The marginal is a special and difficult object in the activities of social services, social workers.

MARGINALITY - the state of groups of people or individuals, put by social development on the verge of two (or several) cultures, participating in the interaction of these cultures, but not completely adjacent to any of them; marginal state; being in a marginal, intermediate position between any social groups.

MOTHERHOOD - the biological and social attitude of the mother to the child (children). The biological relationship is determined by the origin of the child from the mother (blood relationship). It is associated with the performance of a woman’s reproductive function and is the basis for the legal establishment of M. Biological and legal M. may not coincide (for example, during adoption or in the case of “multiple motherhood” in traditional tribal societies or underdeveloped agro-industrial societies).

M. is an integral part of the social institution of parenthood and affects the functioning of families as a small socio-psychological group. M.'s main functions are reproductive and educational. The first function is sometimes denoted by the terms “pro-creative”, “generative”, and its content includes the meaning of the second function (care for children, their upbringing and education). M. (together with fatherhood) most fully satisfies the sensory, cognitive, emotional and social needs of the child, ensures its gradual inclusion in the system of social relations, and facilitates the assimilation of social roles.

The significance of mathematics as an institution of education varies depending on the socioeconomic and other conditions of the development of society (from exclusively social to home education).

M. like social institution takes quite great place in the activities of social workers, various social services of modern society.

MANAGEMENT IN SOCIAL WORK - management carried out in a special area of ​​social activity - social work aimed at helping, supporting, protecting all people, especially the so-called weak strata and groups.

Control objects in M.s.r. are social workers, employees, the whole system of relationships that develops between people in the process of social protection of the population. The subjects of management are the heads of social services and the governing bodies formed by them, endowed with managerial functions.

The process of managing social work involves a certain organizational structure of management. It is understood as a set of elements of the governing bodies and stable links between them, ensuring its integrity, the preservation of its basic properties during various internal and external changes. The main requirements for the organizational structure of management (OSU) in general and in social work in particular are the presence of a minimum number of links and levels of management, a clear distribution of functions, stability, continuity, efficiency and flexibility of management.

CHARACTERISTICS - social activities aimed at supporting the development of culture, art, science, providing various kinds of assistance and support to creative workers and organizations from persons and organizations that have material, financial and other opportunities to provide assistance. It originated in ancient Rome, was widespread in Russia in the late 19th - early 20th centuries.

POPULATION MIGRATION - a socio-economic and demographic process, which is a set of movements made by people between countries, regions, settlements. There are episodic, pendulum, seasonal and irrevocable migration. This is the most important mechanism of urbanization.

The study of migration processes, the state of migrants is one of the most important areas of social work at the present stage of development of our country.

M.S. can be natural and artificial, forced. The immediate causes of the latter:

1) deformation social well-being(for example, Russian speakers in the CIS countries);

2) politics;

3) interethnic conflicts, military operations;

4) environmental disasters.

SOCIAL MICROENVIRONMENT - a set of small groups, contact teams and organizations that include a person in the process of social communication and activity. Knowledge of M.s. the client is the most important factor in successful social activity.

MERCY - willingness to help someone or forgive someone out of compassion, philanthropy.

alms - money or goods distributed for charitable purposes to the poor, the needy.

SOCIAL MODELING - a scientific method of cognition of social objects by displaying their main characteristics, features on models specially created for this purpose. MS is considered both in a broad (modeling of social processes) and in a narrow sense (the study of social processes proper by constructing appropriate models).

YOUTH - a socio-demographic group that has specific social and psychological traits due to the age characteristics of young people, the process of their formation spiritual world, the specifics of the position in the social structure of society. Typically, youth refers to people between the ages of 16 and 30.

DRUG ADDICTION - morbid craving, addiction to the systematic use of drugs, leading to severe impairment of physical and mental functions. A detailed definition of drug addiction is given by a commission of WHO experts. N. is “a mental and sometimes also a physical condition resulting from the interaction between a living organism and a drug, characterized by behavioral characteristics and other reactions that always include the need for constant or periodically renewed intake of this drug in order to experience its mental effect or to avoid the discomfort associated with its absence.”

DRUGS - a group of natural and synthetic substances that have an analgesic and hypnotic effect (for example, morphine, opium), the abuse of which leads to drug addiction.

