The opportunity to dive to the bottom of the sea is due to the Swiss scientist-inventor Auguste Piccard. As a professor of physics at the University of Brussels, Piccard was actively involved in atmospheric research, taking an active part in the preparation and implementation of several flights on stratospheric balloons.

The first flight took place on May 27, 1931 from the site in Augsburg; in addition to Auguste Piccard, Paul Kipfer became its participant. Scientists have climbed into the stratosphere for the first time in history. The height they managed to reach was 15,785 meters.

The second flight took place in 1932, on August 18. This time, Max Cosins flew with Piccard. Stratostat launch was made from Zurich, and the height reached was 16,200 meters. In total, Auguste Piccard took part in 27 flights, reaching maximum height 23,000 meters.

By the mid-1930s, Piccard came up with the idea of ​​​​the possible use of a balloon with a pressurized gondola (this is what stratospheric balloons looked like) to explore the ocean depths inaccessible to humans. Alas, the outbreak of the Second World War did not allow him to bring to its logical conclusion the developments begun in 1937.

Piccard returned to them in 1945 when the war ended. The resulting apparatus was called a bathyscaphe, having formed a word from Greek roots meaning "deep" and "vessel". Piccard's creation looked like this: a sealed steel gondola for the crew, to which a large float was attached, filled with gasoline to ensure buoyancy. To be able to surface after diving, several tons of steel ballast were used. The ballast was held by electromagnets during the dive. This design ensured the ascent of the bathyscaphe even in the event of a possible equipment failure.

The first deep-sea submersibles

The first bathyscaphe received the code name FNRS-2, its tests took place in 1948, and two years later the device was handed over to the French fleet. Until 1954, several modifications were made to the FNRS-2. As a result, the bathyscaphe with the crew on board dived to a depth of 4,176 meters.

The next apparatus, on which Auguste Piccard worked already together with his son Jacques, was the Trieste bathyscaphe, assembled at the shipyards of the Italian city of Trieste, after which it was named. It was on this device that Jacques Piccard, together with US Navy Lieutenant Don Walsh, made the first ever dive to the bottom of the Mariana Trench, the deepest place in the world's oceans. The explorer conquered the depth of 10,916 meters.

There are only five bathyscaphes (with a gasoline float) in history, two of them (FNRS-2 and Trieste) were designed by Auguste Piccard. Other profits were created in the USA ("Trieste-2"), France ("Archimedes") and the USSR ("Poisk-6").

The history of further underwater research is already connected with deep-sea manned vehicles, which are not formally bathyscaphes, since their design lacks a float filled with gasoline. One of these devices will be discussed further.

Deep-sea submersibles "Mir"

There are generally two devices. Today both are used Russian Academy Sciences and based on board the research vessel "Akademik Mstislav Keldysh". The history of the Mir submersibles began in the early 1980s, when the USSR Academy of Sciences decided to get at its disposal submersibles for deep-sea research.

It was not possible to create such devices on the territory of the USSR and an attempt was made to order them abroad. As a result, a diplomatic crisis arose between the United States and Soviet Union. It arose in connection with an international treaty, according to which a number of countries, including Canada, with which negotiations were initially held on the construction of the device, do not have the right to "export advanced technologies to the USSR."

As a result, the construction of the Mir spacecraft was carried out in Finland. However, in this case, it was not without diplomatic troubles. Be that as it may, the devices were eventually not only built, but also successfully put into operation.

The idea of ​​devices and their development is entirely the merit of Soviet scientists and designers. The Mir devices were manufactured in 1987 by the Finnish company Rauma Repola and installed on the base ship. The base ship - "Akademik Mstislav Keldysh" - left the stocks of the Finnish shipyard Hollming in the city of Rauma in 1981. Today, the ship and devices belong to the Institute of Oceanology. P.P. Shirshov RAS.

World structure"

The body of the apparatus is a spherical gondola made of martensitic, highly alloyed steel, with a nickel content of 18%. Nickel-cadmium batteries 100 kWh are used as a power plant.

On board there are places for three crew members: a pilot, an engineer and a scientist-observer. The observer and engineer lie on the side benches, the pilot sits or kneels in a niche in front of the dashboard. An emergency rescue system is also provided.

Scope of application

The maximum depth available to the Mir devices is 6,000 meters. This allows for research focused on different outcomes. For example, the devices were used to survey the site of the sinking of the Komsomolets submarine.

From the moment of commissioning and until 1991, the Mir vehicles took part in 35 research expeditions in the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Already after the collapse of the USSR, the Mir devices were used to explore Lake Baikal, this expedition took place in 2008. In 2011, the devices worked in Switzerland on the research of Lake Geneva.

