Dimensions cross section horizontal mine workings in the light depend on its purpose and are determined, based on the dimensions of the rolling stock and the equipment located in the development, ensuring the passage of the required amount of air, the gaps between the protruding parts of the rolling stock and the support, provided for by the Safety Rules and the method of movement of people.

In our case, we are designing a horizontal rectangular-vaulted excavation with roof bolting.

Rectangular-vaulted sections are used when driving workings without support or with the construction of lightweight support structures. The height of the vault in sections from 2 to 6.8 m 2 is ?. working width.

The clear cross-sectional area is the area along the inner contour of the lining installed in the working

Calculation of the working section

Cutting width

b=b c +2c= 0.95+2 0.3=1.55m

where b c - scraper width, m;

c - gap between the scraper and the working side, m.

In the working of the type under consideration, people are allowed to walk only when the scraper installation is not working. Thus, the clear height of the working is taken to be minimal, i.e. 1.8 m

vault height

The height of the cut on the side (up to the heel of the arch):

1.8 - minimum working height according to PB

According to the calculated cross-sectional area in the light, the nearest larger of the standard sections from Table 1 is taken. 2 ( Tutorial"Conducting horizontal exploration workings and chambers" Authors V.I. Kosyanov Moscow 2001).

A typical cross-section of the production of PS is accepted - 2.7

The main dimensions of the working section in the clear:

Working width, mm - b = 1550 mm

The height of the development to the heel of the arch, mm - h b = 1320 mm

Working height, mm - h = 1850 mm

The radius of the axial arch of the arch, mm - R = 1070 mm

Radius of the lateral arc of the vault, mm - r = 410 mm

Cross-sectional area of ​​the working in the light, m ​​2 - S St = 2.7 m 2.

For workings with anchor bolting in the roof:

where - the height of the working on the side, taking into account the exit of the anchors along the roof into the working by a value of d = 0.05 m.

Calculation of the strong dimensions of the lining, drawing up a fastening passport

Due to the small cross-section of the workings, the insignificant service life, mining and geological conditions and the available materials, we use the metal expansion anchor bolting AR-1

All calculations of the strength of anchoring in the bolt hole were made according to the formulas from the reference book "Theory and practice of using anchor bolting" Author A.P. Shirokov. Moscow "Nedra" 1981

c - rock friction angle, 30 degrees

D - diameter of spacer, 32cm

h - spacer sleeve height, 30cm

y szh - compressive strength of the rock

b - half angle of a symmetrical wedge, 2 degrees

p 1 - angle of friction of steel on steel, 0.2 degrees

The required length of the anchor L a in the roof and the height of the possible fall of the working rocks is found from the expressions:

L a \u003d b + L 2 + L 3 \u003d 0.04 + 0.35 + 0.05 \u003d 0.44m;

where L 2 - the value of the anchors penetration beyond the contour of the possible fallout of rocks (assumed to be 0.35 m); L 3 - the length of the anchor protruding beyond the contour of the mine, L to = 0.05 m; a n = half-span of the excavation, m; h is the height of the working in the penetration, m.

Coefficient characterizing the stability of the working sides;

The coefficient characterizing the slope of the sliding prism in the sides of the working (taken according to Table 12.1. Theory and practice of using anchor bolting. Author A.P. Shirokov. Moscow "Nedra" 1981);

cb - angle of internal friction (resistance) of rocks in the sides of the working; K k - coefficient taking into account the decrease in the strength of rocks in the roof of the working (taken according to Table 13.1);

f to - coefficient of rock strength in the roof of workings;

K szh - the coefficient of concentration of compressive stresses on the contour of the working, the value of which is taken from Table. 12.2;

g - medium specific gravity strata of rocks overlying the working to the surface, MN/m 3 ; H - working depth from the surface, m;

K b - coefficient taking into account the decrease in the strength of rocks in the sides of the working, the value of which is taken from Table 12.1;

f b - coefficient of rock strength according to M.M. Protodyakonov in the sides of the mine.

We take the length of the anchor in the roof L to = 0.5 m.

Due to the fact that w0, anchoring of the sides of the working is not performed.

Roof area supported by one anchor

where F to - roof area supported by one anchor, m 2;

R to - the strength of the anchor in the hole drilled in the roof;

The safety factor, taking into account the uneven distribution of the load on the anchor and the possibility of loading from the overlying layers, is assumed to be 4.5;

b - the angle of inclination of the working, degree 0 0

Distance between anchors in a row:

where L n is the step of installing anchors along the width of the working, m;

L y - the distance between the rows of anchors, m, 1.4 m is assumed

Number of anchors in a row

where L b \u003d 1.33b \u003d 1.331.55 \u003d 2.06 m - part of the perimeter of the working, which is to be anchored along the roof, m. Where b is the width of the working in the rough.

Accepts 2 anchors in a row.

Drawing up a fastening passport.

Clear cut width:

B = B + 2m = 950 + 3002 = 1550mm.

Height of the cut vault

h o \u003d b / 3 \u003d 1550/3 \u003d 520 mm.

Rough cut height

h 2 \u003d h + h o + t \u003d 1320 + 520 + 50 \u003d 1890 mm.

Rough cut wall height

h 3 \u003d h + t \u003d 1320 + 50 \u003d 1370mm.

Radius of the axial arc of the cut vault

R \u003d 0.692b \u003d 0.6921550 × 1070 mm.

Radius of the lateral arc of the cut vault

r \u003d 0.692b \u003d 0.6921550 × 410 mm.

Cross-sectional area of ​​the clear cut:

S St \u003d b (h + 0.26b) \u003d 1.55 (1.32 + 0.261.55)? 2.7 m 2

Cross-sectional perimeter of the clear cut:

P \u003d 2h + 1.33b \u003d 21.32 + 1.331.55 \u003d 4.7m.

Cross-sectional area of ​​the cut in rough:

S hf \u003d b (h 3 + 0.26b) \u003d 1.55 (1.37 + 0.261.55) \u003d 2.75 m 2.

Perimeter of the cross section of the cut in rough:

P = 2h + 1.33b = 21.37 + 1.331.55 = 4.8m

Distance between anchors in a row: b 1 = 1200mm.

Distance between rows of anchors: L = 1.4 m

Depth of holes for anchors: l = 500mm.

Diameter of holes for anchors: = 43mm.

The maximum lagging behind the anchor lining from the face chest is assumed to be 3 m.

Scheme for calculating the dimensions of the cross section when using scraper equipment in the development of a rectangular-vaulted section.

Carrying out with separate excavation of layers of rocks or coal and enclosing rocks a scheme in which first a coal seam or a certain layer is taken out on a certain excavation and then enclosing rocks or other layers. Carrying out a wide face a scheme in which coal is excavated outside the working section with placement of waste rock in the formed space. The use of domestic combines is advisable when carrying out mine workings along a coal seam with a small percentage of rock undercutting with a strength of f up to 7 and an inclination angle of up to...

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LECTURE #19

Conducting mining (part 1)

General issues of workings.

Mininga complex of processes for breaking, loading, transporting rock mass, erecting lining, ventilation, building up transport devices and communications. Providing exploits of the preparatory slaughter.

The method of carrying out the developmenta set of technical solutions for breakage, loading of rock mass and fixing the face, the implementation of which allows the development to be carried out in certain mining and geological conditions. Methods of carrying out are divided into ordinary and special.

