Each ship must have a mooring device that ensures that the ship is pulled up to coastal or floating mooring facilities and securely fastened to them. The mooring device is used to fasten the vessel to the berth, the side of another vessel, raid barrels, bollards, as well as hauling along the berths. The mooring device includes:

mooring cables;

• mooring fairleads and guide rollers;

  bale slats (with rollers and without them);

  views and banquets;

  mooring mechanisms (windlass turrets, capstan, winches); auxiliary devices (stoppers, fenders, staples, throwing ends).

Mooring cables (ropes). Vegetable, steel and synthetic cables are used as mooring ends.

Steel cables are used less and less, as they poorly perceive dynamic loads, require great physical effort when transferred from the ship to the berth. The most common on marine vessels are steel mooring lines with a diameter of 19 to 28 mm. Steel moorings are stored on manual views equipped with a brake pressed by a pedal to the cheek of the drum. On large-tonnage vessels, mooring views with a drive are installed.

Mooring lines made of synthetic ropes are widely used. They are lighter than equal-strength steel and vegetable moorings, have good flexibility, which is maintained at relatively low temperatures. Do not use synthetic cables that have not been anti-static treated and do not have certificates.

To use the positive qualities of various types of synthetic cables, combined synthetic cables are produced. On mooring winches, where the mooring is steel, that part of it that goes ashore is made of a synthetic cable in the form of a so-called "spring".

On ships carrying in bulk flammable liquids with a vapor flash point below 60 0 С, it is allowed to use steel cables only on superstructure decks that are not the top of cargo bulk compartments, if pipelines for receiving and discharging cargo do not pass through these decks. It is possible to use artificial fiber ropes on tankers only with a special permit of the Register (the formation of sparks is possible if these ropes break).

For timely detection of defects, mooring lines should neless often than 1Raza at 6 monthsV be subject to scrutiny. Inspection should also be carried out after mooring at mooring lines in extreme conditions.

Depending on the position relative to the vessel, mooring lines are called: longitudinal, clamping, springs (bow and stern, respectively).

Mooring lines at the outboard end have a loop - fire, which is thrown on the coast pal or fasten with a bracket to the eye of the mooring barrel. The other end of the cable is fixed to the bollards installed on the deck of the vessel.

Knechts are paired cast-iron or steel pedestals located at some distance from each other, but having a common base. In addition to ordinary bollards, in some cases, especially on low-sided vessels, cross bollards are used, which can be either double or single.

Mooring cables on the bollards are fixed by imposing a series of hoses in the form of a figure eight so that the running end of the cable is on top. Usually two or three full eights are applied, and only in exceptional cases the number of hoses is brought to 10. To prevent the cable from self-resetting, a bout is applied to it. For fastening each mooring line, filed ashore, there must be a separate bollard.

Cluses. To pass the mooring lines from the ship to the shore, a mooring clewse is made in the bulwark - a round or oval hole bordered by a cast frame with smooth rounded edges. For wiring mooring lines from automatic winches, they usually install UniverWithal swivel closures. Such closures protect the cable from chafing. On ships following the Panama Canal, where the vessel is escorted through the locks with the help of coastal tractors, Panamanian fairleads must be installed, which have a larger radius of curvature of the working surface than that of the onboard one, and are better adapted to work with large diameter mooring lines.

Bale planks. Bale bars are designed to change the direction of the mooring. Most modern ships are equipped with bale bars from two or three separate rollers. Bale bars without rollers are usually used only on small vessels with a small diameter of the mooring line.

Rolls reduce wear on cables and reduce the effort required to retrieve them. The diverting (deck) rollers are installed near the mooring mechanism, which prevents the mooring line from being skewed on the drum (turret).

Views and banquets. Banquets and views are used to store mooring cables. The latter are a horizontal drum, the shaft of which is fixed in the frame bearings. On the sides of the drum there are discs that prevent the cable from coming off.

Mooring mechanisms. To select mooring lines, both mooring mechanisms specially installed for this purpose (for example, mooring capstans, winches, etc.) and other deck mechanisms (for example, windlasses, cargo winches, etc.) having mooring drums can be used. .

To select mooring cables on the tank, use tourAglasses windlass. Mooring capstans are installed to work with stern mooring lines. They take up little space on the deck, the capstan drive is located below deck.

AuthOmatichesToie seamTs lebcaustic can be installed to work with stern and bow moorings (Fig. 6.50). The mooring is constantly on the winch drum, it does not require preliminary preparation before feeding and transfer to the bollards after tightening. The winches automatically pull the vessel up, taking out the slack in the cable, or retract too much tension in the cable when changing the position of the vessel relative to the berth during cargo operations, during high or low tide.

