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Single production planning. Features of operational scheduling in single and serial production

The functions, tasks and presentation of production planning data largely depend on the type of production. For single and small-scale production, the tasks of scheduling can be represented in the form of two interrelated blocks: volume-based scheduling and operational scheduling.

The tasks of volume-scheduling can be defined as follows:

The tasks of operational calendar planning include the formation of production schedules and the formation of planning documents in accordance with the operational plan.

The volume and composition of information used for volumetric and operational planning differ significantly.

In this article, we will restrict ourselves to the consideration of volume-scheduling for single and small-scale production.

Formation and maintenance of basic information for space-scheduling tasks

Formation and maintenance in the system of a database on the products of the enterprise, their structure and composition

The processes of generating and maintaining data on the structure and composition of products for the planning system must meet two basic requirements:

  • information must be up-to-date at any given time;
  • management and maintenance processes up to date product data should be natural business processes of the enterprise and performed in the departments responsible for this data.

To the greatest extent, these requirements are met by maintaining data as part of an engineering data management system (PDM), adapted to current standards and including change management modules, and for enterprises that produce products with a large number of configuration options, configuration management modules.

Patriotic automated system production management Omega Production meets these conditions. The engineering data management subsystem provides basic information to the planning subsystem, subsystems inventory management, quality, etc. There is also the possibility of importing data on the structure, composition and changes from the design archive system Search NPP "Intermeh".

The engineering data management subsystem in Omega Production also provides the ability to maintain information about workpieces (forgings, castings), their changes and links to parts. This allows you to include in the scope of planning and metallurgical production of the enterprise.

Management of engineering data and their changes is based on a universal built-in technical document management system.

Determination and maintenance of the considered nomenclature of elements in the composition of products

The results of volume-calendar planning are traditionally drawn up in the form of various schedules that limit the number of elements presented. Because of this, and also in connection with the preliminary, estimated nature of space-scheduling, for calculation and presentation, usually not the entire composition of the product is taken, but only its most labor-intensive and critical components - the so-called considered nomenclature. This limitation is not "machine" (that is, the solution and presentation algorithms do not depend on the number of components), but rather "human", determined by the user's ability to perceive and analyze data.

The products of the considered nomenclature are associated with data on the technological cycle of manufacture, the development cycle, the pre-production cycle, and in addition, the number of products required for design and technological testing (which is typical for pilot and single production), and the yield factor of good products are indicated.

Maintenance of data on the types of work by the shops of the enterprise and the throughput of the shops by types of work

IN volumetric scheduling calculations of loading and throughput of workshops are usually performed at the level of types of work. Therefore, the system has a directory of types of work for the tasks of space-scheduling, on the basis of which data on the types of work for the shops of the enterprise is entered. Types of work in the workshops of the enterprise are the basic elements for the tasks of technological routing of products and receipt of cover sheets. For the types of work in the workshops, a certain typification is used, which makes it possible to formalize the control of technological routes and automatically determine the production signs of manufacturing products.

Data on the types of work by workshops can also be obtained by importing from the TechCard technological process design system of NPP Intermekh.

By type of work in the workshops, information is kept on annual and monthly time funds for two- and three-shift operation.

Maintenance of data and expert assessments of labor intensity by type of work for products and blanks

The sequence of work on a product/workpiece determines its technological route at the level of types of work. The system has advanced functionality for creating and maintaining data on technological routes, managing their changes and receiving different kind reports. This functionality is applicable for serial production as well as for small-scale and one-off production.

Expert estimates are the most aggregated data on labor intensity and are used to solve the problems of space-scheduling. That's why expert opinions labor intensity by types of work can be set only for products of the selected nomenclature, taken into account in the tasks of volume-scheduling.

According to the type of work, the complexity or duration of the cycle can be set (Fig. 1). Recalculations of labor intensity into the duration of the technological cycle and vice versa are performed using information on the number of workers according to this species work, shift duration and taking into account the shift coefficient, the coefficient of overfulfillment of the norms for the workshop, the coefficient of interoperational sojourn. Information about the duration of the shift, as well as the values ​​of the shift ratio and the coefficient of overfulfillment of the norms for the workshop are taken for calculations from the parameters of the workshop.

Maintaining business order book data

An order for production is an important production document that undergoes approval and approval procedures. Therefore, order management for production is implemented in Omega Production within the framework of the general scheme of technical document flow. For an order, the system administrator at the enterprise can create an adequate life cycle with the corresponding schemes and coordination functions for promotion operations. A standard revision mechanism is used to keep changes on orders in production.

Orders are generated and maintained for both final products and components. At the same time, for final products, both standard specifications for versions and specifications for custom configurations obtained using the mechanism for configuring products for a functional specification of an order can be used.