Conventional ways methods of working in stable rocks, allowing them to be exposed for a certain time.

Special Waysways of working in loose rocks and rocks with elevated water cut.

Technological scheme of developmenta certain, coordinated in space and time, the procedure for performing production processes, the means of their mechanization and the placement of equipment corresponding to this order.

Technological schemes of workings are divided into:

• Sinking schemes for homogeneous rocks;
• Schemes of driving through heterogeneous rocks.

Homogeneous breedbreed, the strength of which is approximately the same throughout the face.

Heterogeneous breeda set of rock layers, the properties of which are different in the section of the stope. Typical example heterogeneous rock carrying out the development of coal with a hairstyle of roof rocks. (soils)

Carrying out continuous slaughtera scheme for working out, in which breaking (excavation) of rocks is carried out simultaneously along the entire face.

Carrying out with a split notchrock layers or coal and wall rocks – a scheme in which, first, a coal seam or a certain layer is taken out for a certain excavation, and then the host rocks or other layers.

Carrying out a narrow facea scheme in which the excavation of the rock mass is carried out only within the cross section of the working.

Carrying out a wide facea scheme in which coal is mined outside the working section with placement of waste rock in the formed space.

The shape and dimensions of the cross section of workings

Working sectionthe image in the drawing on a certain scale of the contour of the working, lining, equipment, tracks and communications, obtained as a result of the intersection of the working with a plane. Sections differ in the form of cutting planes. For a longitudinal section, the secant plane passes along the axis of the working. For a cross section, the cutting plane runs perpendicular to the mine axis.

Section in penetrationsection of the working after excavation of the rock mass before the installation of the support along the contour of the host rocks.

Section in draft cross-section along the outer contour of the support and the working soil.

clear section cross-section after erection of the lining and laying of the rail track along the inner contour of the lining and the top of the ballast layer, and in its absence along the soil.

The shape of the cross section of the mine is determined by:

• properties rocks;
• The magnitude and nature of the manifestation of rock pressure;
• Support design;
• Appointment;
• Working life;
• The way the production is carried out.

Depending on the cross-sectional shape of the workings, there are: rectangular (a), trapezoidal and polygonal (b-d). Horizontal workings are usually fixed with wooden, metal or prefabricated rails./ b fasten.

The vaulted cross-sectional shape (e-m) has workings fixed by an arch or w/ b fasten.

Vertical workings are most often rectangular (a) or round (n) in shape and are fixed with concrete or tubing lining.

The cross-sectional area of ​​the working is determined by:

• The dimensions of the operational equipment or Vehicle;
• Gaps between the contours of the support and the dimensions of the vehicle equipment;
• Gaps between the dimensions of equipment and vehicles;
• The size of the passage for people.

All clearances are given in §88 PB.

For the movement of people in the working, a passage is left at least 0.7 m wide at a height of 1.8 m from the sidewalk, the top of the ballast layer or the soil.

The minimum cross-sectional area of ​​the working is 4.5m 2 (§88 PB)

• The amount of air that is planned to be supplied to the production.

Materials for fixing mine workings.

The following are used as materials for lining mine workings:

• Metal; Concrete; Reinforced concrete; Tree; Brick; Plastic concrete; Carbon fiber;
• Fiberglass; Dr. polymer materials.

Metal for mine lining, they are used in the form of rolled products made of low-alloy or low-carbon steels (Art. 5)

SVP 6 standard sizes are produced with a weight of 1 r.m. 14,17,19,22,27, and 33 kg.

In addition to rolled metal, metal tubings are produced - segments with a curved plate (wall) and stiffeners.

Concrete artificial stone material containing binders (cement, gypsum cement), fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and water.

Sand is used as a fine aggregate, strong gravel or crushed stone is used as a coarse aggregate.

The composition of concrete is determined by the content of weight parts of cement, sand (A) and coarse aggregate (B)

1:A:B

And also according to the ratio of the mixed amount of water (W) and cement (C)/ C

Grade of cement compressive strength of a sample in tenths of MPa, made from one part of cement and three parts of sand at V/ C \u003d 1: 2.5

Portland cement grades 400, 500, and 600 are most widely used (rarely 300)

At the cost of cooking 1m 3 concrete less than 200 kg concrete is called lean;

200 250kg medium

Over 250kg fat.

Reinforced concrete a single artificial metal-stone material, consisting of concrete and metal reinforcement.

Forest materialsare used for fastening workings with a service life of 2 3 years.

Pine, spruce, fir, cedar, larch are used for fixing workings.

The main type of wooden support ore rack ø 7 34cm, length 0.5 7m.

lumber : cuts, beams, slabs, boards are obtained by sawing ores of racks (logs).

The specific tensile strength of timber is~ 10mpa, for compression 13mpa.

Brick grades 150 and 175 are used for fixing workings; brick density in masonry 1800kg/ m 3 .

Concrete concrete stones from ordinary or silicate concrete and blast-furnace slag. Concrete brand not lower than 150.

LECTURE #20

Mining (Part 2)

The concept of processes and operations in the conduct of preparatory workings

Process - work clearly defined in its technical and organizational content, consisting of separate parts (operations) performed in a certain sequence.

Operation - a set of working methods, characterized by the constancy of the place of performance and performers.

Core Processes- processes that are carried out directly in the working face and are intended to change the shape and state of the face (separation of the rock mass from the massif and the fastening of the face).

Helper Processes- processes that ensure the efficient and safe execution of the main ones.

The main and auxiliary processes can be performed sequentially or combined.

Based on the possibility of overlapping in time, there are:

• flow technology (PT);
• cyclic technology (DH).

Flow technology is a technology in which the execution of the main processes (operations) is combined in time.

Cyclic technology is a technology in which the execution of the main processes (operations) is carried out sequentially.

Tunneling cycle and its main parameters

Tunnel cycle- a set of processes and operations, as a result of which the face moves in a certain time to a distance determined by the passport.

Cycle duration- the time during which all the main tasks are performed technological processes tunneling cycle.

The duration of the tunneling cycle is usually taken as a multiple shift, which simplifies the organization of work.

Face advance per cycle- the distance that the face moves after all the processes included in the cycle are completed.

Carrying out horizontal and inclined mine workings

in rocks of strong and medium strength

Technology of mining in rocks with a fortress f more than 6.7 includes processes:

• drilling and blasting (BVR);
• airing the face and bringing it to a safe state;
• construction of temporary support;
• loading of rock mass;
• erection of a permanent support;
• ancillary work.

The following requirements apply to BVR:

• uniform crushing of the rock mass;
• small waste of rock from the face.

Drilling and blasting parameters are determined for each face individually and recorded in the drilling and blasting passport.

After the production of drilling and ventilation and airing, they begin to erect a temporary lining (a structure that ensures safe work in the preparatory face before the erection of a permanent lining).

For loading broken rock mass, special rock-loading machines on caterpillar or wheel-rail tracks are used.

Loading of broken rock mass can be carried out directly into trolleys or in stages through loaders of a special design.

Supporting a mine working (construction of a permanent support)

Depending on the type and material, the support is divided into:

• metal;
• reinforced concrete;
• wooden;
• stone;
• anchor;
• mixed, etc.