A MINOR IN A SOCIALLY DANGEROUS SITUATION - a person under the age of 18 who, due to neglect or homelessness, is in an environment that poses a threat to his life or health or does not meet the requirements for his upbringing or maintenance, or commits an offense or antisocial actions.

DISABLED CITIZENS - people with disabilities, including those disabled since childhood, children with disabilities, children under the age of 18 who have lost one or both parents, citizens from among the indigenous peoples of the North who have reached the age of 55 and 50 years (men and women, respectively), citizens who have reached the age of 65 and 60 (men and women, respectively), who are not entitled to a pension provided for by the Federal Law “On labor pensions in the Russian Federation”.

SOCIAL STANDARDS - a scientifically substantiated characteristic of the optimal state of the social process (or one of its sides), obtained on the basis of taking into account objective patterns social development. They are differentiated depending on specific national, natural, socio-demographic characteristics, as well as on areas of human life (labor, socio-political life, culture, life, interpersonal relations). Unlike the sphere of work, culture, and everyday life, the definition of standards in other areas is difficult. Therefore, in the practice of planning, the concept of a social landmark is used.

SOCIAL NORMS - means of social regulation of the behavior of individuals and groups. They are developed in all spheres of social practice and in all types of social relations. They are formed as norms-rules and norms-expectations that determine the form, motivation, orientation, assessment of the behavior of group members and determine the forms and permissible deviations in their (group members) interactions and manifestations.

CUSTODIA AND CUSTODIA - a form of placement of orphans and children left without parental care, for the purpose of their maintenance, upbringing and education, as well as for the protection of their rights and interests; guardianship is established over children under the age of 14; guardianship is established over children aged 14 to 18 years.

LONELINESS:

1) emotional as a result of the lack of attachment to a particular person (love, friendship);

2) social as a result of the lack of an accessible social circle, i.e., significant friendships or a sense of community;

O. is the state of a lonely person.

SOCIAL PARTNERSHIP - the concept most often used to refer to labor relations characterized by a common position and coordinated actions of employees, employers and the state. They are usually represented at negotiations when concluding collective agreements by trade unions, employers' organizations, representatives of the administration of state enterprises, institutions or organizations. Basic principles of P.S. - taking into account mutual requirements and responsibilities, respectful attitude to each other's interests, resolution of disputes and conflict situations at the negotiating table, the willingness of the parties to compromise, the consistent implementation of the agreements reached, signed agreements. P.s. (labor agreements) is an important factor in the social protection of workers and employees, members of their families.

PATRONAGE - education and provision of necessary assistance to children in need of state protection, carried out in the form of foster care or social patronage.

PENITENTIARY INSTITUTIONS - correctional labor institutions in which people who have committed an offense or crime are serving their sentences.

PENSIONERS - people who receive pensions from public funds for old age, disability or the breadwinner, for long service. Appointment of pensions and determination of their amount, as well as control over the correctness of their payment is carried out by the bodies of social protection of the population. The sources of payment of pensions are the Pension Fund and the state budget. Social work should be built taking into account the specifics of various groups of the population, social interests, include measures for the social and psychological adaptation of P. to various life situations, medical and social rehabilitation, social services and security.

SOCIAL SUPPORT - a system of measures to provide assistance to certain categories of citizens who are temporarily in a difficult economic situation (partially or completely unemployed, young students, etc.) by providing them with the necessary information, financial resources, loans, education, human rights protection and the introduction of other benefits.

TEENAGERS - boys and girls in the transitional age from childhood to adolescence (usually from 12 to 16 years). The main specific features of this category are determined by the physical, psychological and social development personality that occurs during this period. Social work should be carried out taking into account the peculiarities of P.

ELDERLY PEOPLE - people who live a relatively long life, as a result of which they experience certain psychophysical limitations. According to the World Health Organization, the age from 60 to 74 years old is recognized as old, from 75 to 89 years old - senile, from 90 years and older - the age of centenarians. The term P.l. often used as a synonym for "old people". P.L., especially sick and lonely, need all-round help and support. Their needs are met in social service centers, including social assistance departments at home, urgent social assistance departments, medical and social departments, departments day stay, in stationary boarding houses for the elderly, etc.

SOCIAL POSITION:

1) the place that a person occupies in the system of social class relations, in the social structure of society, in other words, the social position;

2) conscious choice, ideological and moral orientation of the individual.

The success of social work and social activity in general is largely determined by the extent to which P.s. people, including social service clients.