• Free electronic encyclopedia Wikipedia, section "Batiscaphe".
• Free electronic encyclopedia Wikipedia, section "Deep-sea manned vehicle "FNRS-2"
• Free electronic encyclopedia Wikipedia, section "Trieste (bathyscaphe)"
• Free electronic encyclopedia Wikipedia, section "World (deep-sea vehicles)".
• Yurnev A.P. uninhabited underwater vehicles.

”), the water pressure is about 1,100 kgf / cm 2, respectively, the air in gas cylinders must be compressed to a larger value.

Until the early 2000s, it was believed that it was possible to design gas cylinders, pipelines, valves and other fittings designed for a pressure of more than 1,100 kgf / cm 2, while having a reasonable weight, dimensions and 100% reliability for a ship technically impossible. Currently, manufacturers of pipeline gas fittings, fittings and seamless pipes offer serial products with colossal working pressures up to 10,500 kgf / cm 2 (1050.0 MPa) with tightness class “A” according to GOST 4594-2005 “Pipeline valves. seal tightness classes and norms”, which moved the discussion from the plane “ technical possibility» fabrication of the device in a plane « expediency» manufacturing.

It should also be borne in mind that compressed gases cool during expansion, and when the pressure decreases from colossal to normal, the cooled gas can cause freezing of valves, kingstones and other fittings.

The idea to build a deep-sea vehicle capable of reaching the extreme ocean depths came to the Swiss scientist Auguste Picard in the pre-war years while working on the world's first stratospheric balloon. FNRS-1. Auguste Piccard proposed to build a ship, arranged according to the principle of a balloon, stratosphere balloon or airship. Instead of a balloon filled with hydrogen or helium, the submersible should have a float filled with some substance with a density less than that of water. A substance under high pressure should not change its physical and Chemical properties, the float must carry the load and at the same time maintain the positive buoyancy of the vessel. Immersion of the apparatus, called bathyscaphe, occurs with the help of a heavy load (ballast), for ascent to the surface, the ballast is dropped. First bathyscaphe FNRS-2 was built by Auguste Picard in 1948.

Answering the question why, after the stratospheric balloon, he began to design a bathyscaphe, Auguste Picard noted that

these devices are extremely similar to each other, although their purpose is opposite.

With his usual sense of humor, he explained:

Perhaps fate wanted to create this similarity precisely in order to work on the creation of both devices, one scientist could ...

Of course, constructing a bathyscaphe is not fun for children. It is necessary to solve an infinite number of complex problems. But there are no insurmountable difficulties!

Auguste Piccard

Design

The design of the bathyscaphe FNRS-3

1 - nose 2 And 6 - water ballast tanks 3 - open cabin 4 - deck hatch 5 - water-filled shaft 7 - feed 8 And 18 - compartments filled with gasoline 9 And 14 - emergency ballast

10 - "lobby" 11 - hatch in the gondola (with porthole) 12 - "cell" 13 - gondola 15 - bunkers with "shot" 16 - porthole 17 - spotlight 19 - compensating compartment 20 - guidedrop

The bathyscaphe consists of two main parts: a light hull - a float and a strong hull - a gondola.

Float(light body) has the same meaning as a lifeline for a drowning person or like a hydrogen or helium balloon on an airship. In the compartments of the float there is a substance lighter than water, which imparts positive buoyancy to the vessel. On bathyscaphes of the middle of the 20th century, gasoline was used, having a density of about 700 kg / m 3. One cubic meter of gasoline is capable of keeping afloat a load weighing about 300 kg. To equalize the hydrostatic pressure inside the float with the pressure external environment- gasoline is separated from water by an elastic partition, which allows gasoline to compress. Probably, in the middle of the 20th century, shipbuilders could not find a substance better than gasoline, and in a bathyscaphe Deepsea Challenger(2012) used a composite material containing hollow glass spheres.

It is very promising to use as a float filler lithium- a metal with a density almost half that of water (more precisely, 534 kg / m 3), which means that one cubic meter of lithium can keep afloat almost 170 kg more than one cubic meter of gasoline. However, lithium is an alkali metal that actively reacts with water, it is necessary to somehow reliably separate these substances, to prevent their contact.