According to their characteristics, supports are rigid and pliable.

Rigid supports - the total deformation should not go beyond the limits of elasticity. Typically, these supports are used in workings with established rock pressure.

malleable - supports with special compliance nodes, due to which the amount of displacement of the elements of the support exceeds the amount of elastic deformations.

Recently, the most widely used anchor support, which allows you to increase the stability of the rocks of the roof and sides of the working by "stitching" several layers with special rods. Fixation of the anchor part of the anchor in the rocks occurs with the help of metal structures or concrete, polymer compositions.

To support the workings in the areas of heaving rocks, a lining is used with the addition of a "bed" - an additional element that closes the contour of the lining from the side of the soil.

To prevent rock fall from the side of the roof, a lattice, wooden, polymeric or reinforced concrete tightening is used.

After the completion of the main cycle, auxiliary processes begin:

• extension of ventilation pipes;
• downhole conduit;
• rail tracks, scraper conveyor;
• oslantsovka face and development.

After the completion of the auxiliary processes, the tunneling cycle is repeated.

Advantages drilling and blasting method:

• wide range of application;
• the possibility of conducting shock blasting on outburst hazardous formations.

Flaws drilling and blasting method:

• multi-operation technology;
• relatively low rates of workings;
• additional danger in the conduct of BVR.

Combined way of workings

The main difference between the combine method of workings and drilling and drilling is the possibility of combining the process of rock mass breaking and shipment by a tunneling machine.

The most widely used are roadheaders on caterpillar tracks with an arrow-shaped executive body of a crown type and a scraper reloader.

Scheme of a roadheader of selective action. 1 - breaking crown, 2 executive body, 3 - hydraulic jack, 4 - housing, 5 - electrical equipment, 6 - control bullets, 7 - scraper conveyor, 8 - rear support cylinder, 9 - running trolley, 10 - front support cylinder, 11 - loading device.

The use of domestic combines is advisable when carrying out mine workings along a coal seam with a small percentage of rock undercutting with a strength f up to 7 and tilt angle up to -20 0 and up to +20 0 in rebellion.

The crushed rock mass is loaded onto a scraper or belt conveyor directly by a combine harvester or using a special loader.

Advantages combine method:

• low operational efficiency;
• high penetration rates;
• ensuring the safety of mining operations.

Flaws combine method:

• limited range of application (by fall, rise).

LECTURE №21

Cleaning work in coal mines

Cleaning works include processes for: extraction and transportation of PI;

bottomhole fixing; roof management.

Cleaning excavation - a set of breaking processes (separation from the massif), loading broken rock mass onto a face vehicle, delivery of PI from the face to the transport working.

stope - mining, intended for the extraction of PI.

Distinguish between long stopes (lavas) and short ones (gates and chambers).

Long stope- an extended production working of a linear or ledge shape, one side of which is limited by a coal massif, and the other by a support on the border with the goaf; the roof and soil are host rocks.

In long working faces, coal is excavated according to flank and frontal schemes.

flank scheme - the separation of coal from the array is carried out in a narrow area (at one point) of the production face.

Front circuit- the movement of the mining machine perpendicular to the direction of advance of the face and take out a strip of coal of a certain width (width). With the frontal scheme, separation from the massif is carried out by a mining unit simultaneously along the entire length of the stope. The direction of movement of the unit in this case coincides with the direction of advancing the stope.

According to the width of the capture, they distinguish:

• narrow-cut excavation - 0.5 - 1.0 m;
• wide-grip - more than 1.0 m;
• plow - 0.03 - 0.15 m.

With a narrow and wide-cut recess, coal is separated from the massif by cutting, with a plow - by chipping.

Short stope- working with a face of small length, limited on the sides by a coal massif or whole coal. Transport and ventilation workings adjacent to the stope are called excavation.

According to the location of stopes relative to the formation elements, stopes are distinguished: by dip; along the stretch; by rebellion; across stretch; diagonal.

Coal transport in longwall faces it is produced:

• in longwalls of flat and inclined seams - by scraper conveyors or conveyor-plow extraction units;
• in long working faces of steep and steep seams - by gravity along the soil; by gravity along special gutters; conveyor cutters of mining units;
• in short longwalls - scraper conveyors, loading and hauling machines (self-propelled trolleys), hydraulic transport.

Scheme of placement of equipment in the longwall:

1 top drive head of the face conveyor;

2 upper niche; 3- becoming a face conveyor; 4- narrow-cut shearer; 5 the executive body of the combine; 6 lower niche; 7 bottom drive head of the face conveyor; 8 face conveyor in the transport working.

Ways to control the roof in longwalls

roof management- a set of measures to regulate the load on the lining of the stope, carried out for the efficient and safe extraction of PI.

There are ways to manage the roof: complete collapse; partial collapse; partial bookmark; full bookmark; smooth lowering.

Roof collapse method

The method is recommended for moderately and easily collapsing rocks of the immediate roof, when their power is sufficient to inflate the main roof. When the bottom-hole (mechanized) lining is removed, the roof rocks collapse in the goaf. The step of the primary landing is the advancement of the stope from the cutting furnace (mounting chamber), until the collapse of the rocks of the main roof. This is the most common way to control roof collapse. If self-collapse of the roof rocks during the movement does not occur (hanging), then a forced landing is used, for example, BVR.

Flaws : difficulty with difficult-to-collapse roofs;

• impossibility of application when working on objects on the surface.

Partial collapse methodrecommended for use in the presence of easily collapsible rocks of the immediate roof of small thickness and the tendency of rocks of the main roof to periodic collapse.

With this method, rubble strips being constructed are used with a width of 4-6 m, the distance between the strips is up to 15 m.

Partial bookmark methodmined-out space is used for hard-to-crush rocks. Rubble strips are erected to restrain the collapse of the roof rocks. On flat seams, rubble strips are located along strike, on steep ones - both along strike and dip

Full bookmark methodit is recommended, if necessary, to prevent the collapse of the host rocks after the excavation of the PI. It is used when it is necessary to prevent subsidence of the earth's surface.

Full bookmark allows you to:

• avoid subsidence of the earth's surface;
• avoid air leaks into the mined-out space;
• reduce the likelihood of rock burst.

Flaws - high labor intensity and cost of work.

Soft lowering methodroof rocks are used on seams up to 1.2 m thick with heaving soils and weak roof rocks prone to smooth deflection.

LECTURE #22

Cleaning operations in the development of flat and inclined seams

Peculiarities of treatment works in the development of flat and inclined seams

The main features that characterize the technologies for mining flat and inclined seams are:

• Good conditions for the application of modern technical means, in particular means of complex mechanization;
• Possibility of using the method of controlling the roof by complete collapse;
• Possibility of using effective ventilation schemes and gas controls to achieve high loads on the stope;
• Wide opportunities for partial and full automation of cleaning works.

Cleaning operations during longwall mining

The main technologies for mining flat and inclined seams with longwall faces are:

• Comprehensive mechanized coal mining (75%);
• Mining with narrow-cut combines with individual support (6%);
• Extraction of coal by plows with individual support (2%);
• Extraction of coal by wide-cut combines with individual support (2%);
• Extraction of coal on explosives with individual support (10%);
• Extraction of coal with jackhammers with individual support (1%);
• Other technologies (auger, etc.). (4%).