SOCIAL POLICY - the activities of the state and other political institutions to manage the development of the social sphere of society. Sociology contributes to the development of PS, alternative solutions in this area, the rationale for social priorities.

TRUSTEES - adult capable persons performing guardianship duties in respect of minor children and citizens limited by the court in their capacity or incapacitated, or performing guardianship duties in terms of patronage over single adult capable citizens who, for health reasons, cannot exercise their rights and fulfill their duties .

POVERTY THRESHOLD - recognized by the state limit level personal well-being, below which a person is not able to maintain a normal physical condition; poverty line.

BENEFITS - one of the forms of material support for citizens, guaranteed by the Constitution of the Russian Federation and appointed for temporary disability (in case of illness, injury, quarantine, etc.).

UNEMPLOYMENT BENEFIT - monetary assistance paid to persons recognized as unemployed, in the manner prescribed by law.

CONSUMER BASKET - consumer budget; the total amount of costs and their specific distribution to ensure the average consumption of a person (family) in a certain period of time.

PC. - a set of goods and services that ensure the satisfaction of the most urgent human needs. It includes non-food items, food and services. The cost of P. to. is the main factor in determining the subsistence minimum, the level of the poverty line, etc.

RIGHT SOCIAL:

1) the branch of law that regulates the norms of social protection of people;

2) the discipline of the specialty “Social work”, designed to give students (listeners) knowledge about the norms of family, labor, housing legislation governing the protection of motherhood and childhood, the rights of minors, pensioners, the disabled and ensuring their social protection; on the procedure and organization of guardianship, guardianship, adoption, deprivation of parental rights, referral to special educational institutions, and other problems of protecting people.

PRACTICE OF SOCIAL WORK - the use of knowledge and skills of social work to provide social services to a person, layer, group. P.s.r. includes social assistance, social therapy, social rehabilitation, insurance, guardianship, mediation, etc.

SOCIAL PRIVILEGE - the exclusive right and advantage of individuals, groups, classes, institutions, inaccessible to most people. In slave and feudal societies, P.s. legally and politically fixed as a class privilege. However, the elimination of the latter did not lead to the destruction of P.s. It was preserved under the influence of property differences, differences in positions in state, party and other structures. The preservation of PS, in particular, is associated with the difference in “starting opportunities” (property, cultural, educational) of people, groups, and strata. P.s. often legally sanctioned, but mostly implemented de facto.

FOSTER FAMILY - a form of placement of orphans and children left without parental care, on the basis of an agreement on the transfer of a child (children) to be raised in a family between the guardianship and guardianship authorities and foster parents (spouses or individual citizens who wish to take children to be raised in a family ).

CHARITY - attention, participation, sympathy, mercy; providing someone with shelter and food. P. as a social institution is associated with the beginning of Christianity and the construction of church buildings and monasteries in Russia, it developed in the subsequent period. Closely associated with charity.

SOCIAL PRIORITIES - social tasks, which at this stage are recognized by society as the most urgent, urgent, requiring a priority solution.

From an adequate understanding of P.s. managers at all levels (especially the center) depends on the effectiveness of solving social problems.

PRINCIPLES OF SOCIAL WORK - the rules that guide the objects and subjects of social activity. Along with general philosophical and general scientific principles, some specific principles can be distinguished in social work, confirmed by scientific research and practice. These are the principles of humanism, morality, justice, self-sufficiency, trust between clients and service workers, a differentiated approach to the provision of services, respect for human and civil rights in the field of social services and provision of state guarantees, voluntary consent of citizens to receive services, accessibility of social services, targeting services, priority in the provision of services to citizens, taking into account their social situation, a reasonable combination of paid and free services, territorial organization of social and other services, state support for voluntary, public and other organizations providing various services to the population.

SOCIAL SHELTER - a stationary social institution of temporary stay, in which the needy are provided with all the necessary assistance (shelter and overnight stay, food, social and medical care, socio-psychological counseling, and social work is carried out for rehabilitation, adaptation and correction). P.s. provided mainly to children: homeless and neglected

PREVENTION OF NEGLECT AND MINOR OFFENSES - a system of social, legal, pedagogical and other measures aimed at identifying and eliminating the causes and conditions that contribute to neglect, homelessness, delinquency and antisocial actions of minors, carried out in conjunction with individual preventive work with minors and families in socially dangerous position.