• On the surface, the bathyscaphe is held by compartments filled with gasoline and due to the fact that the ballast water tanks, the shaft for landing the crew in the gondola and the free space in the shot bins are filled with air.
• After the water ballast tanks, the crew landing shaft in the gondola and the free space in the shot bins are filled with water, the dive begins. These volumes maintain constant communication with the outboard space to equalize the hydrostatic pressure in order to avoid hull deformation.
• Since gasoline (at high pressure) compresses more than water, the buoyant force decreases, the bathyscaphe sinks faster, the crew must constantly drop ballast (steel shot).

1. if the mass of the ball $G$ less than the mass of water it displaces $V$- then it will float and float on its surface;
2. if the mass of the ball $G$ more than the mass of water it displaces $V$- then he will drown (reach the bottom);
3. if the mass of the ball $G$ equal to the mass of water it displaces $V$- then he can swim in the water column.

Determine the mass of the hollow ball: $G\; =\; \backslash frac(1)(6)\; \backslash pi\; (D^3\; -\; d^3)\; \backslash gamma\_m$

Let us determine the mass of water displaced by the ball (when it is completely immersed): $V\; =\; \backslash frac(1)(6)\; \backslash pi\; D^3\; \backslash gamma\_v$, Where

We are interested in the wall thickness of the bathysphere, at which swimming in the water column is possible: $S\; =\; \backslash frac(D\; -\; d)(2)$

Therefore, we equate both equations (since $V=G$) :

$\backslash frac(1)(6)\; \backslash pi\; (D^3\; -\; d^3)\; \backslash gamma\_m\; =\; \backslash frac(1)(6)\; \backslash pi\; D^3\; \backslash gamma\_v$

Now we divide both its parts into the product $\backslash frac(1)(6)\; \backslash pi\; D^3$, after which we get: $(1\; -\; \backslash frac(d^3)(D^3))\; \backslash gamma\_m\; =\; \backslash gamma\_v$

Now let's define the relation $\backslash frac(d)(D)$ according to the formula $\backslash sqrt\; (1\; -\; (\backslash frac(\backslash gamma\_v)(\backslash gamma\_m)))$

Let's accept: specific gravity sea ​​water $\backslash gamma\_v\; =\; 1.025$, specific gravity of steel $\backslash gamma\_m\; =\; 7.85$, Then $\backslash frac(d)(D)\; =\; 0.955$, hence $S\; =\; \backslash frac(D-d)(2)\; =\; D\backslash frac((1)-(0.955))(2)\; =\; 0.0225\; D$

Thus, in order for a steel hollow sphere to float in the water column, its wall thickness must be $0,0225$ outside diameter. If the wall is thicker, the bathysphere will sink (fall to the bottom), if it is thinner, it will float to the surface.

Now let's calculate at what pressure $\backslash Rho$ bathysphere will be crushed. Suppose shipbuilders used a fairly strong steel with a permissible stress of 5,000 kg / cm 2 (denoted $\backslash sigma$):

$\backslash sigma\; =\; \backslash frac(\backslash Rho\; D)(4S)$- the elementary formula for the strength of a ball under compression under water pressure,

from here $\backslash Rho\; =\; \backslash frac(\backslash sigma4S)(D)\; =\; 5000\; \backslash times\; 4\; \backslash times\; 0.0225\; =\; 450~kg/cm^2$. This pressure corresponds to a diving depth of 4,500 meters.

If shipbuilders take aluminum alloy with a specific gravity $\backslash gamma\_m\; =\; 2.8$ And $\backslash sigma=6000$ kg / cm 2, then $\backslash sqrt\; (1\; -\; (\backslash frac(1.025)(2.8)))\; =\; 0.86$, A $S\; =\; \backslash frac((1)-(0.86))(2)\; =\; 0.0705$, Then $\backslash Rho\; =\; \backslash frac(\backslash sigma4S)(D)\; =\; 6000\; \backslash times\; 4\; \backslash times\; 0.0705\; =\; 1800~kg/cm^2$. This pressure corresponds to a diving depth of 18,000 meters, this will be enough to conquer the Challenger Abyss not in a bathyscaphe.

• The above calculations do not take into account the increase in the density of sea water at great depths, as well as changes in its density associated with changes in temperature.
• It is assumed that the sphere retains a constant volume (does not shrink at depth).
• These formulas are valid only if the bathysphere does not carry any payload (crew, instruments, and so on). In reality, the maximum immersion depth from which an equipped underwater non-floating vehicle (with crew, equipment, instruments) can surface will be much less than the theoretical one.