Extraction of coal with a narrow-cut combine with individual support and as part of OMK

The complex is a set of certain mining equipment, transport equipment and powered roof support, linked according to the main technical parameters.

Small distribution received complexes consisting of:

• narrow-grip mining machine (combine or plow);
• Curving face conveyor;
• Hydroficated bottomhole support;
• Hydroficated lining of interfaces.

Mining machinethis is a combined mining machine, which simultaneously performs work on separating coal from an array, crushing it and loading it onto a face conveyor. The executive body of a narrow-cut harvester is an auger, which is a screw Ø 0.56 2.0 m (diameter along the cutters) on the ledges of which cutters are installed in special tool holders (knuckles). When the auger rotates, the cutters separate the coal from the face, and the auger blades load the broken coal onto the scraper conveyor. The harvester can move on the ground or along the frame of the face conveyor. Combines working from the soil of the stope are used on very thin and thin seams. The harvester operating from the frame of the face conveyor from the side of the face has support skis and grippers that do not allow the combine to move when coal is excavated.

The shearer moves along the table of the face conveyor when the lantern wheel rolls along the rail, fixed on the face hole or fixed on the peak chain conveyor heads. When mining thin seams, along with combines with auger operating elements, combines with drum operating elements are used. Loading of coal when using drum executive bodies is carried out with the help of special loading shields.

Extraction of coal in a longwall, equipped with a narrow-cut shearer, is carried out as follows. In the initial position, the harvester is brought into niche 6, the conveyor and support are moved to the face, niche 2 is framed. The harvester starts moving upwards with a strip of coal. Following the combine, with a certain lag, the support moves in. After the harvester enters the upper niche, the combine begins to move down with cleaning the soil. Following the harvester with a lag of 10-12m, the conveyor moves in. When the harvester returns to the lowest point of the lava, the cycle repeats. This scheme of coal mining is called one-sided. With the shuttle scheme, coal is excavated when the combine moves in both directions.

Extraction cycle a set of processes and operations that are periodically repeated during coal mining along the entire length of the working face, after which the face moves a certain distance. A scraper conveyor is used to transport coal along the working face. The scraper conveyor consists of: Traction body; Reshtachny stav; natural stations (stations); end station.

The operation of the scraper conveyor is based on the principle of moving a load by dragging when an endless chain with scrapers moves along special chutes (pans). According to the method of movement, following the advancement of the stope, conveyors are divided into bending and portable. Curving conveyors allow to move without disassembly becoming a distance of up to 1m in a length interval of 10-15m.

Stope fixingthe process of installing special structures supporting the roof (and soil), providing conditions for the safe work of people and the efficient operation of mining equipment. The following types of stope fastening are used: Landing at bottom hole support; Sectional powered support; Complete powered support; Aggregate mechanized support.

An individual support consists of posts installed between the roof and the ground, and top racks installed between the roof and the post. The frame consists of a top rack and one, two or more racks. The tops can be oriented along the dip or along the strike of the formation. The roof of the working between the tops is tightened with a puff.

Individual supports may have different designs and the relationship between the reaction h and drawdowns ∆ h . Support stiffness tgβ = h/ ∆ h; Support compliance∆h/h;

According to A.A. Borisov, all supports are divided into three types:

I type 0 fortify the growing resistance, they have h=ƒ(tgβ);

II type tg=0 support constant resistance, they have h=const;

III type tgβ→∞ - rigid supports. R H the initial resistance created in the rack when it is installed; R P operating resistance the average value of the maximum allowable resistance of the strut to the lowering of the roof.

Under the action of the pressure of the roof rocks, the length of the rack is reduced by the amount of landing of the rack. After the maximum landing, the bearing capacity of the rack is exhausted and its destruction begins.Mechanized supportstope is called a moving mechanically hydroficated lining, consisting of kinematically interconnected bearing supporting and enclosing elements. Mechanized roof support is designed for mechanized fastening of the roof and movement of the roof support.

LECTURE #23

Cleaning works on steeply sloping and steep seams.

Peculiarities of cleaning operations on steep and steep seams

1. The possibility of using gravity transport of coal along the face when mining along strike and along adjacent workings when mining along the fall.
2. The need to fix both the roof and the soil during the cleaning work.
3. The complexity of the mechanization of cleaning operations on steep and steep seams.
4. Difficulty in ventilating stopes, caused by large air leaks due to the presence of aerodynamic connection with the surface.

Increased fire hazard of mining steep and steep seams, caused by large losses of coal.

Main technological schemesmining of steep and steep seams are:

• Ceiling-ledged face along the strike when extracting coal with jackhammers;
• Straight face along strike with coal excavation using explosives;
• Rectangular faces along the strike when extracting coal with narrow-cut combines and conveyor plows;
• Straight faces along the fall when extracting coal by units with conveyor plows.
• Shield development system.
• Hydrotechnologies in the version of the Russian Geographical Society.

Development of steeply sloping and steep seams by ceiling-shouldered face

In each ledge, coal is excavated in strips equal to the width of the ledge. Pneumatic breaking hammers OM 5PM, OM 6PM and OM 7PM are used for breaking coal. To ensure safe working conditions, the ledge is protected from the flow of broken coal in the upper part from the overlying ledges with boards. The extraction of coal in the ledge is carried out from top to bottom with the obligatory fastening of the overhanging coal mass with ore racks and boards. When bottom hole support is installed in the form of one or two rows of ore racks for growing. With weak soil, the racks are installed on wooden beds. In ceiling ledges, the following methods of roof control are used:

• Complete collapse (0.6 1.3 m).
• Smooth lowering (0.5 0.7 m).
• Bookmark (1.3 2.2 m).
• Hold on fires (0.6 1.4 m).

Development of steeply sloping and steep seams by straight face along strike

Coal mining is carried out by specialized shearers; The face is inclined towards the advance by 10-15 0 . The lava is divided into the upper combine (approximately 2/3) and the lower magazine part.

The excavation of coal in the upper part is carried out by combines of the "Temp" and "Search" type from the bottom up. The movement of the harvester along the face is carried out by a winch rope installed on the ventilation shaft. Along with the working rope, a safety rope is used to hold the combine in the event of a break in the working rope.

The lower part of the lava is made out in the form of one three magazine ledges 10 m long and 6 m wide, which serve to accumulate broken coal.

For mining steep and steep seams, the KGU D complex (0.6 1.5 m) and the AK 3 unit (1.6 2.5 m) are used.

Development of seams by a straight face, moving down the fall

Downhole mining can be carried out by units of type 1 ANSHMK and 2 ANSHMK in the power range of 0.7 2.2 m. The length of the stope is 40 60 m.

The ventilation furnace is formed as the unit is moved by the fur with the support

The composition of the shield mining unit includes: Conveyor-plow; Mechanized support; Hydraulic equipment; Electrical (pneumatic) equipment; Remote control equipment.

The conveyor plow is an endless round-link saw-shaped chain, on which carriages equipped with cutters are fixed. The chain moves along a special guide beam. First of all, a pack of coal is removed from the roof. After that, when introduced into the array due to hydraulic feed jacks, the coal is destroyed by the cutters, and the coal is transported to the coal-fired furnace due to the translational movement of the carriages. The unit is moved by removing the spacer from the sections and moving them down the fall to the conveyor plow.