The mooring device must be kept in good condition, ensuring its constant readiness for action. Bollards, mooring fairleads, bales, guide rollers must always be sufficiently smooth to prevent premature wear of the cables. Rollers, rollers and other moving parts must rotate easily, be well spaced and lubricated. Chain and cable stoppers, verb-gaki must be in good order.

In the presence of automatic mooring winches and mooring rotary fairleads, periodically turn the rollers of the fairleads and regularly lubricate the rubbing parts.

All ends, cables, fenders, mats, throwing lines must be dried in a timely manner, metal parts must be cleaned and lubricated.

When the vessel is moored, the following must be done:

it is forbidden to leave steel mooring lines on the windlass drums, even for a short time, since when pulling or jerking the mooring lines, the shafts of the mechanisms can be bent;

in places with a sharp fluctuation in the water level, it is recommended to use plant cables or cables made of synthetic materials as mooring ends;

during loading and unloading, it must be checked that all mooring lines are equally tight, do not have excessive slack or are not too tight. Particular attention should be paid to mooring lines in ports where water level fluctuations occur;

during strong winds or currents, the mooring lines that experience the greatest stress should be evenly taut. In the presence of swell, the mooring lines should have some slack in order to reduce their tension when the vessel sways;

during rain, mooring lines and bellows made of plant cables must be periodically etched, since, when wet, they shorten by 10 - 12% and may burst.

A steel mooring cable must be replaced if, at any point along its length equal to eight diameters, the number of wire breaks is 10% or more of the total number of wires, as well as if the cable is excessively deformed.

The plant cable must be replaced if the cables are broken, damaged, severely worn or deformed. Synthetic ropes must be replaced if the number of breaks and damage in the form of thread tears is 15% or more of the number of threads in the rope.

Content: On the introduction of the Rules for spelling and pronunciation of certain words and expressions adopted in
naval language.

In official correspondence and in various printed publications People's Commissariat of the Navy there is no unity in

the designation of the same objects and concepts from the field of naval use.

To stop discord and maintain the purity of the naval language, it is proposed:

1. Accept for guidance the Rules for Spelling and Pronunciation of Certain Words and Expressions Accepted in the Naval Language.

2. To study the rules for all officers of the navy and be guided by them both in literary work and in everyday official correspondence (reports, reports, orders).

3. To introduce the study of the Rules in naval educational institutions of all levels and categories, in which the course of the Russian language and literature is taught.

Appendix: Rules for the spelling and pronunciation of certain words and expressions adopted in the naval language.

Chief of the Main Naval Staff of the Navy

Vice Admiral ALAFUZOV

APPROVE

First Sea Lord
Vice Admiral Alafuzov
September 16, 1944

Agreed with the Institute of Language and
writing of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR.

Full member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR

S. Obnorsky

Spelling and pronunciation rules
some words and expressions adopted
in naval language

1. Basic benefits

The main aids for solving dubious issues of spelling and pronunciation are:

a) Academician A. A. Shakhmatov, Essay on the modern Russian literary language. Approved by the People's Commissariat of Education of the RSFSR as a manual for higher pedagogical educational institutions, third edition. State Educational and Pedagogical Publishing House, Moscow - 1936

Theoretically substantiated interpretation of general issues of Russian spelling and, in part, pronunciation;

b) Dictionary Russian language, edited by Professor D. N. Ushakov, ed. State. Institute "Sov. Encyclopedia, OGIZ,
1935

Interpretation, pronunciation and correct spelling of words of Russian origin included in modern Russian
language (except for proper names);

c) Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Spelling and pronunciation of most words, including many proper names, included in the modern Russian language;

G) Marine vocabulary, volume one, A-N, Naval publishing house of the NKVMF of the USSR, Moscow 1939 Leningrad;

e) Naval dictionary, volume two, O-Ya, State Naval Publishing House of the NKVMF, Moscow 1939 Leningrad

Spelling of naval terms that entered the language before the compilation of the dictionary;

f) Manual on the combat activities of the headquarters of the formations of the Navy. State, naval publishing house of the NKVMF, Moscow 1940 Leningrad

Forms of combat documents, the correct spelling of the numbering of ships and units, references to maps, dates, orientation to the cardinal points, geographical names;

g) Rules for maintaining operational maps, State publishing house NKVMF USSR, Moscow 1940 Leningrad

Correct spelling of abbreviations adopted in the Navy;

h) Manual on the field service of the headquarters of the Red Army. Military publishing house of the People's Commissariat of Defense of the USSR,
Moscow-1942

Correct spelling of abbreviations adopted in the Red Army;

i) Reference book of the ship composition of the navies of foreign states 1943, Office of the Naval Publishing House of the NKVMF of the USSR, Moscow - 1943

The correct spelling of the names of modern foreign warships and auxiliary ships in Russian and Latin transcriptions.