Solving problems of space-scheduling

Maintain Plan Data for Order-Based Production

Plans in the system are objects of technical document management, therefore they have all the properties characteristic of such objects: an assignable life cycle with different user rights by status and ownership rights, assignable validation rules, assignable approval/approval schemes, the ability to distribute via built-in e-mail, change management using the revision mechanism, etc.

The plan may consist of, for example, sections such as main products, spare parts, related products, etc. Each section of the plan can have its own data source for plan elements, which makes it possible to more reliably control the correctness of the specifications included in the product plan.

For each of the elements of the plan, a planning attribute and a start time or release time can be specified. The following planning-to-order characteristics are currently supported for elements: design and build-to-order, build-to-order, build-to-order, repetitive production. In the first case, it is assumed that, at least for some of the products and their elements, the order documentation has not yet been brought to the production level, and planning should include information on the cycle of development and pre-production of the product. In the second case, only the product manufacturing cycle is taken into account in the calculation of the plan. In the case of assembly to order, it is considered that the elements for assembly are already available in the required quantity or there are backlogs for them sufficient to carry out the assembly in parallel with the manufacture of the missing elements. In the case of mass production, the production cycle of the product is determined by the rhythm of the conveyor.

According to the element of the plan can be set Current state its production at the beginning of the planning period or at the date of launch into production, which includes not only the number of products in given state, but also the performed labor intensity for the current type of work (Fig. 2).

Features of the plan calculations

The options for making calculations are:

  • accounting in products-products of products of return cooperation;
  • calculation of the number of blanks (if the part route does not take into account the part that belongs to the blank);
  • the ability for each of the products to set their own color scheme and execution.

For products of the considered nomenclature, the following options can be set: accounting for blank cycles, accounting for the need for products for design tests, accounting for the need for products for technological tests, accounting for the yield factor of good products.

When calculating the plan, it is mandatory to calculate the composition for the elements of the plan. The composition of the product in the plan depends on the initial state of the element of the plan.

If the initial state is not specified, then the entire composition is taken for the plan, including the product itself. If it is not necessary to take into account products of return cooperation as part of products-products, then purchased products are not disclosed. If it is necessary to take into account products of return cooperation in products, the composition of purchased products is disclosed. From the composition of purchased products, products of return cooperation are included in the composition of the product-product. The assignment of the product in the composition of the purchased item to the products of return cooperation is based on the analysis of its routes. If you need to calculate the number of workpieces, then for the part, the presence of the workpiece and the number of parts obtained from the workpiece are analyzed. If there is a blank, it is also included in the composition of the product.

When specifying data on the state of product-products at the beginning of the planning period, in the absence of data on assembly maps, the composition can only be calculated with an accuracy of a route point (type of work). The product-product is divided into groups that differ in the initial state. For each of the groups, the composition is calculated only for the remaining types of work.

The number of records for one composition item, one occurrence, one applicability, one order, and one section of the plan depends on the type of route for the item. There is a set of rules for choosing a route for a plan product in the presence of alternatives. If the product has parallel routes, then all of them are taken into account in the plan.

Calculation and presentation of summary schedules for the manufacture of products-products and schedules for the manufacture of products of the considered nomenclature

Schedules for the manufacture of products of products and products of the considered nomenclature can be obtained on the basis of the following data: on the technological cycles of manufacturing products without taking into account the types of work, on the labor intensity (technological cycles) of manufacturing products by type of work. In the first case, much less initial data is required, which is important for estimated planning. But at the same time, only the total duration of each cycle and the launch-release time of products are determined. In the second case, the complexity of maintaining the initial data is higher, and not only the duration of each cycle is determined, but it is also possible to assess the feasibility of the production program by workshops and types of work based on the calculation of the equipment load.

The central link for the calculation of schedules is the determination of the general cycles of manufacturing products. Algorithms for determining general cycles depend mainly on the characteristics of order-based planning and the initial state of plan elements. For example, for development and customization, the calculation algorithm is performed under the following assumptions:

  • the batch size for each of the products of the considered nomenclature of the composition is taken equal to the requirement, taking into account (if the appropriate option is set) the number of products for design tests, technological tests and the yield factor of good products;
  • the first product-product is created sequentially, that is, at first the components are created taking into account the hierarchy of entry, and when they are ready, the product itself;
  • for subsequent products in the batch, assembly is performed in parallel with the manufacture of components;
  • the general cycle takes into account the time for the development and technological preparation of production for the product.

The definition of general cycles and the presentation of schedules (Fig. 3) in calendar time depends on the assignment of the release date or launch date for the element of the plan. If the release date is set as a calendar date, the total cycle is subtracted from it and the launch date is determined. If the launch date is set as a calendar date, the general cycle is added to it and the release date is determined. In this case, the specified option for accounting for weekends and holidays is taken into account.