Shield Development System m > 2.0 m and a > 55 0 .

shield lining mobile structure,consisting of metal beams forming a "frame" along the perimeter of the section, a knurling of bars, ties and clamps connecting the structure into a single whole.

Between themselves separate sections connected by ropes. Shields consist of 4-5 sections. Each section has a strike size of 6.0 m.

The shield support protects the face from falling rocks and perceives their load. The excavation of coal under the shield is carried out using explosives. The excavation of coal consists of: expansion of the shield ditch; blasting of supporting pillars; shield landing.

Shield mining systems are widely used in the Prokopievsko-Kiselevsk region of Kuzbass and in the mines of the Far East.

LECTURE #24

The concept of the technological scheme of the mine

General concepts and definitions

Technological scheme of the mine (TSSH)a set of mine workings, surface buildings and structures with machines and mechanisms located in them, the joint operation of which ensures efficient and safe coal mining.

The main elements of TSS are:

stopes; Preparatory faces; Mineral transportation system; Delivery system for people, materials and equipment; Filling material supply system; Ventilation system; Drainage system; Coal seam degassing system; Mine lift. The parameters of each of the elements are selected (calculated) in such a way that coal production is maximum. The element of the technological scheme that restrains coal mining is commonly called“bottleneck” in TSS.

Cleaning conv. Transport Ventilation Lifting

bottom hole 2000t/ day 1500t / day

A day = 2000t / day A day = 2500t / day

Low place TSH.

Main transport

Under the main transport is understood a set of technical means, mine workings and underground structures that ensure the delivery of coal from the extraction site to the OSD or to the surface.

In the system of general mine transport, belt conveyors with a wide belt of 800, 1000, 1200 mm are most often used.

Modern belt conveyorshave a delivery length of 500-1500m and work in workings with inclination angles from 16 to +25 .

The capacity of belt conveyors is 420 1600/ hour.

To improve the reliability of the conveyor lines, intermediate bunkers with a capacity of 50-300m3 are arranged between the conveyors. 3 . Drive power is 50-250 kW.

Along with belt conveyors for transporting coal along horizontal workings, a number of mines uselocomotive haulage.

When using locomotive haulage, minerals, rock and other materials are transported in mine trolleys, which move along rail tracks with the help of locomotives.

The rail track consists of a ballast layer on the working soil, sleepers, rails and their connections.

The ballast layer consists of crushed stone and serves as a shock-absorbing base.

Sleepers serve to connect rail tracks to a common track, and there are metal, wooden and reinforced concrete.

Track width the distance between the inner edges of the rail heads. Standard track width 600-900mm.

The main characteristic of the railweight 1 meter. Apply rails weighing 24.33.48 kg/ m

Mining trolleys are divided into the following types:

• Freight trolleys;
• Human carts;
• Trolleys and platforms for transportation of materials and equipment;
• Special purpose (repair, track measuring)

According to the method of unloading, the trolleys are divided into:

• Flat-body trolleys (unloaded by overturning) VG;
• Self-unloading trolleys with a folding bottom VD type;
• Self-unloading trolleys with a folding side WB (UVB);

Modern trolleys have a capacity of 0.8 3.3m 3 , the most common capacity is 2.4 or 3.3m 3 .

Locomotives by type of energy are divided into:

• Contact electric locomotives;
• Battery electric locomotives;
• Diesel carts;
• Hydro wagons;
• Air carts (pneumatic locomotives).
• Electric locomotives are the most widely used. (diesel carts on sh."Osinnikovskaya aya").

When using contact electric locomotives, electricity is supplied through the conductor contact network(trawl) and current-carrying rail. The electric locomotive is equipped with a DC motor with a voltage of 250 V. The mass of contact electric locomotives is 7, 10, 14, 20, 25 tons. The speed is up to 25 km/h.

Contact electric locomotives are used in non-gas mines, as well as in the fresh stream of mines I II categories.

Battery electric locomotives receive electricity from batteries. Coupling weight 7, 8, 14 tons, speed up to 14 km/h.

Transportation by self-propelled trolleys

The self-propelled trolley moves along the working soil on 4 or 6 wheels with pneumatic tires. El energy is supplied by cable. Diesel-powered trolleys are also used. To speed up the process of unloading and loading, a scraper conveyor is built into the bottoms of some trolleys.

Hydraulic and pneumatic transport

It is used for transporting coal and supplying backfill material.

Auxiliary transport

For the delivery of people, materials and equipment, the following are used:

• Locomotive rollback.
• Specially equipped belt conveyors and idle belts of conventional belt conveyors.
• Rollback with end rope.
• Rollback with an endless rope.
• Monorail roads.

Mine lifting

To provide transport connection mine hoists serve with transport horizons.

The main lifting unit is designed to bring the mined PI to the surface.

Auxiliary lifting unitfor descent-ascent of people, materials, equipment, issuance of waste rock.

Human lifting installationsdesigned exclusively for lowering and raising people.

The following elements belong to the mine hoist:

• lifting machines;
• Lifting vessels (skips, cages);
• lifting ropes;
• Necessary reinforcement of the barrel (executions, guides, grips);
• Loading and unloading devices;

mine pile driver is installed directly above the barrel and serves to accommodate the guide pulleys.

lifting machineis installed at some distance from the shaft and serves to move the vessels by winding traction ropes onto the drive drum, to which these vessels are suspended.

lifting ropesare made of high-strength steel wires wound in a special way on a hemp or steel core. Rope Ø is determined by calculation and is 18.5 65mm, diameter of steel wires 1.2 2.8mm. Ropes of lifting installations for lowering lifting of people must have a safety margin of at least 9, for cargo lifts of at least 6.5.

In vertical shafts, lifting vessels are:

• Mine skips;
• Tipping stands;
• Non tipping stands;

If one vessel is suspended from the lifting machine, then the lifting is called single-cell (one skip) if two two cages or two skips.

To direct the movement of the lifting vessel, special structures are hung in the shaft conductors , which are attached to transverse struts, executions.lifting vesselshave a special supports enclosing conductors.

Lifting vessels have special braking devices called parachutes . When the rope is loosened or broken, parachutes are captured by guides or specials. brake ropes, keeping the vessel from falling.

Along with the purpose, lifts are classified according to the type of lifting vessels into: Lifts with non-tipping stands; Lifts with tipping stands; Skip lifts.

Tipping stands different from non-tipping the fact that the loaded trolleys on the surface do not roll out of the cage, but are unloaded into the receiving hopper when the cage is turned (overturned).

In large modern mines, the main, as a rule, is the skip lift.

With skip liftthe rock mass is reloaded into a special vessel called a skip. On the surface, the skip is unloaded by capsizing or through the bottom.

Skip consists from frame and body. For skips unloading through the bottom, the body is rigidly connected to the frame. For tipping skips, the body is hingedly connected to the frame and is unloaded by turning around the axis when the skip enters the unloading curves.

Technological complex on the surface of the mine

mine pile driver , metal or reinforced concrete, is constructed directly above the mouth of the trunk. Height of conventional headframes 15 30m, tower headframes up to 100m.

Conventional headframes are used to accommodate guide pulleys and conductors, fastening unloading curves and landing devices.