REHABILITATION:

1) restoration of a good name, former reputation; restoration of former rights, including administrative and judicial procedures (for example, R. repressed);

2) the application to the defendants (primarily minors) of educational measures or punishments not related to deprivation of liberty, in order to correct them;

3) a set of medical, legal and other measures aimed at restoring or compensating for impaired functions of the body and the ability to work of patients and disabled people. R. - one of the most important areas in social work.

SOCIAL REHABILITATION - restoration of the basic social functions of an individual, a public institution, a social group, their social role as subjects of the main spheres of society. R.s. in terms of content, it essentially includes in a concentrated form all aspects of rehabilitation.

REHABILITATION OF THE DISABLED - a system and process of full or partial restoration of the abilities of disabled people for household, social and professional activities. Rehabilitation of disabled people is aimed at eliminating or, if possible, more fully compensating for limitations in life activity caused by a health disorder with a persistent disorder of body functions, in order to socially adapt disabled people, achieve their financial independence and integrate them into society.

FAMILY - persons related by kinship and (or) property, living together and maintaining a common household.

SOCIAL ADAPTATION OF A CHILD - the process of actively adapting a child in a difficult life situation to the rules and norms of behavior accepted in society, as well as the process of overcoming the consequences of psychological or moral trauma.

SOCIAL PROTECTION OF THE DISABLED PEOPLE - a system of state-guaranteed economic, legal measures and social support measures that provide disabled people with conditions for overcoming, replacing (compensating) life restrictions and aimed at creating equal opportunities for them to participate in society with other citizens.

SOCIAL REHABILITATION OF A CHILD - measures to restore the social ties and functions lost by the child, replenish the life support environment, and increase care for him.

SOCIAL BENEFITS - gratuitous provision to citizens of a certain amount of money at the expense of the relevant budgets of the budgetary system of the Russian Federation.

SOCIAL SERVICES - enterprises and institutions, regardless of their form of ownership, providing social services, as well as citizens engaged in entrepreneurial activities for social services to the population without forming a legal entity.

SOCIAL WORK SPECIALIST - a specialist in the field of social work with a high general cultural, intellectual and moral potential, vocational training and the necessary personal qualities that allow you to effectively perform professional functions to study the socio-economic and socio-psychological conditions of life of social groups, strata, families and individuals in order to apply adequate methods of social protection, support, rehabilitation and other types of social work, the use of various social technologies.

SPONSORSHIP - financial support of organizations (institutions, enterprises) or individuals. S. is an important factor in solving social problems in society, social protection of the "weak" sections of the population. Compared with other countries, S. is still poorly developed in modern Russia.

SOCIAL STATUS - an integrative indicator of the position of social and other groups and their representatives in society, in the system of social ties and relations. It is determined by a number of signs, both natural (sex, age, nationality) and social (profession, occupation, income, official position, etc.).

The task of social workers is to contribute to the preservation and strengthening of S.s. their clients.

PUBLIC SERVICE SECTOR (service sector) - a set of sectors of the national economy, the product of which (consumer goods) acts as a certain expedient activity (services). A feature of social labor employed in S.O.N. is a direct impact on a person as an object of labor application. The results of such activities usually take the form of services (see Services). In S.O.N. include trade and public catering, housing and communal services and consumer services for the population, passenger transport and communications, education, institutions of culture, healthcare, physical culture and sports, social security(as a kind of service to people). Dream. is extremely important in social work with the population.

Helpline - emergency psychological help and emotional support by specialists (psychologist, social worker, etc.) by telephone. Adolescents, victims of sexual violence, drug addicts, etc. can contact anonymously for help. There are two directions in the development of the Etc. service:

1) professional psychological assistance services;

2) emotional support and participation services provided by lay volunteers.

THERAPY:

1) treatment of internal diseases without surgical intervention medicines or physical methods;

2) a branch of medicine that studies methods of diagnosis, causes and methods of treatment of internal diseases.

TOLERANCE - tolerance for someone else's way of life, behavior, customs, feelings, opinions, ideas, beliefs.

It is necessary for everyone, including social workers in their work with their clients.

DIFFICULT LIFE SITUATION - a situation that objectively disrupts the life of a citizen (disability, inability to self-service due to old age, illness, orphanhood, neglect, low income, unemployment, lack of a fixed place of residence, conflicts and abuse in the family, loneliness, etc.), which he cannot overcome on his own.