Everything that follows is based on the consensus guidelines of most of the manuals listed.

In the future, the Naval Atlas of the publication of the Hydrographic Department of the Navy, which is being prepared for publication, will join the main manuals.

d) documentary justification correct spelling geographical names.

2. About the spelling of some names
nouns

Nominative singular:

Prepositional singular:

Nominative plural:

Write	Do not write
contracts (pronounced contracts ABOUT ry)	agreements
engineers	engineer
warships	warships
boats (pron. boatA )	boats
conductors (pron. conductor ABOUT ry)	conductor
cruiser (pron. cruiser A )	cruisers
pilot (pron. pilot A )	pilots
midshipman (pron. midshipman A )	midshipmen
officers	officer
ports	port
seiners	seiner
court	ship
merchant ships	merchant ships
transports	transport
mooring lines	mooring lodge
navigator (pron. navigator A )	navigators
anchors	anchors

Genitive, accusative and prepositional plural:

3. About the spelling of some adjectives

Write	Do not write
two kilometers	2 km, 2 km
Odessa direction	Odessa direction
Odessa naval base	Odessa naval base
operational direction	operational direction
operational thinking	operational thinking
identification signal	identification signal
experimental pool	experimental pool
pilot test	pilot test
test kit	experimental set
prototype	prototype
experimental teaching	experimental learning
experienced sailor	-
experienced officer	-
smooth networks	smooth networks
Romanian coast	Romanian coast
three-gun volley	3-gun volley
typical operation	-
typical situation for the Gulf of Finland for the operation	-
The Gulf of Finland	-
Finnish coast	-
Finnish skerries	-
mooring tests of mechanisms	mooring tests of mechanisms

4. About the spelling of numbers

Numbers up to nine inclusive to indicate the number of items to write in words: eight boats. The number of items over nine can be shown both in words and numbers: ten boats (10 boats). Showing the number of items in numbers, write the items themselves in words: 10 divisions of minesweepers, and not 10 DTShch (the last abbreviation indicates the tenth division of minesweepers).

5. About the use of certain verbs

6. About the correct spelling of geographical names

The correct spelling of the geographical name is selected from the Index of the Nautical Atlas of the publication of the Hydrographic Directorate of the Navy or from latest edition corresponding sailing directions of the Main Directorate of the Navy of the USSR (using the alphabetical index). If there is no sailing direction covering the required area, then one should be guided by the spelling adopted in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia or in the Index of the Great Soviet Atlas of the World.

If necessary, in an official document, mention a foreign geographical name that is not in the Nautical Atlas and in the sailing directions of the Main Directorate of the USSR Navy, write it in the Latin alphabet, using the transcription of the sailing stations of the British Admiralty.

If a private geographical name consists of two words, both words are capitalized: Western Gogland reach, Eastern Bosporus.

7. About orientation in space

All directions are given in degrees or in rhumbs, adhering to the following provisions:

a) in degrees, give courses, bearings, lighting sectors of lighthouses, directions of alignments, directions from noticeable points to find the location of danger, signs of a floating fence, etc .;

b) the directions of winds, currents and coasts should always be given in rhumbs, and the construction of the phrase in this case should exclude the use of the name rhumb as an adjective. For example, you should write the wind S, the current goes to NW, the coast changes direction to SO, the coast has the direction NO - SW or the wind is north, the current goes to the northeast, but not "south wind", "northwest current", " southwest direction, etc.;

c) directions characterizing the orientation of the object (shore, cape, extremity, etc.) relative to the cardinal points should always be given in Russian words, for example, northern coast, southwestern extremity, east of the alignment, etc.;

d) directions that give orientation to coastal objects from the sea can be given in rhumbs and in degrees, for example, Cape Krugly at ONO 3 miles, Mount High at 136 ° 2.5 miles.

8. About the spelling of surnames

Surnames derived from Slavic roots ending in in , n , h , sky , tsky , y , y , a(like Danilin, Ivanov, Matveev, Ivanovsky, Ivanovich, Bely, Ivanetsky, Lebeda), as well as Soviet surnames that came from non-Slavic roots, and, finally, foreign surnames - Russified or firmly included in the everyday life of Russian writing and, moreover, consonant with Russian words ( Altvater, Amundsen), are declined in full accordance with the rules of nouns or adjectives.

Surnames of Slavic origin O and all surnames of non-Slavic origin, dissonant with Russian words, do not decline (Konyushenko, Traverse. Georgadze, Georgishvili, Yusuf-Zade).