Representatives

• "Bentos-300" (USSR)
• "Denise" (SP-350) (France) - 1959
• Alvin (DSV-2) (USA) - 1964
• Mermaid-3 (Germany)
• VOL-L1 (Great Britain)
• "SP-3000 (Siana)" (France)
• Yomiuri (Japan)
• "Pices" (Canada)
• Yuzuki (Japan)
• "Moana" (France)
• "North-2" (USSR)
• Nautile (France)
• Shinkai 2000 (Japan)
• "Shinkai 6500" (Shinkai 6500) (Japan)
• Argus (Russia)
• "Rus" (Russia)
• OSA-3 600 (USSR)
• Nuclear deep-sea stations of project 210 "Losharik" - a submarine with a polyspherical strong hull built on the principle of a bathysphere (Russia) - 2003.
• "Priz" (Russia)
• « Consul» (Russia) - 2010.
• « Mir-1" And " Mir-2"(USSR, Russia) - 1987.

• In 1967, a swordfish attacked the manned deep-sea submersible Alvin. Having reached the bottom at a depth of 610 m off the coast of Florida, the device disturbed this inhabitant of the ocean, who was resting on sandy ground. The sword pierced the outer polystyrene shell of the light hull and lodged in it without damaging the nearby electrical cable. As it turned out, the light of the porthole attracted the fish.
• On March 15, 1966, the same manned deep-sea submersible "Alvin" participated in the search for one of the three thermonuclear aerial bombs, which were accidentally dropped by the American strategic bomber B-52 to the Mediterranean. 80 minutes after the dive, at a depth of 777 m, the crew of the apparatus noticed a parachute, and then the bomb itself.

see also

• Underwater aircraft (hydrofoil mesoscaphe)

Footnotes and sources

Write a review on the article "Bathyscaphe"

Literature

• Sakharov B. D. Accidents of foreign deep-sea vehicles. - Marine collection No. 6. - 1972. - 74 p.
• Yurnev A.P. Uninhabited underwater vehicles. - M .: Military Publishing House, 1975.
• Voitov D.V. Underwater habitable vehicles. - M .: AST; Astrel, 2002. - 304, p. - ISBN 5-17-005960-4; ISBN 5-271-03683-9.(in trans.)

An excerpt characterizing the Bathyscaphe

But then, seeing her father and especially little Koko, she weakened in her intention, wept quietly and felt that she was a sinner: she loved her father and nephew more than God.