Calculation and presentation of schedules and workloads by workshops and types of work

The use in calculations of data on labor intensity by type of work in workshops in accordance with the technological routes of products makes it easy to attach general schedules for products of the considered nomenclature into schedules for launching and releasing products for given workshops, by workshops and types of work or by types of work in the whole enterprise. The presentation of schedules for workshops and types of work is similar to how it is done for general cycles.

The availability of information about the available funds of time by type of work in the shops allows you to calculate the load by type of work in the shops and by shops as a whole. The definition and presentation of the load is carried out in two ways: as an average load for the planned period, which is calculated as load factors, representing the ratio of the amount of labor intensity in a given period to the available time fund for a given period; in the form of load diagrams for the planned period, allowing to present the change in load over time in accordance with the schedules for the launch and release of products. The second way of presenting the load is much more visual and allows you to interactively redistribute the labor intensity by type of work (Fig. 4), taking into account their connectivity, in order to avoid peak loads and increase the uniformity of equipment load by type of work.

The formats of the submitted output documents for space-scheduling are usually specific to each of the enterprises. The system has a form generator that allows you to properly generate the format of output documents, including built-in graphic diagrams.

"CAD and graphics" 6 "2001

Single production is characterized by a large number of orders for the manufacture of a variety of products in units and less often in small, non-repeating batches. At the same time, casting works predominate in some products, blacksmithing in others, mechanical work in others, etc. Consequently, operational planning/should group orders for launch in such a way as to ensure the best combination of lead times for orders with a uniform load on the main workshops.

This most important condition must be taken into account when compiling the calendar production program for unit production for each month of the planning period. In order to withstand such a condition, at many enterprises, when accepting an order from a customer and concluding an agreement with him, before indicating the deadline for completing the order, they make a preliminary calculation production cycle order manufacturing. Next distinctive feature unit production planning is the inclusion in the cycle of manufacturing an order of all stages of preparation for production and manufacture of a product, namely: development of a product design (if the product does not have ready technical documentation from the customer), development of a manufacturing technology for a product, standardization of labor costs, design and manufacture of necessary equipment, manufacturing, testing and fine-tuning of the product. IN single production operational management is carried out according to a custom system (Table 37), in which the planned unit is an order for a product, and for complex multi-piece products, an assembly connection.

Operational planning in unit production includes: calculation of the production cycle of order fulfillment and construction of a volume-calendar schedule for the fulfillment of individual orders and a summary for all orders; calculation of calendar deadlines for advances in the work of shops; calculation of loading of equipment and production areas in the planning period; daily account of the fulfillment of orders.

The calculation of the production cycle for each order begins with the distribution of the labor intensity of the order by type of work and the calculation of the required number of jobs CPM (equipment)

where m, - the complexity of this type of work on order;

Fdo - the actual fund of the operating time of the equipment.

On the basis of such calculations and taking into account the possible interoperational aging of parts, a volume-calendar schedule for order fulfillment is formed for each order (Fig.).

The graph is built in reverse order technological process starting from the test or assembly shop. According to the schedule, the general cycle of manufacturing an order is determined, which is compared with a given period. For orders with a short production cycle (less than a month) and a small number of executing shops (one, two), the volume schedule is not drawn up.

Rice. 1 Volume-calendar schedule order fulfillment

Rice. 2 Consolidated volume-calendar schedule of order fulfillment

The calculation of calendar lead times in the work of workshops is necessary for their coordinated uninterrupted operation and for all the parts included in this product to arrive at the assembly by the specified date. Therefore, parts that have a longer production cycle are put into production earlier than other parts.

A consolidated volume-calendar schedule for the fulfillment of all orders is necessary for the mutual coordination of work on orders in time and for more full use equipment and space (Fig. 2). When constructing a consolidated volume-calendar schedule, it may happen that the deadlines for completing the same work on different orders on the same equipment coincide, and it turns out to be overloaded, or the deadlines for completing work on one order and starting work on another on the same equipment do not coincide, and this equipment is underloaded. In both cases, it is necessary to adjust the deadlines for the execution of work provided for by the schedules for the implementation of individual orders. At the same time, it is necessary to determine measures to eliminate bottlenecks and reload underloaded equipment. In order for the consolidated volume-calendar schedule to meet the above requirements, the PDO and PDB of the main workshops calculate the equipment load and the use of production space, finding best option use of available capacities.

The consolidated volume-calendar schedule is adjusted monthly, taking into account data on the implementation of the monthly program by the main workshops, on the state of work in progress on orders, on new assignments from the ministry and orders accepted by the enterprise. At the same time, the nomenclature and scope of work for previously included orders are being specified. Taking into account these features, the consolidated volume-calendar schedule of orders is finally specified and, on the basis of its PDO, it issues a monthly production program works, which indicates the scope of work for each order and the timing of their implementation (form 8).