9. About the spelling of ship names

The gender of the name of a ship (as part of speech - a noun or adjective), given together with the designation of its class or type, is subject to the gender of the designation of the class or type of ship.

Examples: the cruiser Aurora was withdrawn from the harbor; Submarine The Walrus left the harbor; the schooner "Sailor" entered the harbor.

In official documents, the names of ships must be preceded by class or type designations: destroyer Gordy. In this case, only the designation of the class or type is inclined, and the name of the ship remains unchanged.

Example: it is not advisable to leave without the destroyer Gordy.

10. About abbreviations

The abuse of abbreviations makes it difficult to read, obscures the meaning and sometimes leads to erroneous interpretation of the text.

The use of abbreviations is allowed only there. where it is inevitable: in operational documents, in watch logs, military operations, historical, in official manuals and in tables, where this is due to lack of space or the desire to avoid the repetition of cumbersome designations.

At the same time, in publications intended for a wide range of readers. only those abbreviations given in Rules for maintaining operational maps and in Instructions for the field service of the headquarters of the Red Army . Only in publications intended for a narrow circle of readers belonging to the composition of one special service, conditional abbreviations adopted within this service are allowed.

Using the legal abbreviation BTSCH, remember that this means a basic minesweeper, and not a “high-speed minesweeper”, KATSCH is a minesweeper-boat, not a “boat minesweeper”.

The abbreviated designations of ship classes given in operational documents are doubled only in cases where we are talking about the plural number of ships without indicating their number.

Example: KL KL to line up in the wake column, but: three KL lined up in the wake column.

The number of ships whose class is given by an abbreviated designation should be written in words.

Example: three TFRs (three patrol ships).

The number preceding the abbreviation of the ship class indicates the serial number of the ship.

Example: 3 SKR = third patrol ship.

The abbreviated designation of the ship class or type of aircraft, given without a number, is written without quotation marks.

Example: two MO boats, U-2 aircraft, one La-5.

However, the type of aircraft, denoted by the full name of the designer or the full code name, is written in quotation marks.

Example: two Douglas, three Flying Fortress aircraft.

The abbreviated designation of the class or type of ship in combination with a number, thus depicting the name (proper name) of the ship, is written in quotation marks (until the second half of the 19th century, ship names were written without quotation marks, but in print they were highlighted in italics), For example: "MO-114", "M-172", "Sch-21".

Ultrasonic underwater surveillance device of the type developed by the Anglo-American organization Anti Submarine Defense
International Commitee, call Asdic, not Azdic.

The abbreviated designations of metric measures and various physical quantities adopted in the USSR should be depicted in strict accordance with the existing all-Union standards (OST).

For example: m (meter), km (kilometer), kg / (kilogram), t (tonne) without dots (particularly because m is an abbreviation for minutes, and t can be taken as an abbreviation of the word thousand). The word mile has no abbreviation and is always written in full (m means meter, and m means minute). The word cable is abbreviated cab.

General names of geographical points (island, cape, mountain, city) in all cases, except for sailing directions, write in full.

For example , Gogland Island. In sailing directions, the following abbreviated designations of geographical points are allowed with their own names following them:

Island - about.
River - r.
Village - with.

City - Mr.
Cape - m.
Lake - oz.

In other cases (other than pilots) abbreviation of common names geographical objects can lead to confusion (b. can be understood as a bay, bank, base and tower, d. can be understood as a city and as a mountain, o. as an island and as a lake, etc.).

In operational documents, charters and in popular literature, the abbreviated designation of geographical coordinates should be depicted as follows: lat. 00°00" N, long 00° 00" 0 or
lat. 00 ° 00" north, long 00 ° 00" stop

In the combat log, in accordance with the Rules for maintaining operational maps (p. 28), with an abbreviated designation of coordinates, latitude is given without indicating north or south; longitude - without indicating east or west: w = 59°17", 0, d = 27°18", 5.

IN scientific papers(according to OST 6345) geographical latitude and longitude are indicated fi φ And lambda λ .

In written documents, avoid naming classes of ships by abbreviations that are allowed (according to the Rules for Maintaining Operational Charts) for transmission by telephone and semaphore: battleship, destroyer, gunboat, submarine.

In operational documents drawn up in a hurry, it is allowed to use the abbreviations LK, EM, KL, PL, and in all other cases write in full: battleship, destroyer, gunboat, submarine.