Biblical tradition says that the absence of labor - idleness was the condition of the bliss of the first man before his fall. The love of idleness has remained the same in fallen man, but the curse still weighs on man, and not only because we must earn our bread by the sweat of our brow, but because, due to our moral qualities, we cannot be idle and calm. A secret voice says that we must be guilty of being idle. If a person could find a state in which, being idle, he would feel useful and fulfilling his duty, he would find one side of primeval bliss. And such a state of obligatory and impeccable idleness is used by a whole estate - the military estate. This obligatory and impeccable idleness has been and will be the main attraction of military service.
Nikolai Rostov fully experienced this bliss, after 1807 continuing to serve in the Pavlograd regiment, in which he already commanded a squadron taken from Denisov.
Rostov became a hardened, kind fellow, whom Moscow acquaintances would have found somewhat mauvais genre [bad taste], but who was loved and respected by his comrades, subordinates and superiors, and who was satisfied with his life. Recently, in 1809, in letters from home, he more often found his mother's complaints that things were getting worse and worse, and that it was time for him to come home, please and reassure old parents.
Reading these letters, Nikolai was afraid that they wanted to take him out of the environment in which, having protected himself from all worldly confusion, he lived so quietly and calmly. He felt that sooner or later he would have to enter that whirlpool of life again with frustrations and corrections of affairs, with accounting for managers, quarrels, intrigues, with connections, with society, with Sonya's love and promise to her. It was all terribly difficult, confusing, and he answered his mother's letters with cold classic letters that began: Ma chere maman [My dear mother] and ended: votre obeissant fils, [Your obedient son,] silent about when he intended to arrive . In 1810, he received letters from his relatives, in which they informed him of Natasha's engagement to Bolkonsky and that the wedding would be in a year, because the old prince did not agree. This letter upset, offended Nikolai. Firstly, he was sorry to lose Natasha from home, whom he loved more than anyone else in the family; secondly, from his hussar point of view, he regretted that he was not there, because he would have shown this Bolkonsky that it was not at all such a great honor to be related to him and that if he loved Natasha, he could do without crazy father's permission. For a minute he hesitated whether to ask for leave to see Natasha as a bride, but then maneuvers came up, considerations came about Sonya, about the confusion, and Nikolai again put it off. But in the spring of the same year, he received a letter from his mother, who wrote secretly from the count, and this letter convinced him to go. She wrote that if Nikolai did not come and take up business, then the whole estate would go under the hammer and everyone would go around the world. The count is so weak, he trusts Mitenka so much, and he is so kind, and everyone deceives him so much that everything goes from bad to worse. “For God's sake, I beg you, come now if you don't want to make me and your whole family unhappy,” the countess wrote.
This letter had an effect on Nicholas. He had that common sense of mediocrity that showed him what was due.
Now I had to go, if not retired, then on vacation. Why it was necessary to go, he did not know; but having slept after dinner, he ordered to saddle gray Mars, a stallion that had not been ridden for a long time and terribly angry, and returning home on a lathered stallion, he announced to Lavrushka (Denisov’s lackey remained at Rostov) and his comrades who had come in the evening that he was taking a vacation and going home. No matter how hard and strange it was for him to think that he would leave and not find out from the headquarters (which he was especially interested in) whether he would be promoted to captain, or receive Anna for his last maneuvers; strange as it was to think that he would leave without selling to Count Golukhovskiy the three savras, whom the Polish count traded with him, and whom Rostov bet that he would sell for 2 thousand, no matter how incomprehensibly it seemed that without him there would be that ball , which the hussars were supposed to give to Panna Pshazdetskaya in defiance of the uhlans, who gave a ball to their Panna Borzhozovskaya - he knew that he had to go from this clear, good peace somewhere where everything was nonsense and confusion.
Vacation came a week later. Hussars, comrades not only in the regiment, but also in the brigade, gave dinner to Rostov, which cost 15 rubles per head. subscriptions - played two pieces of music, sang two choirs of songbooks; Rostov danced the trepak with Major Basov; drunken officers rocked, hugged and dropped Rostov; the soldiers of the third squadron rocked it again and shouted hurray! Then Rostov was put on a sleigh and escorted to the first station.
Half the way, as it always happens, from Kremenchug to Kyiv, all Rostov's thoughts were still back - in the squadron; but having crossed over halfway, he had already begun to forget the trio of Savras, his sergeant-major Dozhoyveika, and he began to restlessly ask himself what and how he would find in Otradnoye. The closer he drove, the stronger, much stronger (as if the moral feeling was subject to the same law of the speed of falling bodies in the squares of distances), he thought about his house; at the last station before Otradnoye, he gave the coachman three rubles for vodka, and, like a boy, panting, he ran onto the porch of the house.
After the enthusiasm of the meeting, and after that strange feeling of dissatisfaction in comparison with what you expect - everything is the same, to which I was in such a hurry! - Nikolai began to get used to his old world at home. Father and mother were the same, they just aged a little. What was new in them was some kind of anxiety and sometimes disagreement, which had not happened before and which, as Nikolai soon learned, came from a bad state of affairs. Sonya was already in her twenties. She had already stopped getting prettier, did not promise anything more than what was in her; but that was enough. She has been breathing happiness and love since Nikolai arrived, and the true, unshakable love of this girl joyfully acted on him. Petya and Natasha surprised Nikolai the most. Petya was already a big, thirteen-year-old, handsome, merrily and cleverly playful boy, whose voice was already breaking. Nikolai was surprised at Natasha for a long time, and laughed, looking at her.
“Not at all,” he said.
- Well, have you lost your mind?
- On the contrary, but the importance is somehow. Princess! he told her in a whisper.
“Yes, yes, yes,” Natasha said happily.
Natasha told him her affair with Prince Andrei, his arrival in Otradnoye, and showed him his last letter.
- What are you happy about? Natasha asked. - I'm so calm now, happy.
“I am very glad,” Nikolai replied. - He's a great person. What are you so in love with?
- How can I tell you, - Natasha answered, - I was in love with Boris, with a teacher, with Denisov, but this is not at all the same. I am calm, firm. I know that there are no people better than him, and I feel so calm, good now. Not at all like before...
Nikolai expressed his displeasure to Natasha that the wedding had been postponed for a year; but Natasha attacked her brother with bitterness, proving to him that it could not be otherwise, that it would be bad to enter the family against the will of her father, that she herself wanted it.
“You don’t understand at all,” she said. Nicholas fell silent and agreed with her.
Her brother was often surprised looking at her. It was not at all like she was a bride in love separated from her fiancé. She was even, calm, cheerful, completely as before. This surprised Nikolai and even made him look incredulously at Bolkonsky's matchmaking. He did not believe that her fate had already been decided, especially since he had not seen Prince Andrei with her. It always seemed to him that something was not right in this proposed marriage.
"Why the delay? Why didn't you get engaged?" he thought. Having talked once with his mother about his sister, he, to his surprise and partly to his pleasure, found that his mother, in the depths of her soul, sometimes looked with distrust at this marriage.
“Here he writes,” she said, showing her son a letter from Prince Andrei with that hidden feeling of hostility that a mother always has against her daughter’s future marital happiness, “writes that she will not arrive before December. What kind of business could hold him back? That's right, a disease! Health is very weak. Don't tell Natasha. Don't look at how cheerful she is: this is the last girl's time, and I know what happens to her every time we receive his letters. But God willing, everything will be fine, - she concluded every time: - he is an excellent person.