The planning and dispatching office of the main workshop, having received a monthly production program from the PDO, distributes the work provided for in it among the production sites, makes volumetric calculations for the correct use of capacities and eliminates disproportions in loading the equipment of the sites. Sometimes, in addition to the monthly program, the PDB of the shop, before the start of the planning period, gives the foremen updated schedules for the distribution of work for shorter planning periods (decade, week). When determining the timing of the launch and implementation individual works are guided by the duration of cycles, current needs and the state of work in progress. The fulfillment of monthly tasks (schedules) must be fully provided with sets of working drawings and other technical documentation, materials, blanks, semi-finished products, parts, tools, production documentation, etc. The basis of planning and distribution work for a shift is a shift-daily plan, in which tasks are specified for each day and shift for each worker. The reality of shift assignments must be ensured by advance and thorough operational preparation of production. Shift tasks include only such works for which technological documentation, tooling, materials and workpieces have been prepared.

Rice. 3 Schedule of operational loading of machines

For each job specified in the shift task, the worker receives either an order or a mock-up punched card (depending on the degree of mechanization of accounting work). Upon completion of the work and acceptance by the controller of the BCC, the worker's outfit is closed, and in the shift task the foreman makes a mark on the acceptance of the work.

There are various kinds of devices for the distribution of work. So, a distribution card file is used, in the cells of which working documentation. By the location of the latter, one can judge the state of this work: whether it is assigned for execution, whether it is prepared for execution, or the worker has already received the task for its execution. Operational accounting of the implementation of the program by the main workshops in a single production is carried out according to the data on the implementation of the shift-daily task by each section. Objects operational accounting are the production of workers, the movement of parts for operations, the receipt of blanks, downtime of workers, marriage, delivery finished products. Accounting is based on primary documentation; the development of workers - according to work orders, the movement of parts in production according to route maps, the receipt of blanks and the delivery of finished products - according to invoices, etc. Based on the data on the completion of shift-daily tasks and invoices for the delivered products, the foreman makes a mark in the schedule of the site about the progress implementation of the monthly program for each delivery item.

Plan

Operational and production planning

2.Features prompt- production planning in a single production.

3. Features of operational and production planning in serial production.

4. Features of operational production planning in mass production.

5. Production scheduling.

Operational production planning (OPP) i is the final stage of intra-production planning and is aimed at detailing the production plan in terms of time and production units. It is designed to bring the planned targets to the workshop, site, team and workplace for a quarter, month, day, shift and ensure a uniform release of products in terms of time and range in accordance with the schedule.

To the main tasks of the PPP relate:

Ensuring the smooth operation of the enterprise;

Ensuring the continuity of the production process;

Ensuring uniform loading of equipment.

To the functions of the OPP relate:

1. Carrying out volumetric calculations of production for the enterprise and production units.

2. Calculation of calendar-planning standards for the movement of production (the size of a batch of products, the duration of the production cycle, the lead time for launching a product into production, the rhythm (tact) of product release, the value of work in progress, etc.)

3. Development of product launch schedules.

4. Establishment of operational production tasks for shops, sections and workplaces.

5. Operational regulation, accounting and control of implementation planned assignments.

Depending on the content and duration of the PPP, they are divided into two stages: operational scheduling (OKP) and operational management of production (scheduling).

Operational scheduling includes the calculation, execution and delivery of plan targets to each production unit in terms of content, quantity and timing (month, decade, day, shift).

Production scheduling includes systematic monitoring of the implementation of planned targets, coordination of interrelated processes, prevention and elimination of deviations from the established schedule.

According to its scope, the PPP is subdivided into intershop and intrashop.

Intershop operational planning coordinates the activities of the production workshops of the enterprise for the manufacture of parts, the assembly of components and products, the release of marketable products in accordance with the agreed deadlines fixed in the production program.

Intra-shop planning provides for the development of monthly production programs and calendar plans sites, lines, teams and jobs.

On industrial enterprises apply various systems GPP, which refers to the methodology and technique for performing planned work.

OPP system characterize:

The planning and accounting unit is the primary object of planning and accounting for the object of production;

The composition of calendar and planning standards;

The procedure for preparing planning and accounting documentation.

Depending on the type of production and the chosen planning and accounting unit, there are three main systems of OPP: custom, complete and detailed.

OPP order system used in the conditions of single production, where the planning unit is the order for the product.

Complete OPP system It is used in mass production, where the planning and accounting unit is a node, group or machine set of parts.

Detailed OPP System typical for enterprises of mass production, where the planning unit is a detail, and planning is carried out according to the tact (rhythm) of the release of products.