ADOPTION (ADOPTION) - adoption for upbringing of minor children who have lost parental care, with the establishment between the adopted child and the adopter of legal (personal and property) relations that exist between parents and children. Strangers and relatives can adopt if the latter have replaced their parents for any reason. After U., the legal relationship of the minor with the former parents is completely terminated.

There are certain requirements for adoptive parents. Underage citizens deprived of parental rights, recognized by a court as incapable or with limited capacity, mentally ill, drug addicts, alcoholics, etc., cannot be adoptive parents.

U. requires the consent of the parents of the child (one of them), the minor himself (who has reached the age of ten), the spouse (s) of the adoptive parent. U.'s secret is protected by law. It can only be overturned by a court that is in the best interests of the child.

INSTITUTIONS FOR ORPHANS AND CHILDREN LEFT WITHOUT PARENTAL CARE - educational institutions in which orphans and children left without parental care are kept (trained and (or) brought up); social service institutions for the population (orphanages for disabled children with mental retardation and physical disabilities, social rehabilitation centers for helping children left without parental care, social shelters); institutions of the healthcare system (children's homes) and other institutions established in accordance with the procedure established by law.

FEMINISM is a movement in defense of the rights and liberation of women that arose during the era of bourgeois revolutions in France, England and the USA. F. is divided into old and new. For the old F. (it arose in the 18th century, it reached its peak at the end of the 19th century) is characterized by a narrow interpretation of the social equality of women (only as legal equality). It was called the suffragette movement. The growth of women's employment, their suffrage (in Europe and the USA) led to a decline in the feminist movement. It took shape again only in the late 60s - early 70s. 20th century called neo-feminism. It distinguishes three main directions: liberal-reformist, socialist and radical. The existing (along with the above) conservative trend is actually anti-feminist (idealizes the family and the maternal function of women, denies the existence of discrimination against them by the state).

F. as a movement is an essential factor in the social protection of women, the qualitative improvement of their living conditions, and the qualitative change in the way of life of women.

FRUSTRATION - a psychological state that occurs in a state of disappointment, non-fulfillment of any goal or need that is significant for a person; oppressive anxiety, a feeling of tension, hopelessness. The removal of F. is one of the important tasks in the activities of social workers, during their contacts with clients.

FUNCTIONS OF SOCIAL WORK - diagnostic, prognostic, preventive, human rights, socio-pedagogical, psychological, socio-medical, social, communicative, advertising and propaganda, moral and humanistic and organizational. The implementation of these functions in the activities of a social worker is possible only if he masters a wide range of knowledge and skills set forth in the State Educational Standard for Higher Professional Education in the field of social work.

HOSPICE:

1) a hospital for oncological and other terminally ill patients, where conditions are created so that a person experiences as little suffering as possible;

2) a multiprofessional program that provides assistance to terminally ill people during the last months of their lives. This care is usually provided in non-hospital settings, at home by family members, friends and acquaintances.

EXPERTISE - consideration, study of any issues, problems, solutions that require special knowledge in order to present a motivated, reasoned conclusion, scientific justification on them. For example, when addressing issues of remuneration of working pensioners, certain group disability, identification of adoptive parents, etc.

EMOTIONS - emotional experience; human and animal reactions to the impact of internal and external stimuli, which have a pronounced subjective coloring and cover all types of sensitivity and experiences. Associated with the satisfaction (positive E.) and dissatisfaction (negative E.) of the various needs of the body. Differentiated and stable emotions that arise on the basis of a person's external social needs are usually called feelings.

Empathy - the ability of an individual to respond emotionally to the experiences of other people. E. is a quality necessary for socionomists in working with clients.

ETHICS:

1) in common use means the same as morality, morality, mores (for example, medical E., professional E., E. of a social worker);

2) the theory of morality, the scientific justification of this or that moral system, this or that understanding of good and evil, justice, duty, conscience, happiness, the meaning of life. It is important in the training and activities of social workers, whose duties include knowledge of ethical (and legal) norms governing human relations with humans, society, the environment, the ability to take them into account when developing environmental and social projects.

Annex 1

Designing professional and personal life path social worker ( guidelines for independent work)

Considering the topic “Personality of a social worker in the profession”, how often do we ask ourselves the following questions:

What do you want to achieve in your profession?

What can (and should) do to realize your own capabilities, personal qualities and interests?

What must be done to be successful? etc.