Tower headframes made of concrete or reinforced concrete in the upper part have a machine room for a lifting machine with a friction pulley.

Pitheadis directly adjacent to the pile driver and serves to ensure the operation of the mine hoist. The sorting building is arranged for preliminary selection of rock and sorting of coal by size. Instead of sorting, a processing plant may be located on the territory of the mine.

Overpasses, conveyor galleries and bridgesfacilities for laying narrow potash rail tracks and installation of belt conveyors. Depending on the purpose, these structures can be open or closed, horizontal or inclined.

Receiving and loading bunkersare metal or concrete structures designed for short-term storage of minerals.

rock heap surface area reserved for waste rock storage.

Mine ventilation system

Ventilation systemmines a set of mine workings of fan installations and ventilation structures in the mine and on the surface, providing stable and efficient ventilation.

The ventilation method is determined by how the fan works:

Suction suction method.

For injection injection method.

One for suction, the other for discharge.- combined method.

Ventilation schemedetermined by the direction of movement of the ventilation stream.

central schemeprovides for the supply of a fresh stream of air and the removal of the outgoing air is carried out along the closely located main opening workings.

flank scheme provides for the supply of fresh and removal of the outgoing jet through the main opening workings located in different parts of the mine field.

Combined schemeis a combination of the two described above.

Ventilation systemmay be single or sectional.

With sectional - the mine is divided into separate separately ventilated sections.

With a single schemethe mine is ventilated without division into separate sections (sections).

Mine fan installations

Mine fan installation serves for continuous supply of fresh air into the mine and consists of: Working fan; Backup fan; ventilation ducts; Devices for measuring the direction of air movement; electric motors; Control and recording equipment; Ventilation building. Mine fan installations have a capacity of 3 5 to 20 25 thousand. m 3 min.

Depression (compression) fanpressure difference at the fan exhaust and atmospheric pressure.

Modern fans create a pressure (depression) of 470 700 daPa.

Mine fan structures

By purpose, fan devices are divided into: Blind jumpers for isolation of workings; Ventilation sluices with doors, windows or methods to regulate air in mine workings; Crossings (air bridges) ventilation structures for separating air streams in intersecting workings;

Air distribution and mine atmosphere monitoring

Control over air distribution and the state of the mine atmosphere is carried out by the mine's engineering and technical staff and employees of the ventilation and safety department (VTB).

To control the composition of the atmosphere, mine interferometers SHI10, SHI11, gas detectors of the GH type, devices of the type"Signal". Anemometers of the ASO 3, MS 13 and APR 2 types are used to control the air flow.

Permissible content CH 4 and CO 2

	CH 4%	CO2%
Ref. From a clearing or dead-end development Ref. Wings (mines) The incoming jet into the workings and into the faces of dead-end workings
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	Rock masses as objects of study in geomechanics have one very significant feature in comparison with objects considered in mechanics in general or in the mechanics of solid deformable bodies in particular. Tectonic stress fields are currently associated with the first of these types of movements. The data of direct measurements and observations in our country and abroad testify to the confinement of high horizontal stresses to zones of tectonic uplifts of the earth's crust...
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Introduction

During the period of general economic decline and inflation in the country, nationwide problems of production have become aggravated hard coal.

Coal is the main type of energy fuel, as well as technical raw material for coking and use in metallurgical and chemical industry to produce liquid and gaseous fuels.

In terms of coal reserves, Russia occupies one of the first places in the world, and the Kuzbass coal basin is the first in Russia in terms of coal production.

The workers of the coal industry have been given the task of steadily increasing coal production while reducing its cost, the solution of which is an indispensable condition for survival in today's economic conditions.

To achieve the set goals coal industry focuses its efforts on the following areas: to constantly work on the issues of integrated mechanization and automation of production processes, which creates the prerequisites for coal mining without the constant presence of people in the working face, which helps to increase labor productivity and reduce the cost of coal mined.

A further increase in coal production is closely related to the pace of preparatory workings. There is a need for wider and universal application of systems automated control production processes in preparatory faces for timely and high-quality preparation of the production front. The choice of optimal technological schemes the development of workings is an indispensable condition for high-performance and safe work in the development faces, the purpose of this course project is to develop a passport for the conduct and fastening of the ventilation drift.

1 MINING AND GEOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BREEVSKOY FORMATION

Depth of seam mining is 350-490m.

A seam of complex structure, consists of 3 coal packs separated by rock interlayers with a thickness of 0.04 m to 0.25 m, represented by highly fractured mudstone, weak and medium thickness f = 2.5 - The total thickness of the seam varies between 2.1-2.15 m and with an average thickness of 2.12 m.

In the seam, there are inclusions of “pyrites”, with a strength of f = 7-8, an elongated oval shape up to 2x0.5x0.5 in size, confined to the middle part of the coal seam.

The formation hypsometry is wavy. The seam dip angle is from 16 0 (at the ventilation drift No. 173) to 0 0 (at the installation chamber No. 1732).

The natural gas content of the formation is 8-13 m 3 /t.

Coal hardness f= 1.5-2, Coal cutting resistance 15 MPa.

According to the propensity of the formation to spontaneous combustion, it belongs to the III group of non-hazardous. Dangerous for explosive coal dust and methane gas.

The formation is represented by shiny coal with a predominance of vitrinite group components. The upper interval of the main roof of the reservoir is represented by fine-grained, strong, fractured sandstone, up to 12 m thick, f = 6-7.

The lower interval of the main roof of the formation up to 4 m thick is represented by fine-grained, strong sandstone f= 6-7, layered fractured mudstone up to 2 m thick, f= 3-4 with a coal interlayer in the upper part up to 1 meter thick (Nadbreevsky seam).

The primary step of the collapse of the main roof is 35-40 m of lava departure from the mounting chamber, the next step is 8-12 m.

The immediate roof of the formation is represented by dark gray argillite, layered, medium strength, fractured, up to 8 m thick, f= 3-4. The lower limit of the direct roof at a thickness of 0.35-0.85 m, taking into account the "false" roof, is represented by weak mudstone with interlayers of coal with a thickness of 0.05-0.2 m and is prone to vaulted collapse to the full thickness of the roof.

False roof, represented by dark gray mudstone, fissured, with a thickness of 0.30-0.80 m f = 1.5-2.

The immediate soil of the formation is represented by fine-grained siltstone, medium strength, fissured, up to 8 m thick, f = 4.

False soil, represented by light gray mudstone, strength f=2. The thickness of the false soil varies from 0.08 to 0.15 m, with an average of 0.10 m. When wet, it is prone to heaving.

In tectonic terms, the site is simple, but the possibility of encountering small-amplitude faults (up to 1.5 m) is not ruled out.

2.Choice of the cross-sectional shape and type of support for the mine working.

IN this project the implementation of a conveyor furnace is considered, which is designed to transport the rock mass and pass the ventilation jet. Scientific and practical experience has established the low efficiency of arched and post supports.

These types of supports do not carry a preload, do not strengthen the roof of the working, are laborious to install, costly, and have a small area of ​​​​application in terms of efficiency. Moreover, the time factor reduces the stability of the lining and significantly complicates the work of powered supports during production.

Widely used worldwide different kinds anchor bolts, which provide varying degrees of hardening of the rocks of the arch of the mine working, thereby excluding the collapse of the rocks. Based on this, we accept the anchor fastening of the working, and the shape of the cross section is rectangular.