According to the calendar and planning standards, the PPP system can be conditionally divided into two groups:

- advance planning systems(custom, complete) provide for the calculation of the calendar period of time (advance) of launching blanks, parts and assembly units regarding the release date finished products;

- task scheduling systems (warehouse system) involves maintaining the required level of stocks of blanks, semi-finished products and components that ensure uninterrupted (rhythmic) work of production.

Single production is characterized a certain amount orders for the manufacture of various products in units and less often in small, non-repeating batches.

The OPP order system in a single production includes the following steps:

1. Technical preparation of the order, where the relevant departments and services develop technological processes, design and manufacture equipment, order materials and components necessary for the manufacture of products included in the order.

2. Determining the duration of the production cycle of manufacturing a product by stages of production (procurement, processing, assembly) based on the developed route-operational process.

3. Construction of cycle schedules for the manufacture of individual products (orders). The starting point in the construction of schedules are the terms of manufacture of products (delivery of orders according to the plan), from which the duration of production cycles by production stages is plotted on the calendar scale in reverse order.

4. Drawing up a consolidated cycle schedule for the fulfillment of orders provided for by the production program for the next planning period (month, quarter) (Fig. 15.1).

5. Carrying out volumetric-calendar calculations in order to determine the optimal load of equipment and assembly areas for work on the implementation of various orders included in the planning period.

The scheme for constructing a summary cycle graph is shown in Figure 15.1. In its structure, the cycle schedule is similar to the schedule of a complex manufacturing process of a product (chapter 3.3).

Rice. 15.1. Consolidated cycle schedule of order fulfillment for the II quarter

For procurement and processing shops, the total amount of work for groups of equipment to fulfill the program of orders in the planned period should be equal to or less than the throughput of the equipment.

Scope of work to be performed in the planning period(month, quarter), is determined by the formula:

(15.1)

Where t to i - the norm of time for the manufacture of a set of parts for one product for this group of equipment, hours;

n i i-th order;

m- the number of orders for the planned period.

Bandwidth of this group of equipment in the planned period is determined by the formula:

(15.2)

Fq- the actual fund of the operating time of the equipment in the planned period, hours;

β is a coefficient that takes into account the time lost for equipment changeover ( β =5%);

About- the number of units of interchangeable equipment.

The load factor of this group of equipment is determined by the formula:

(15.3)

If k c.o. ≥ 1.0, then the cycle schedule is adjusted due to earlier launch dates for the production of products.

In assembly shops, the volume of assembly work must correspond to the throughput of assembly areas.

Scope of assembly work to fulfill orders is determined by the formula:

Where T i - the production cycle of assembling one product, hours;

Si- the production area required for the assembly of one product, taking into account the passages of the assembly site, storage place, m 2;

N i- the number of products included in i-th order;

m- the number of orders in the planned period.

Throughput of assembly areas is determined by the formula:

Where S - production area of ​​the assembly shop, m 2;

F pl– planned fund of the assembly shop working time, hour.

The load factor of assembly areas is determined by the formula:

(15.6)

If k. zsb. ≥ 1.0, then the cycle schedule is adjusted due to earlier dates for the start of assembly work or an increase in the shift work of the assembly shop.

As new orders come in and jobs are underloaded, additions are included in the consolidated cycle schedule.

Department of Economics and Management

Test

On the discipline "Operational production planning" 1. Operational scheduling in a single production

2. Calculation of the voyage plan for the crew of the mining vessel

1. Operational scheduling in unit production 3

2. Calculation of the voyage plan for the crew of the mining vessel 7

List of used literature 20

1. Operational scheduling in unit production

Single production is characterized by a large number of orders for the manufacture of a variety of products, but certain types of work may predominate. Therefore, the essence of operational production planning is to group orders in such a way that we can ensure the best combination of production time and uniform equipment loading. To fulfill this condition, a preliminary calculation of the duration of the production cycle is made, and only then indicate the actual timing of the order. The main feature of planning in unit production is the accounting of all stages of production and manufacture of the product:

research work; design development; product technology development; design of tools and equipment; regulation of labor costs; manufacturing, testing and bringing the product to an industrial design.

Operational production planning in unit production includes:

calculation of the production cycle; construction of a calendar schedule for the fulfillment of orders; calculation of the lead time in the work of shops; calculation of equipment loading; daily account of the fulfillment of orders.