The first time of his arrival, Nikolai was serious and even boring. He was tormented by the imminent need to intervene in these stupid household affairs for which his mother had called him. In order to get this burden off his shoulders as soon as possible, on the third day of his arrival, he angrily, without answering the question where he was going, went with frowning eyebrows to Mitenka's wing and demanded from him the accounts of everything. What these accounts of everything were, Nikolai knew even less than Mitenka, who had come in fear and bewilderment. The conversation and accounting of Mitenka did not last long. The headman, the elector and the zemstvo, who were waiting in the ante-room of the wing, heard with fear and pleasure at first how the young count’s voice, which seemed to rise ever higher, hummed and crackled, heard abusive and terrible words, pouring out one after another.
- Rogue! Ungrateful creature! ... I will chop up a dog ... not with my father ... robbed ... - etc.
Then, with no less pleasure and fear, these people saw how the young count, all red, with bloodshot eyes, pulled Mitenka by the collar, with great dexterity, with great dexterity, between his words, pushed him in the behind and shouted: “Get out! so that your spirit, bastard, is not here!
Mitenka flew headlong down the six steps and ran into the flower bed. (This flowerbed was a well-known area for saving criminals in Otradnoye. Mitenka himself, when he arrived drunk from the city, hid in this flowerbed, and many residents of Otradnoye, hiding from Mitenka, knew the saving power of this flowerbed.)
Mitenka's wife and sisters-in-law, with frightened faces, leaned out into the hallway from the door of the room, where a clean samovar was boiling and the clerk's high bed stood under a quilted blanket sewn from short pieces.
The young count, panting, paying no attention to them, walked past them with resolute steps and went into the house.
The countess, who immediately learned through the girls about what had happened in the wing, on the one hand, calmed down in the sense that now their condition should get better, on the other hand, she was worried about how her son would endure this. She tiptoed to his door several times, listening to him smoke pipe after pipe.
The next day the old count called his son aside and said to him with a timid smile:
- Do you know, you, my soul, got excited in vain! Mitenka told me everything.
"I knew, thought Nikolai, that I would never understand anything here in this stupid world."
- You were angry that he did not enter these 700 rubles. After all, he wrote them in transport, and you didn’t look at the other page.
- Daddy, he's a scoundrel and a thief, I know. And what he did, he did. And if you don't want me, I won't tell him anything.
- No, my soul (the count was also embarrassed. He felt that he was a bad manager of his wife's estate and was guilty before his children, but did not know how to fix it) - No, I ask you to take care of business, I'm old, I ...
- No, papa, you will forgive me if I did something unpleasant for you; I can do less than you.
“To hell with them, with these men and money, and transports along the page,” he thought. Even from a corner of six kush, I once understood, but from the page of transport - I don’t understand anything, ”he said to himself, and since then he has no longer intervened in business. Only once did the countess call her son to her, inform him that she had Anna Mikhailovna's bill for two thousand and asked Nikolai what he was thinking of doing with him.
“But how,” Nikolai answered. – You told me that it depends on me; I do not love Anna Mikhailovna and I do not love Boris, but they were friendly with us and poor. So that's how! - and he tore the bill, and with this act, with tears of joy, he made the old countess sob. After that, the young Rostov, no longer intervening in any business, with passionate enthusiasm, took up the still new for him cases of dog hunting, which had been started on a large scale by the old count.