Determination of the dimensions and cross-sectional area of ​​the mine.

This project considers the implementation of a ventilation drift, which is designed to transport the rock mass and pass the ventilation stream

The cross-sectional area of ​​the drift in the clear is determined by the calculation of the allowable speed of the air jet, the overall dimensions of the rolling stock, taking into account the minimum allowable gaps, the amount of settlement of the support after rock pressure. A distinction is made between the cross-sectional area of ​​the working in the clear - this is the cross-sectional area inside the contour of the lining of the working, - the cross-sectional area of ​​the working in the penetration is the cross-sectional area of ​​the working without taking into account the lining. According to the requirements of the PB, the minimum cross-sectional area of ​​the conveyor drift is 6.0 m 2, the minimum height is 1.8 m.

Clear working width at a height of 1.8 m is determined by the formula

In sv \u003d m + A 1 + n m

where: In sv - the width of the working in the light, m ​​.;

A 1 - monorail container dimension, m

n - gap between the container and the support on the running side, m

m- gap between the container and the support on the slow side, m

V sv \u003d 0.3 + 1.4 + 0.85 \u003d 2.95 m

Rice. 1. Cross section of the working

According to the obtained width of the working, we take a typical section in the penetration S st \u003d 13.9 m 2, S proh \u003d 14.0 m 2.

We summarize the dimensions of a typical section in table 2.6.1

The accepted cross-sectional area of ​​the working is checked by the maximum allowable air velocity according to the formula:

V \u003d Q / 60 * S sv m / s

where: V- air speed passing through the mine, m/s

Q- the amount of air passing through the workings, m 3 / min.

V \u003d 4000 / 60 * 13.9 \u003d 926.66 m 3 / s.

The resulting air velocity meets the requirements of the safety standard, V min = 0.25 m/s. V max 4 m/s

Table 2.6.1 Cross-sectional dimensions of the drift

Support calculation.

Choice of lining material

The choice of support material is based on the purpose of the service life of the working, the magnitude and direction of the fore pressure, the cross-sectional shape of the excavation, the design of the support, and the requirements of safety rules.

Fastening materials must meet the following basic requirements: high strength, be stable over time, have a low cost, be non-flammable, etc.

Wooden frame support is used with a service life of up to 2 - 3 years in stable and medium-resistant rocks. Metal frame support is used with a service life of up to 10 - 15 years in various mining and geological and mining conditions.

Monolithic concrete and reinforced concrete lining is used in capital workings, and prefabricated reinforced concrete and tubing lining - in capital and other workings with a long service life and in various mining and geological and mining conditions.

Since the service life of the ventilation shaft is up to three years, we accept anchor bolting in the project

Similar information.

1) Clear working width according to the passport "Krivbass project":

Sv \u003d 750 + 1350 + 450 + 1350 + 1000 \u003d 4900 mm.

2) Working width in draft:

VHF \u003d 4900 + 2 60 + 200 \u003d 5220 mm.

3) Clear working height:

Hsv \u003d 1850 + \u003d 1850 + 1650 \u003d mm.

where:=B/3=1650

4) Working height in black:

Nvch \u003d Hsv + \u003d 3500 + 60 \u003d 3560 mm.

5) Excavation clearance in the clear

Sc = Всв (+ 0.26 Вв) = 4900 (1650 +0.29 4900) = 14300 mm2 = 14.3m2

6) Sichie workings in black:

Svh \u003d Vh (+ 0.26 Vh) \u003d 5.22 (1.65 + 0.26 5.22) \u003d 15.70 m2

7) Sichie workings in the tunneling tunneling:

Spr \u003d Vh (1.02 h 1.05) \u003d 15.70 1.05 \u003d 16.48 m2

Cross section of the projected working

The main standard sizes of working:

• 1. The height of the working in the clear, Hsv. 2200mm.
• 2. Height of working out in draft, Nvch. 2230mm.
• 3. Width of working in the clear, Vsv. 2200mm.
• 4. Width of working out in draft, Vvch, 2260 mm.
• 5. Height of the box vault, hс 1450mm.
• 6. The thickness of the arch of the support, d0 30 cm.
• 7. Wall thickness of the support, dс 30 cm.
• 8. Large radius of curvature of the box vault, ?? 1522mm.
• 9. Small radius of curvature of the box vault, ?? 576mm.
• 10. Cross-sectional area of ​​the working in the light, Sc 4.4 m2
• 11. The cross-sectional area of ​​the development in the rough, Svch 4.5 m2
• 12. Cross-sectional area of ​​the working in the tunneling, Spr 2.1 m2

For horizontal mining and exploration workings, two forms of cross sections are established: trapezoidal (T) and rectangular-vaulted with a duct vault (PS). On fig. 9-10 shows typical sections of mine workings of various shapes.

Distinguish the cross-sectional area of ​​horizontal workings in the light, in the sinking and in the rough. Clear area (S CB) - this is the area enclosed between the support of the working and its soil, minus the cross-sectional area, which is occupied by the ballast layer (if any) poured on the soil of the working.

Area in penetration (5 pr) - the area of ​​​​development, which it turns out in the process of carrying out before the construction of the lining, rail track laying, the installation of a ballast layer and the laying of engineering communications (cables, air, water pipes, etc.). Area in draft (S BH) - the area of ​​production, which is obtained in the calculation (design area).

Permissible excesses of the area in the penetration over the design one (roughly) are given in Table. 2.

table 2

Rice. 9.1. A typical section of workings of a trapezoidal shape with wooden lining: a - scraper delivery of rock; b - conveyor delivery of rock; c - manual haulage of rock; d - locomotive haulage of rock; e - double-track development with locomotive haulage of rock

Rice. 10. Typical section of workings with monolithic concrete lining with locomotive haulage of rock: a - single-track; b - two-way

Rice. 9.2. Typical section of rectangular-vaulted workings without fastening or with anchor (sprayed-concrete) fastening: a - scraper rock delivery; b - conveyor delivery of rock; c - manual haulage of rock; G - locomotive rock haulage; e - double-track development with a locomotive

rock haulage

Thus, the cross-sectional area of ​​the working in the penetration

or, on the other hand,

Because S B4 = S CB + S Kp, then the calculation of the cross-sectional area of ​​​​the working begins with the calculation in the light, where S Kp- section of the working, occupied by the lining; K p- cross-section enumeration coefficient (section excess coefficient - KIS).

The dimensions of the cross-sectional area of ​​horizontal workings in the light are determined based on the conditions for the placement of transport equipment and other devices, taking into account the necessary clearances regulated by the Safety Rules.

In this case, it is necessary to consider the following possible cases of workings and calculation of the section:

• 1. The road is secured and the loader is working in the fixed road. In this case, the calculation is carried out according to the largest dimensions of the rolling stock or loading machine.
• 2. The working is traversed with fastening, but the lining lags behind the face by more than 3 m. In this case, the loading machine works in the loose part of the working.

When calculating the dimensions of the cross-sectional area according to the largest dimensions of the rolling stock, it is necessary to make a verification calculation (Fig. 11):

The interpretation of the data is given below (Table 5).