Features of operational-calendar planning of a single production are due to its specifics, a large and essentially unlimited nomenclature. Production of products is carried out according to orders, and this predetermines the planning methodology - the so-called order-by-order method. The scope of work of the order includes not only the manufacture of the product itself, but also the entire technical preparation of production. The main task of operational scheduling in a single production is the simultaneous execution of many orders within the time frame stipulated by the contracts. At the same time, uniform loading of all production links and, as a result, rational use of equipment and labor should be ensured. The main calendar and planning standards in a single production are:

    order schedule plan

    cycle schedules of production;

    volumetric calculations of equipment loading

    launch and release lead times

The execution of an order can be divided into a number of stages: placing an order, preparing for production, and actually manufacturing the product. An approximate technology for performing these works is as follows: having received an offer to fulfill an order, the order bureau finds out the possibility of its execution, if possible, informs the customer about this and proceeds to its execution. The registration process consists in setting deadlines, determining the cost of the order and some technical conditions. These data are then included in the draft contract submitted to the customer for signature. The definition of the above parameters of the draft contract is carried out on the basis of the request sheet. This sheet is drawn up by the order bureau after the issue of the possibility of fulfilling the order has been decided and sent to the design department. Here, the scope of work, the timing of their implementation, the list and consumption rates of materials and purchased semi-finished products are determined. Further, the request sheet goes through the technological, tool department and other services, each of which sets the order parameters in relation to its functions. When developing these preliminary data, aggregated standards are used. The main order data is recorded in a special journal, the so-called order book. The data is the input for production planning. Terms of work on the order in general; by stages; for structural subdivisions, the PDO of the enterprise is recorded in the schedule plan for the passage of the order. This schedule is drawn up in an integrated chain method back to the course of the technological process, starting with the establishment of the deadline for the delivery of the object to the customer. Based on the schedule, quarterly and monthly plans for the preparation and manufacture of the product are developed.

The normative basis for scheduling in unit production is a cycle schedule that regulates the manufacture of a product by phases in time. On its basis, the timing of the launch and release of the main components and parts, as well as the time for the overall assembly of the product, are established. The methodology for constructing a cycle schedule is as follows: in accordance with the technological process, a block diagram of the production of a product is built (it can be in the form of a fan diagram or network graphics), it is important that the diagram reflects the structure of the product, shows which parts and assemblies, and hence the work, can be done in parallel, and which only in series; on the basis of the block diagram, a cycle schedule for assembling and testing the product is built (the initial data are the labor intensity of the work, the availability of labor, available in accordance with the diagram and the technological process, the scope of work); A manufacturing time schedule is attached to the assembly cycle schedule individual nodes, details, the result is a cycle schedule for the manufacture of the product as a whole. Calendar cycle schedules are developed first for individual orders, and then on their basis a general calendar-volume schedule is compiled for the entire portfolio of orders for a given planning period.

At the same time, it is necessary to ensure that all production links are loaded in such a way that it corresponds to their throughput and is uniform throughout the planning period. To solve this problem, calendar-volume calculations are made and corresponding graphs are constructed, which show the linkage of the calendar deadlines for the implementation of individual orders and the loading of production equipment and areas. This is done as follows: on the basis of cycle schedules, volume-calendar schedules for the implementation of each order are formed. To do this, the load value for individual orders is sequentially applied to the diagram in the form of rectangles, each of which indicates the number of jobs occupied by the execution of the order vertically, and the calendar period of work performance horizontally. Then the schedules of all orders are linked in a consolidated volume calendar chart. The latter contains the scope of work and deadlines for the implementation of all orders included in the program.

When constructing a consolidated volume-calendar schedule for fulfilling orders, it may turn out that the deadlines for completing individual work on different orders on the same equipment will coincide and it will be overloaded, or, conversely, at some point in time the equipment will be unloaded. In these cases, it is necessary to correct the deadlines for the performance of work provided for by the volume-calendar schedules of individual orders. In this case, it may be necessary to develop measures to eliminate bottlenecks or additional loading of wide places. The consolidated volume-calendar schedule for fulfilling orders is the starting point for drawing up monthly production programs for sections. When compiling them, data on the fulfillment of the task for the previous period, on the state of work in progress, on new accepted urgent orders are also taken into account. At the same time, the nomenclature and scope of work of the consolidated volume schedule of order fulfillment are being specified. The task for the site for a month should contain the name of the work, the number and complexity of these works, the timing of the launch and release of parts and assemblies or the start and end of assembly work. Workers get acquainted with monthly tasks at production meetings, in addition, tasks are brought to them in writing.

Operational planning and accounting in single production

The monthly tasks brought to the sites and workers are concretized and detailed by drawing up plans for a decade, a week, a shift. To draw up such plans, you need to have information about the status of work, technical documentation for upcoming work, as well as information about providing orders with everything you need. Drawing up calendar plans-schedules of work within a month at sites consists in selecting the parts, assemblies, etc. required according to the monthly plan, as well as establishing such a sequence that would ensure the timing of orders, uniform loading of equipment and workers. However, operational work at the sites is not limited to planned calculations, drawing up operational work schedules, the site foreman is obliged to check the prerequisites for their implementation: the availability and condition of technical documentation (drawings, process maps, etc.), the completeness of the order supply with materials, semi-finished products, blanks , linking the timing of the transfer of parts and assemblies between sections, the availability of tools, etc.