The questions posed cause a desire to become aware of oneself, one's actions, to develop an adequate self-esteem and attitude towards oneself:

Do we know ourselves?

My strengths and weaknesses.

Awareness of the physical, mental and social "I".

Maturity and flourishing (“acme”) of personality - what does it mean?

Personality, its needs, interests, abilities, temperament, character, etc.

Additional “search questions” create a more objective picture of the “I-image”: how do they evaluate me? what do I know about these estimates? my reaction to them? and etc.

Development of self-reflection, self-correction personal qualities, character trait often occurs in discussions: Do other people always understand me? Why don't I always understand myself? An additional technique for expanding this topic is homework assignments of this kind: “Write a portrait: I am real, I am ideal” or “My ways of helping, supporting another person”, etc.

dopfiles -> Glossary on the discipline "Methods of making managerial decisions" and automation of management

The most important component of the system of logically ordered knowledge is the conceptual apparatus of science - a set of concepts, categories and terms that allow in a generalized form to reflect the phenomena studied by this science, as well as the connections between them by fixing their essential properties, features and patterns.

It is customary to distinguish between the concepts of two levels. First, these are concepts that reflect the empirical experience of social work, the results of observations and experiments. Secondly, concepts formed by interpreting primary concepts (concepts of the first level) and logical operations on them.

Classification of concepts according to the degree of generality:

• 1. general scientific (subject, object, interaction, cause, effect, pattern, system, element, connections, relationships, development, change);
• 2. concepts of social sciences (society, culture, man, individual, personality, activity, consciousness, behavior);
• 3. concepts used in social work and related disciplines (deviant behavior, anomie, socialization, adaptation, rehabilitation, counseling);
• 4. specific concepts of social work (individual social work, group social work, social protection, socio-psychological counseling, difficult life situation, social service, social orphanhood, escapism).
• 5. It is customary to distinguish between the concepts of two levels. First, these are concepts that reflect the empirical experience of social work, the results of observations and experiments. They are usually called primary. Secondly, concepts formed by interpreting primary concepts and logical operations on them. They constitute the second-order level and belong to theoretical concepts.
• 6. The most important, key concepts of any science, which form the basis of its apparatus, are called categories. The question of the categories of social sciences is quite complicated, since the social phenomena and processes reflected by them are very changeable, diverse, their aspects are closely intertwined with each other, they are interpreted differently by individual branches of social knowledge, which leads to the relativity and permeability of the boundaries between these very categories, polyparadigm of the theory of social work. Therefore, in order to streamline their diversity, we can talk about the following groups of concepts and categories of social work:
• 1. categories that are not specific to the theory of social work, since the phenomena and processes they designate are also studied by other sciences (naturally, such phenomena are considered by each science through the prism of its subject and methods used); For example, " social relations”, “social activity”, “socialization”, “personality”, etc.;
• 2. categories related to the theory of social work primarily, but also used by other branches of knowledge, for example, “psychosocial work”, “social rehabilitation”, “family conflict”, etc.;
• 3. categories that are actually categories of social work, such as “social worker”, “social service”, “targeted social assistance”, etc.

In addition to this differentiation in terms of the level of generalization of concepts, the categories of social work should also be analyzed in terms of their content. In this sense, the first group should include concepts that reflect the specifics of the organization of social work in various fields social practice. For example, the conceptual apparatus of social work in educational institutions will partially differ from the system of terms and categories that describe social work in medical institutions. There are also peculiarities in social work with such categories of clients as persons with disabilities, the elderly, refugees, families and children at risk. We can also single out social work in special situations, for example, in zones of ecological disaster, military conflicts, etc.

The second group consists of concepts that reflect various aspects of the organization of professional and voluntary social work, a technological approach to the provision of social assistance. Such concepts include social work management, social service economics, psychosocial methods, and so on. Undoubtedly, as empirical research on social work expands and its theoretical knowledge becomes deeper and more precise, the system of categories of social work will be enriched.

The most important structural element of social work, like any other branch of social knowledge, is its laws. The effectiveness and efficiency of solving the problems of social protection of the population is largely determined by the optimal level of structure and functioning of social service institutions, the scientific validity of the choice of content and technological methods of interaction with clients, taking into account in the practice of working with people direct and indirect connections and mutual influences of needs and interests, moods and motives behavior of individuals in various life circumstances. The laws of social work most fully express in an integrated form the nature and direction of the totality of social connections and phenomena related to the social situation of the client.