11. About the use of Russian and Latin alphabets

Names of foreign ships in newspapers, magazines (except magazine "Marine Collection" ) and in popular literature write in Russian letters, using the Russian transcription of the alphabetical index "Handbook of the ship composition of the navies of foreign states". If at the same time it is necessary to give a genuine foreign-language name, then write it in Latin alphabet in brackets after the Russian name. In the magazine "Marine Collection" and in printed publications of a research nature, write the names of foreign ships of the new time in the Latin alphabet in the transcription of the publication corresponding in time "Handbook of the ship's composition of the naval
fleets of foreign states" or Jane's Fighting Ships. When describing the past names of the ships of the Eastern states that did not use the Latin alphabet at one time (Greece, Egypt, Iran, Turkey, Siam, China, Japan), write in Russian.

Head of the Department of the General Staff for the study and generalization of the experience of war

Captain 1st rank N. OZAROVSKY.

Notes in the order:

The Russian language allows equally both forms: boats - boats. cruisers - cruisers, however, in the everyday life of the fleet and in naval literature to the second
half of the 19th century, the shape of the boat and cruiser was firmly established: "The first mine boats had such an insignificant move that they could not overtake
no warship. . . " (S. O. Makarov. Discourses on naval tactics, p. 321. Voenmorizdat. 1943).

So: boats. cruisers, pilots, midshipmen, navigators, anchors - represent a general literary form.

Form: boats, cruisers, pilots, midshipmen, navigators, are used in the naval language as a professional uniform.

Pertaining to experiments (experimental).

Experienced.

About the movement of the boat.

* A geographical private name - a proper name - is written with a capital letter.

Finnish, Romanian and all sorts of other coasts - common nouns, may be different - are written with a lowercase letter.

Let go to the bottom.

Mooring device Purpose, location, general scheme

Mooring device - a set of devices and mechanisms located on the upper deck and designed to securely hold the ship at the berth (pier), floating structures or the side of another ship. It provides mooring of the ship with the stern, side (lag) and bow, and is also used for towing, transferring cargo on the move and in other cases.

Mooring lines. Material of mooring lines. Names of mooring lines depending on the location

Mooring device - a set of devices and mechanisms located on the upper deck and designed to securely hold the ship at the berth (pier), floating structures or the side of another ship. It provides mooring of the ship with the stern, side (lag) and bow, and is also used for towing, transferring cargo on the move and in other cases.

Warts - steel, vegetable or synthetic ropes (cables). Currently, synthetic mooring lines are mainly used. These mooring lines have a number of advantages: they are light, flexible, durable, elastic (jerks are extinguished), but there are also disadvantages: they melt during friction, collapse in the sun, and when they break, they release enormous kinetic energy (which is dangerous for mooring operators).

The mooring device is designed to fasten the vessel to the berth, mooring barrels and bollards or to the side of another vessel.

The device includes:

Mooring cables;

Bale planks;

guide rollers;

Mooring mechanisms.

Auxiliaries:

stoppers;

Throwing ends;

Mooring cables (mooring lines, mooring lines) There are steel, vegetable and synthetic.

Mooring cables (ropes ). As mooring ends are used vegetable, steel and synthetic cables . steel cables are used less and less, as they poorly perceive dynamic loads, require great physical effort when transferring from the ship to the berth. Most common on sea ​​vessels are steel mooring lines with a diameter of 19 to 28 mm.

Service life of ship cables:

Steel cables - running rigging 2 to 4 years ;

Vegetable and synthetic ropes - cable work - 3 years , perline - 2 years ;

- other cables - 1 year.

The ends of the mooring cables end in a loop called - fire.

Number mooring cables on the ship, their length and thickness determined by the Register Rules .

The scheme for establishing mooring ends is shown in rice.

Main mooring lines served from the bow and stern ends of the vessel to directions, excluding vessel movement along the berth and departure from it . IN depending on direction mooring lines got their names . Moorings , wound up from the bow and stern ends of the vessel , holding back vessel from the movement along the pier are called bow (1) and stern (2) longitudinal. Shvartov, whose direction opposite to longitudinal called spring. Nasal (3) and stern (4)springs used for the same purposes as longitudinal ends. Moorings, wound up perpendicular to the berth , are called nasal (5) And aft (6) pressure. The clamping ends do not allow the vessel to move away from the berth in the squeezing wind.

Knights - cast or welded bollards (steel and cast iron) for fastening mooring cables. On transport ships, paired bollards are usually installed with two pedestals on common ground, hot flashes to hold the lower cable hoses, and hats does not allow the upper hoses of the mooring line to jump off the bollards.

They also install bollards with pedestals without tides,

and bollards with cross .

Bits with a cross convenient for fastening mooring lines directed top at an angle to the deck . Similar bollards establish in bow and stern parts of the ship both sides are symmetrical .

Sometimes on ships they install one bollard bollards – bitengs , which are used in towing .

bitengi- represent massive cabinets , whose bases are attached to upper deck or passed through it and attached to one of the lower decks . To hold the cable on the bits, there are spreaders .