Ten-day, weekly plans are specified in shift-daily tasks for individual workers. With a short duration of production cycles, shift or daily tasks are issued. With long production cycles, it is possible to issue a task for several days with its distribution by days and shifts. The reality of shift tasks must be ensured by appropriate preparation of production. Shift assignments include only such work for which technical documentation, equipment, raw materials, materials, etc. are available.

The planned works are transferred for execution, it remains to specify their implementation. The objects of accounting are the timing of the stages of work; the sequence of movement of parts, assemblies; marriage; deadlines for the delivery of finished products. Accounting is carried out on the basis of primary information (acts of delivery of work stages, invoices, orders, etc.). For clarity of the progress of work, graphs are built on the basis of accounting data.

2. Calculation of the voyage plan for the crew of the mining vessel

The final estimated indicator of the operation of large and large production vessels with a complete production cycle is profit, determined by the formula

Where D income from the sale of products or the cost of marketable products per flight, rubles; WITH full cost of commercial products, rub.

Income from the sale of marketable products is determined by the formula

Where P the number of types of products; i type of product;. В, output of products of the 1st type, tons, thousand physical cans; Qi wholesale price of the 1st type per unit of production, rub.

The total cost C of production per voyage for these groups of ships includes fourteen cost items: wages; basic materials and containers; auxiliary materials; fuel, fuel oil, lubricants; fishing gear and fishing equipment; inventory; occupational Safety and Health; fare; inter-flight repair; repair materials; depreciation; deductions to sales organizations; other shipping costs; outside shipping costs. The following methodology for calculating the total cost of production by cost items is proposed.

Article 1. Salary Z is a complex item that includes the costs of paying wages in the port, at crossings and fishing. To calculate time wages in the port and at crossings, the tariff fund for the wages of the entire crew for a calendar day is determined. Ts according to the formula

Ts=Tm/30.5

Where T" tariff fund of wages of the entire crew per month, rub.; 30.5 quantity calendar days in a month.

Time wages of the crew in the port Z find by formula

Z1=Tctn

where t p is the duration of the inter-trip parking in the port, days.

Wages for processing in excess of standard working hours in the port Z 2 determined by the formula

Z 2=Z 1Kn

where Kn is the processing factor in excess of standard working hours in the port.

Time wages of the crew during the transition Z 3 is determined by the formula

Z3=Tctx

Where tx the duration of the passage of the vessel from the port to the fishery and back, days.

Wages for processing in excess of the standard working time at transitions Z 4 are set according to the formula

Z4=Z3Kx

Where TOx processing factor for excess working time at crossings.

Wages according to the district coefficient in the port and at crossings Z 5 are determined by the formula

Z 5=(Z 1+Z 2+Z 3+Z 4)K r.c.p.

where K r.c.p is the regional coefficient in the port and at crossings.

Total wages in the port and at crossings without polar allowances Z 6 calculated according to the formula

Z6=Z1+Z2+Z3+Z4+Z5

Piecework wages in the field Z 7 is determined by the formula

Where P the number of types of products; i types of products; Сi piece-rate for one unit of production of the i-th type (1 ton or I thousand physical cans), rub.; B, output of products of the i-th type, tons, thousand physical cans. The premium in the fishery Z 8 is determined by the formula

Z 8 \u003d Z 7K pr, where Kpr

Wages according to the regional coefficient in the field Z 9 set according to the formula

Z 9 \u003d (Z 8 + Z 7) K prom

where K prom regional coefficient in the fishery.

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    ... Plan may involve repurposing or closing unprofitable productions ... crew or without crew ... operational ... calendar ... calculations: calculations payment orders; calculations by letter of credit; calculations by collection; calculations ... scheduled ... planning ... single ...

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    • Calendar distribution in unit and small-scale production includes:

    Distribution of products according to the terms stipulated by the contracts;

    Selection of products that have a constructive and technological commonality,

    for parallel production in such a way that batch processing of common parts can be organized. The release of such products is assigned to a certain month within the terms of the contract;

    Analysis of the loading of equipment for the manufacture of products that have a structural and technological commonality, and the selection of products for parallel production, complementing them, in such a way as to most fully load the equipment and areas;

    The maximum concentration of the release of a certain type of product for a limited period of time, which reduces the range of simultaneously manufactured products;

    Checking the calculations of loading equipment and areas for various combinations of product combinations for release by individual months and adjusting the planned distribution;

    Checking the received calendar distribution in terms of uniformity of output;

    Correction of calculations and obtaining the most effective version of the schedule.

    Single production is characterized by the use of two systems

    operational and production planning - custom-made and complete-nodal. Planning for the production of standardized and standardized parts is carried out according to the so-called “to-stock” planning system. The expediency of using one or another planning system (custom-made and complete-assembly) is determined by the duration of the production cycle of assembling a product or order.