There were already winters, morning frosts shackled the ground moistened with autumn rains, already the greenery had become narrower and brightly green separated from the stripes of turning brown, knocked out by cattle, winter and light yellow spring stubble with red stripes of buckwheat. The peaks and forests, which at the end of August were still green islands between the black fields of winter and stubble, became golden and bright red islands in the midst of bright green winters. The hare was already halfway lost (molted), the fox broods began to disperse, and the young wolves were larger than the dog. It was the best hunting time. The dogs of the hot, young hunter Rostov not only entered the hunting body, but also knocked out so that in general council It was decided that the hunters should give the dogs a rest for three days, and on September 16 they would set off, starting from the oak forest, where there was an untouched wolf brood.
This was the state of affairs on the 14th of September.
All that day the hunt was at home; it was frosty and poignant, but in the evening it began to rejuvenate and warmed up. On September 15, when young Rostov looked out the window in the morning in a dressing gown, he saw such a morning, better than which nothing could be better for hunting: as if the sky was melting and descending to the ground without wind. The only movement that was in the air was the quiet movement from top to bottom of descending microscopic drops of mist or mist. Transparent drops hung from the bare branches of the garden and fell on the newly fallen leaves. The ground in the garden, like poppies, turned glossy wet black, and at a short distance merged with the dull and damp cover of fog. Nikolay went out onto the porch, wet with dirt, which smelled of withering forest and dogs. The black-spotted, broad-assed bitch Milka, with big black bulging eyes, saw her master, got up, stretched back and lay down like a brown, then unexpectedly jumped up and licked him right on the nose and mustache. Another greyhound dog, seeing the owner from the colored path, arching its back, quickly rushed to the porch and raising the rule (tail), began to rub against Nikolai's legs.
- Oh goy! - that inimitable hunting echo was heard at that time, which combines both the deepest bass and the thinnest tenor; and from around the corner came Danilo, a hunter and hunter, trimmed in Ukrainian brackets, a gray-haired, wrinkled hunter with a bent rapnik in his hand and with that expression of independence and contempt for everything in the world that only hunters have. He took off his Circassian hat in front of the master, and looked at him contemptuously. This contempt was not offensive to the master: Nikolai knew that this Danilo, who despised everything and stood above all else, was still his man and hunter.
- Danila! - said Nikolai, timidly feeling that at the sight of this hunting weather, these dogs and the hunter, he was already seized by that irresistible hunting feeling in which a person forgets all previous intentions, like a man in love in the presence of his mistress.
“What do you order, your excellency?” asked the protodeacon's bass voice, hoarse with chirping, and two shiny black eyes looked from under their brows at the silent gentleman. "What, or can't you stand it?" as if those two eyes said.
- Nice day, huh? And the chase, and the jump, huh? - Nikolai said, scratching Milka behind the ears.
Danilo did not answer and winked his eyes.
- He sent Uvarka to listen at dawn, - his bass said after a moment of silence, - he said, he transferred it to the Otradnensky order, they howled there. (The translation meant that the she-wolf, whom they both knew about, went with the children to the Otradnensky forest, which was two miles from the house and which was a small detached place.)
- Do you have to go? Nikolai said. - Come to me with Ovarka.
- As you command!
- So wait a minute to feed.
- I'm listening.
Five minutes later, Danilo and Uvarka were standing in Nikolai's large office. Despite the fact that Danilo was not large in stature, seeing him in the room gave the impression like that like when you see a horse or a bear on the floor between the furniture and the conditions of human life. Danilo himself felt this and, as usual, stood at the very door, trying to speak more quietly, not to move, so as not to somehow break the master's chambers, and trying to express everything as soon as possible and go out into the open, from under the ceiling to the sky.
Having finished the questions and forced out Danila’s consciousness that the dogs were okay (Danila himself wanted to go), Nikolai ordered to saddle. But as soon as Danila wanted to go out, Natasha entered the room with quick steps, not yet combed and not dressed, in a large, nanny's scarf. Petya ran in with her.
- You are going? - said Natasha, - I knew it! Sonya said that you would not go. I knew that today was such a day that it was impossible not to go.
“Let’s go,” Nikolai answered reluctantly, who today, since he intended to undertake a serious hunt, did not want to take Natasha and Petya. - We are going, but only for the wolves: you will be bored.
“You know that this is my greatest pleasure,” said Natasha.
- This is bad - he rides himself, ordered to saddle, but he didn’t say anything to us.
- All obstacles to the Russians are in vain, let's go! Petya shouted.
“But you shouldn’t be: mother said you shouldn’t,” said Nikolai, turning to Natasha.
“No, I will go, I will certainly go,” Natasha said decisively. - Danila, tell us to saddle, and Mikhail to ride out with my pack, - she turned to the huntsman.
And so it seemed indecent and hard for Danila to be in the room, but it seemed impossible for him to have any business with the young lady. He lowered his eyes and hurried out, as if it did not concern him, trying somehow not to inadvertently harm the young lady.