Convenient when performing mooring operations - bollards with rotating pedestals, equipped with a locking device.

Pinned to moorings put "eight" two or three hoses on the bollards, and then on Turkish girl windlass. When rope choose , cabinets rotate and freely pass the cable . When the cable is selected, the bollards rotate and freely pass the cable. At the right time, remove the cable from Turkish women and impose and impose additional hoses on the curbstones of the bollard. At the same time, the stopper keeps the cabinets from rotating.

Cluses - devices through which the mooring lines are passed from the vessel. Cluses are steel (cast iron) with holes round shape ,

or oval shape , bordering holes in ship's bulwark .

Working surface hawse has smooth curves excluding sharp bends of mooring lines .

For mooring to board a vessel of small-sized floating craft, use hawsers with tides - horns.

In places where instead bulwark railing made , on the deck at the edge of the side, special cluses are fixed.

Strong mooring line friction about the working surfaces of the hawse of these structures leads to rapid wear of cables , especially synthetic, therefore, ships are widely used universal cleats ,

And swivel universal closures.

The universal hawse has vertical and horizontal rollers freely rotating in bearings, forming a gap into which the cable supplied to the shore is passed. Rotation of one of the rollers when the cable is pulled from any direction significantly reduces friction. The rotary universal fairlead has a rotating ball-bearing cage in the body.

Bale planks have the same purpose as mooring fairleads .

By design, bale slats are simple ,

with bitten ,

with one roller ,

with two rollers ,

with three – rollers.

For wiring mooring lines supplied to high berths and ships with high sides, apply closed bale slats.

The most widespread bale planks with rollers , the use of which is significantly reduces the cost of efforts to overcome the friction forces that occur during the selection of the cable .

For wiring mooring cables from the hawse to the drums of mooring mechanisms, metal pedestals with guide rollers.

Views - designed to store mooring cables. They have locking devices . Install them in bow and stern parts of the vessel not too much far from the knechts .

Mooring mechanisms- serve to pull the vessel on the established mooring lines to the berth, board of another vessel, barrel, to pull the vessel along the berth, as well as automatically adjust the tension of the mooring lines in case of fluctuations in the water level, tidal currents, changes in draft during loading or unloading of the vessel.

Mooring mechanisms include:

- windlass;

- mooring spiers;

- anchor mooring winches;

- simple and automatic winches.

windlasses and mooring capstans, have drums (turchki), which are used to select mooring cables .

On ships without stern anchor device , installed at the stern of the vessel mooring capstans that do not have a chain drum.

Vertical arrangement of the axis of rotation of the mooring drum capstan allows choose mooring lines from any direction . Concave outdoor the surface of the capstan drum and windlass can be smooth or have vertical welps - rounded ribs .

Welps- prevent the cable from sliding on the drum. However, due to kinks on them, mooring cables are damaged faster . Therefore, with widespread use on ships synthetic ropes , subject to greater friction when working on a capstan, capstan drums make smooth .

Anchor mooring winches, installed on some ships instead of windlasses , and are used during mooring operations in the same way as windlasses.

Simple mooring winch It has electric motor with built-in disc brake . The rotation of the winch engine through the mechanisms inside is transmitted to the shaft with the mooring drum. Through work disc brake, you can adjust the rotation speed of the mooring drum.

Automatic mooring winch compares favorably with a simple winch in that it can work in manual and automatic mode . IN manual mode winch is used for pulling the ship to the pier and for the selection of given cables. After the cable is selected tight, it remains on the winch drum . winch switch to automatic mode by setting required cable tension . At change, for whatever reason, the tension of the cable, the winch automatically picks up or etchs the mooring cable, providing a constant tension of the mooring cable .

Automatic winches are manufactured in two versions:

- with mooring cock connected to the mooring drum by a disconnecting clutch;

- without turkish , which are installed near the windlass and capstan.

Stoppers serve to hold the mooring cables in tensioned state when transferring them from the drum of the mooring mechanism to the bollards.

Stoppers are: chain (Fig. a), vegetable or synthetic (Fig. b).

chain stopper represents 10 mm rigging chain , And length 2 - 4 m , with a long link for fastening with a bracket to the deck butt, at the other end of the stopper, a vegetable or synthetic cable with a length of at least 1.5 m . And thick V two times thinner than the mooring end.

Stopper from vegetable or synthetic rope It is made from the same material as the mooring cables only twice as thin.

Throwing end necessary for supplying the mooring cable to the shore when the vessel approaches the berth.

Throwing end- This vegetable or synthetic tench thick 25 mm , length - 30 - 40 m , on one side of which is attached lightness (cargo braided with a thin vegetable torso) for increasing throw distance , the other end is tied to the fire of the mooring cable .