    With a relatively short assembly cycle, not exceeding about one month, apply order planning system, the essence of which lies in the fact that all the necessary parts for the assembly and assembly of the product are supplied in advance and completed before the start of assembly work. Coordination of individual parts of the production process of manufacturing parts with this planning system is carried out by organizing the timely preparation and launch of products for processing on the basis of a cyclic order fulfillment schedule in relation to a given release date. The planning and accounting unit of work of assembly shops is an order for the manufacture of one or more products for processing and procurement shops - a set of parts or blanks to order. Operational production tasks for workshops are set on the basis of a consolidated volume-calendar annual schedule and the annual program of production of products, distributed over the planning periods. The main period for which the assignment is developed is a two-month period. This contributes to the continuity of production planning. The range of orders and the volume of work for the second month are subject to the necessary clarifications before it begins and, in this form, are included in the next two-month task. The composition of orders included in the operational production program is determined by:


    Conditional deadlines for the execution of orders under contracts;

    The established procedure for passing orders through the shops;

    Planned advances on cycle schedules;

    The degree of actual readiness of the order for launch in the planned

    month into production in this workshop, in particular, the state of the backlog

    on orders carried over from the previous month. Thus,

    the operational task contains a complete list of orders to be completed in the current month (release plan) and a list of orders to be put into production (launch plan). In addition to the list of orders, the workshop nomenclature and calendar plan contains data on the labor intensity of work for each order planned for a month.

    Together with the list of orders planned for launch and release, the workshops are given: a set of regulatory and planning documents in the form of production specifications for each order, as well as for individual

    production departments of the workshop, a set of route-technological maps and other primary documentation. When assembling complex

    multi-part products with a high degree of dissection and long

    the production cycle of assembly operations, it is advisable to apply

    complete-nodal planning system. The coordination of individual links in the production process of manufacturing products with this planning system is achieved by organizing the timely preparation and launching of the node kits of the product for processing on the basis of a cyclic plan for order fulfillment in relation to a given release date. The planning and accounting unit in these conditions is not an order, but a nodal set of parts, or a technological unit, which includes all the parts necessary for assembling structural units at one stage or another (queue) of the technological process of assembling the product. Nodal sets, into which products are divided, are submitted for assembly at differentiated times, determined on the basis of a network or cycle schedule for assembling products, divided into several technologically sequential stages (queues). All processing shops must hand over the node kits of products required for each assembly line by the same date - by its beginning. This period is set by a calendar advance of the beginning of this assembly line in relation to the release date of finished products.

    For unified assemblies and parts, it is applied stock planning system. Start control comes from the state

    warehouse backlog in such a way as to ensure timely replenishment of the backlog for uninterrupted power supply of the assembly of the changing product range. The system provides for maintaining a backlog for each part within a specific limit between the maximum and minimum points. The maximum backlog corresponds to the minimum plus the size of the production batch of parts. The minimum is an insurance or warranty backlog. Violation of the boundaries indicates deviations of the parameters of the movement of processes from the planned ones.

    Thus, backlogs are indicators of the state of the production flow and provide the ability to maintain a normal mode of operation at subsequent links in production.

    The main issues of operational scheduling at the site are: determining the timing of launching parts into production, which are necessary for the implementation of timely technical preparation of production; verification of the supply of the workshop with blanks and semi-finished products and the corresponding adjustment of the deadlines for the supply of blanks, semi-finished products according to the production plans of the supplying workshops; verification of the correctness of the limits for materials issued to the workshop and the timely delivery of materials to the workshop. The initial data for determining the launch are the specified deadlines for the delivery of sets of parts to order or the assembly provided for by the shop assignment, as well as standard data on the duration of the production cycle of the corresponding parts.

    In a single production great importance It has shift-daily planning. Shift-daily tasks are developed both for sections or shifts in general, and for individual workplaces. They specify tasks for a given shift or day according to the nomenclature, quantity, terms, jobs. The main task of developing shift-daily plans at production sites is to ensure the timely launch of processing and promotion of parts to workplaces over the coming day in accordance with production task for a month.

    When compiling shift tasks for the next day, first of all, the fulfillment of the plan for the previous day (shift) and the actual state of work in comparison with the schedule are checked. This takes into account such circumstances as the withdrawal of a machine for repair, the absence of a worker due to illness or vacation, etc.

    The effectiveness of daily shift plans must be ensured by full and timely operational preparation of production. The daily shift task includes only those works that are fully prepared for their implementation during the upcoming day (shift). Checking the preparedness of work is especially important when planning the release of parts into production. All auxiliary facilities of the workshops take part in the work on the operational preparation of production: material and tool storerooms, transport and repair teams, etc.