3. Working out is passed without fastening. Then the dimensions of the section are calculated according to the largest dimensions of the tunneling equipment or rolling stock.

The main dimensions of underground vehicles are standardized in order to typify the sections of workings, the design of the lining and tunneling equipment.

For workings of a trapezoidal shape, standard sections have been developed with the use of solid lining, lining in different directions, with tightening only the roof and with tightening the roof and sides.

Typical sections of rectangular-vaulted workings are provided without support, with anchor, sprayed concrete and combined support.

The main dimensions of typical sections of workings of the T and PS types are given in Table. 3 and 4.

Table 3

The main dimensions of the sections of workings of a trapezoidal shape (T)

Designated	Section dimensions, mm				Designated	Section dimensions, mm
				Sectional area in the light, m ​​2					Sectional area in the light, m ​​2

Table 4

The main dimensions of the sections of workings of rectangular-vaulted

forms (PS)

Designation	Section dimensions, mm					Sectional area in the light, m ​​2

Rice. Fig. 11. Schemes of the working conditions of the loading machine in the face: a - in an unsecured bottomhole space; b - in the fixed bottomhole space

Calculation formulas for determining the dimensions of the sections of workings of types T and PS are given in table. 5, 6.

Table 5

Trapezoidal workings

		Designation	Calculation formulas
	Transport equipment		Selected from catalogs
	free passage
	From soil to head rail		h =hi + h p + 1/3 /g w
	Ballast layer (ladder)
	Workings from the rail head		are chosen
	up to the top		in accordance with the PB
	Works in the world:
	without rail track
	when scraping rock
	during conveyor delivery of rock		h 4 \u003d h + hi
	in the presence of a rail track:
	without ballast layer		h 4 = h + hi
	with ballast layer		h 4 = h+ L3-L2
	Rough workings:
	without ballast layer		hs = h4 + d + ti
	with ballast layer		hs = h 4 + h + d + ti
	Transport equipment		From equipment catalogs
	Free passage at height h		Selected in accordance with the PB
	Passage at the level of transport equipment
	In light at the level of transport equipment:
	for scraper cleaning		b = b + 2m
	single track		b = b + t + n
	double track		b \u003d 2B + c + m-p
	Workings in the clear on the top: without rail track		b = b-2(h-H) ctga
	with a rail track		B=b- 2(hi - H) ctga
	Sole:
	without rail track		bi = b + 2H ctga
	in the presence of a rail track without a ballast layer		Z>2 = 6 + 2(#+/ji)ctga
	with ballast layer		Z>2 = 6 + 2(#+/ji)ctga

		Designation	Calculation formulas
	Rough workings:
	top base		bz = b+2 (d+ t2) sina
	bottom base with ballast layer	ba	ba = bz +2 hs ctga
	without ballast layer		ba = b 2 + 2 (d + t2) sina
	Between transport equipment		Selected according to the PB
	eat and the wall of the workings		(T> 250 mm With> 200 mm)
	Between rolling stock
	Rack, top made of round timber
			Estimated
Distance, mm	From the axis of the track (conveyor) to the axis of production: single-track		k = (u + s2 )-S2
	double track		k = s2 -(u+s2 )
	Cross section: clear		R= b+ 62 + 2L4/sin a
			Pi = bz+ ba + 2/r5/sin a
	Cross section: clear		S CB = /24(61 +b 2 )l2
			Sm = /25(63 + 6 4)/2

Table 6

Rectangular-vaulted workings

		Designation	Calculation formulas
	with sprayed concrete, rod and combined supports		ho=bl4
	with concrete support		ho = b/2
	Works in the world:
	without rail track:
	when scraping rock		h 4= h + ho
	with conveyor		h 4 \u003d h + /?2 + ho
	in the presence of a rail track: without ballast layer		h 4 = h+ /?2 + ho
	with ballast layer		h 4= h + ho
	Developments in draft		hs= h+ hi + ho +1
	Working walls in rough:
	when scraping rock
	with ballast layer (ladder)		he = h+ hi
	Transport equipment		Selected from catalogs
	Works in the world:
	single track		b=B+ m+n
	double track		b = 2B + c + m + n
	Developments in draft		bo = b + 2t
	Axial arc of the vault:
	at ho = N4		R = 0.%5b
	at ho= S 3		R= 0,6926
	Lateral arch:
	at ho = YA		r= 0,1736
	at ho = Yb		r = 0.262b
Perimeter transverse workings,
	at ho = YA: without ballast layer		P = 2he+ 1,219
	with ballast layer at ho = b/3: without ballast layer		P = 2h+ 1,219 P = 2he + 1,33 b
	with ballast layer		P = 2h+ 1,33 b

		Designation	Calculation formulas
Perimeter transverse workings,	In draft: at ho = N4 at ho = s 3		/>1=2*6+1,19*0 />! = 2*6+1,33 bo
Cross-sectional area of ​​the mine, m 2
	at ho = YA at ho = S 3		S CB = b(h + 0.15b) S CB = b(h + 0.2b)
	without support or rod support		SB4= b(h 6 +0,n5b)
	with sprayed-concrete and combined lining with concrete lining of a rectangular part of the working		SB4= bo(h 6 +0.15b)S B h = S CB + S+ S 2 + S3 S= 2A 6 /[
	vaulted part of the working		S 2 = 0.157(1 + Ao/6)(6i 2 -6 2)
	subsoil part of the lining	S3	Si = 2/27/+ hg(t)-t)
Dimensions of the subsoil part of the support			Selected depending on the properties of rocks and width
	Cutting height		workings

All horizontal workings along which cargo is transported must have gaps in straight sections between the support or equipment located in the working, pipelines and the most protruding edge of the rolling stock clearance of at least 0.7 m (n > 0.7) (free passage for people), and on the other hand - at least 0.25 m (t > 0.25) with wooden, metal and frame structures of reinforced concrete and concrete lining and 0.2 m - with monolithic concrete, stone and reinforced concrete lining.

The width of the free passage must be maintained at a working height of at least 1.8 m (h = 1,8).

In workings with conveyor delivery, the width of the free passage should be at least 0.7 m; on the other hand - 0.4 m.

The distance from the upper plane of the conveyor belt to the top or roof of the working is at least 0.5 m, and for tension and drive heads - at least 0.6 m.

Gap With between oncoming electric locomotives (trolleys) along the most protruding edge - at least 0.2 m (With> 0.2 m).

In places of coupling-uncoupling of trolleys, the distance from the support or equipment and pipelines located in the workings to the most protruding edge of the rolling stock clearance must be at least 0.7 m on both sides of the working.

When rolling by contact electric locomotives, the height of the contact wire suspension must be at least 1.8 m from the rail head. At landing and loading and unloading sites, at the intersection of workings with workings, where there is a contact wire and along which people move - at least 2 m.

In the near-shaft yard - in places where people move to the landing site - the suspension height is at least 2.2 m, in the other near-shaft workings - at least 2 m from the rail head.

In near-shaft yards, in the main haulage workings, in inclined shafts and slopes, when using trolleys with a capacity of up to 2.2 m 3, R-24 type rails should be used.

Mine rail tracks during locomotive haulage, with the exception of workings with heaving soil and with a service life of less than 2 years, must be laid on crushed stone or gravel ballast from hard rocks with a layer thickness under the sleepers of at least 90 mm.