Fenders.

Fenders - intended for ship hull protection from hitting the quay wall , or about side of another ship during mooring operations and ship parking.

Fenders there are soft And tough

Soft fenders- This bags tightly stuffed with elastic material And braided with strands plant cable or packed in special cases . Soft fenders have a yoke with a thimble for attaching a vegetable or synthetic cable to it, the length of which should be sufficient overboard at low berths and the smallest draft.

Rigid fenders- wooden blocks suspended on cables to the side of the vessel. To give such a fender elasticity, it is wrapped around the entire length with a vegetable or synthetic cable.

Steering device of the ship.

Steering gear- serves for ship control . With steering gear you can change the direction of the vessel or keep it on a given course . During keeping the ship on a given course, the task of the steering device is to counteract external forces:

The flow that can cause the ship to deviate from the intended course .

Steering devices have been known since the appearance of the first floating craft. In ancient times, steering devices were large swing oars mounted on the stern, on one or both sides of the vessel. During the Middle Ages, they began to be replaced by an articulated rudder, which was placed on the sternpost in the diametrical plane of the ship. In this form, it has been preserved to this day.

The steering device consists of the following parts:

- Steering wheel allows you to keep the ship on a given course and change the direction of its movement. It consists of a steel flat or streamlined hollow structure - rudder blade , and a vertical rotary shaft - ballera rigidly connected to the rudder blade. To the top end ballera brought to one of the decks planted sector or a lever tiller, to which an external force is applied to turn baller .

- steering motor through the drive turns the stock, which ensures the rudder shift. Engines are steam, electric and electro-hydraulic. The engine is installed in the tiller compartment of the vessel.

- Control post serves for remote control of the steering motor. It is installed in the wheelhouse. Controls are usually mounted on the same column with the autopilot. To control the position of the rudder blade relative to the center plane of the vessel, indicators are used - axiometers.

Depending on the principle of action, there are:

Passive rudders;

Active rudders.

Passive called steering devices that allow you to turn the vessel only during the course, during the movement of water relative to the hull.

Unlike him active The rudder allows the vessel to be steered whether it is moving or stationary.

According to the position of the rudder blade relative to the axis of rotation of the stock, there are:

- simple steering wheel - the plane of the rudder blade is located behind the axis of rotation of the propeller ;

- semi-balanced steering wheel- only a large part of the rudder blade is located behind the axis of rotation of the propeller, due to which there is a reduced torque when the rudder is shifted;

- balance wheel– the rudder blade is located on both sides of the axis of rotation so that no moments occur when the rudder is shifted.

Active steering- an electric motor is built into the rudder blade, which drives the propeller. The electric motor for protection against damage is placed in the nozzle. By turning the rudder blade along with the propeller at a certain angle, a transverse stop appears, which makes it easier to turn the vessel. The active rudder also performs its functions while the vessel is at anchor. Active rudders are usually mounted on special courts where high maneuverability is required.

To facilitate the maneuverability of the vessel during mooring operations, bow and stern thrusters are used. Thrusters distinguish between:

- thrusters With counter-rotating screws.

- thruster with reverse rotation of the propeller.

In order for the active rudder to work, the feather of the passive rudder must stand at a certain angle. The rudder stock is driven by a rudder mounted below deck at the stern of the vessel..

Operating principle steering gear with electric drive.

1 hand wheel drive (emergency drive);

2 tiller;

3 gearbox;

4 steering sector;

5 electric motor;

6 spring;

7 stock rudder;

8 rudder blade;

9 segment worm wheel and brake;

10 worm.

If it is needed turn the rudder , you need to run electric motor with a certain speed which is associated with steering column on navigation bridge . Through electrical devices (synchros, rotating transformers ) torque from the helm steering column on navigation bridge transferred to steering gear motor and from it to the rudder blade.

At electrical steering faults steering wheel is driven movement by means of a manually operated mechanism consisting of a hand wheel drive . By turning steering wheel through worm gear rotation is transferred to tiller and from him to rudder stock .

On modern ships use an electro-hydraulic steering gear .

1 connector for connection to the ship's electrical network;

2 ship cable connections;

3 spare hydraulic fluid canister;

4 steering pump;

5 steering column with telemotor sensor;

6 indicator device;

7 telemotor receiver;

8 engine;

9 hydraulic steering machine;

10 stock rudder;

11 steering indicator sensor.

When the steering wheel is rotated on the steering column in the wheelhouse, the transmitting and receiving telemotor sensor on the steering column and steering machine is triggered. flowing under pressure into pipeline, the fluid drives a rod in the telemotor receiver, which transmits the movement to the steering pump in the appropriate direction . From the steering pump, the movement is transmitted to the rudder stock.

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In all cartoons and movies about the sea, ships, pirates, we hear the captain of the ship or his assistant shouting the command “Give up the moorings!”. This phrase is clearly associated with works of art, but it is still used on real ships to this day, not only on sea, but also on air.

The meaning of the word "mooring"

Most of the maritime terminology associated with the types of ships, navigation methods, has Arabic roots, including the words "ship", "galley", "admiral". This is not surprising, since the Arab navigators were the first to connect trade routes The Arabian Peninsula with Madagascar, Ceylon, India and even China in the pre-Islamic period.

And various devices, mechanisms - belong to the Dutch and English, For example galley, bollard, mast, rigging. The Europeans were engaged in the technological development of shipbuilding, and it was not for nothing that the future Emperor Peter I studied maritime business in Holland and England. He personally created the first in Russia "Naval Charter » in 1720, where it is mentioned mooring lines .

There are two versions of the origin of the word "moorings":

1. The Dutch "zwaar touw" means "heavy rope";
2. The English words "shore" and "tow" mean shore and tugboat.

Thus, mooring rope - a device for tying a ship to a pier or another ship during docking.

The word is used not only in maritime affairs, but also in aviation. So the planes are moored at the parking lot so that they are not blown away by a strong gust of wind.

In Dahl's dictionary, in addition to the already indicated meaning, the mooring is called the sea berth, to which the ship docks. Synonyms: sheima, jamb.

Also in the speech of sailors, the word "mooring" is used, which means a spare anchor.

In the device of the vessel, there are many ropes, cables, ropes and chains, which together hold the individual parts together, and are also used to transport goods, control the ship. Together they are called rigging.

Separately, the ropes that control the sails are distinguished - they are called tackle.

Mooring ropes, like other cables on a ship, are made of the following materials:

• steel chain;
• hemp;
• Synthetics (polypropylene, terylene);
• vegetable fibers;
• sailcloths;
• In ancient times - coir, fibers of the coconut palm;
• Wires.

On the ship there are such ropes:

1. Bakshtov. Used for fastening small vessels to the ship, including boats;
2. Slings. Suitable for handling loads, hanging, tying and moving, both within the board and during unloading ashore;
3. Buyarep. It is attached to the anchor and, due to a special wooden float, determines its location;
4. Sorlin. Controls the operation of the steering wheel and helps in case of breakage;
5. Springs. One of the types of mooring cables is fed in such a way as to keep the ship in a given position when moored at the pier.

What does it mean to give the moorings?

The command to “give up the mooring lines” or “give up the ends” sounds on the ship at the moment when the ship is preparing to moor. At this moment, at the pier they “take mooring lines”, that is, they catch the end of the rope and fasten the ship to the shore. At the same time, the sails are lowered, the anchor is dropped.

Types of ends or throws:

• Root;
• Running.

The end consists of fire, tench, that is, a plant cable, and lightness- a canvas bag filled with sand.

Mooring operations

Mooring to the shore and leaving it by ship is one of the most complex operations that require well-coordinated work of the ship's crew and sailors on the pier. Collectively they are referred to as "mooring operations".

The process of mooring, that is, mooring, occurs as follows:

1. Senior members of the team: captain's assistants, mechanic, senior sailor - take their places on the bow, stern.
2. At the end of the mooring rope, which is attached to the berth, there is a loop called fire - from the Dutch "eye";
3. On the deck and the pier there are paired bollards for fastening the cable - bollards;
4. The end is passed through special holes in the deck - hawse, bale planks;
5. Having laid the rope with canvas in places of friction, the ends are thrown on command first from the bow, then the rest;
6. After the ropes are attached to the marine knot, the attachment points are covered with anti-rat shields.

Fenders are laid between the side of the ship and the pier - rubber balls or used tires filled with air. They are needed so that the ship's hull is not damaged.

In cases where it is not possible to moor to the shore, the vessel is secured to one or more mooring barrels.

When unmooring, that is, setting off from the shore, the process differs only in that the mooring lines are given from the berth, and they are taken on deck and pulled in.

Maritime knots and ship securing

Naturally, when fastening a ship to the shore, one cannot do without sea knots. During mooring, the following types are used:

• Vyblochny knot with a loop. It got its name thanks to vyblenkami - rope steps along which sailors climb the mast. Used for tying ropes on objects with a smooth surface;
• Knot half bayonet. Safety knot, strengthens the root in case of increased load.

As we can see, mooring is a labor-intensive process associated with navigation and aviation. It shows the teamwork of the crew, the perfection of technological devices on the ship. Despite the fact that the term is at least three hundred years old, in the Navy you can hear the command “Give up the moorings!” daily until now.

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