The old count, who always kept a huge hunt, but now transferred all the hunting to the jurisdiction of his son, on this day, September 15, having cheered up, was about to leave himself too.
An hour later, all hunting was at the porch. Nikolai, with a stern and serious look, showing that there was no time now to deal with trifles, walked past Natasha and Petya, who were telling him something. He inspected all parts of the hunt, sent a flock and hunters ahead to the race, sat on his red bottom and, whistling the dogs of his pack, set off through the threshing floor into the field leading to the Otradnensky order. The horse of the old count, a playful merenka called Viflyanka, was led by the count's stirrup; he himself had to go straight in a droshky to the manhole left for him.
All the hounds were bred 54 dogs, under which 6 people left as dodzhachim and vyzhlyatnikov. In addition to the gentlemen, there were 8 greyhounds, followed by more than 40 greyhounds, so about 130 dogs and 20 horse hunters went into the field with the master's packs.
Each dog knew the owner and nickname. Each hunter knew his business, place and purpose. As soon as they went beyond the fence, everyone, without noise or conversation, evenly and calmly stretched out along the road and the field leading to the Otradnensky forest.
As if horses were walking on a furry carpet across the field, occasionally splashing through the puddles when they crossed the roads. The misty sky continued to descend imperceptibly and evenly to the earth; the air was quiet, warm, soundless. From time to time one could hear the whistling of a hunter, then the snoring of a horse, then a blow with a rapnik or the squeal of a dog that was not walking in its place.
Having driven a mile away, five more riders with dogs appeared out of the fog towards the Rostov hunt. In front rode a fresh, handsome old man with a large gray mustache.
“Hello, uncle,” Nikolai said when the old man drove up to him.
- A clean march! ... I knew it, - my uncle spoke (he was a distant relative, a poor neighbor of the Rostovs), - I knew that you couldn’t stand it, and it’s good that you were going. Pure business march! (That was my uncle's favorite saying.) - Take your order now, otherwise my Girchik reported that the Ilagins were willingly standing in Korniki; you have them - a clean march! - under the nose they will take a brood.
- I'm going there. What, bring down the flocks? - Nikolai asked, - dump ...
The hounds were united in one flock, and uncle and Nikolai rode side by side. Natasha, wrapped in kerchiefs, from under which a lively face with shining eyes could be seen, galloped up to them, accompanied by a hunter and a bereytor, who was assigned by the nanny with her, who did not lag behind her, Petya and Mikhaila. Petya laughed at something and beat and pulled his horse. Natasha deftly and confidently sat on her black Arab and with a sure hand, without effort, laid siege to him.
Uncle looked disapprovingly at Petya and Natasha. He did not like to combine pampering with the serious business of hunting.
- Hello, uncle, and we're going! Petya shouted.
“Hello, hello, but don’t pass the dogs,” my uncle said sternly.
- Nikolenka, what a lovely dog, Trunila! he recognized me,” Natasha said about her beloved hound dog.
“Trunila, first of all, is not a dog, but a survivor,” thought Nikolai and looked sternly at his sister, trying to make her feel the distance that should have separated them at that moment. Natasha understood this.
“You, uncle, don’t think that we interfere with anyone,” said Natasha. We stand where we are and don't move.
“And a good thing, countess,” said my uncle. “Just don’t fall off the horse,” he added, “otherwise it’s a pure march!” - nothing to hold on to.
The island of Otradnensky order could be seen a hundred fathoms away, and those arriving approached it. Rostov, finally deciding with his uncle where to throw the hounds from and showing Natasha a place where she should stand and where nothing could run, headed for the race over the ravine.
“Well, nephew, you’re becoming a seasoned one,” said the uncle: don’t iron (pickle).
- As it is necessary, answered Rostov. - Punish, fuit! he shouted, answering this call to the words of his uncle. Karay was an old and ugly, burly male, known for taking a seasoned wolf alone. Everyone got into place.
The old count, knowing his son's hunting fervor, hurried not to be late, and before the arrivals had time to drive up to the place, Ilya Andreevich, cheerful, ruddy, with trembling cheeks, on his crows, rolled through the greenery to the manhole left to him and, straightening his fur coat and putting on hunting shells, climbed onto his smooth, well-fed, meek and kind, gray-haired like him, Bethlyanka. The horses with the droshky were sent away. Count Ilya Andreevich, although not a hunter by heart, but who knew the laws of hunting firmly, rode into the edge of the bushes from which he was standing, took apart the reins, straightened himself in the saddle and, feeling ready, looked around smiling.
Beside him stood his valet, an old but heavy rider, Semyon Chekmar. Chekmar kept in a pack of three dashing, but also fat, like the owner and the horse - wolfhounds. Two dogs, smart, old, lay down without a pack. About a hundred paces away in the edge of the forest stood the count's other aspirant, Mitka, a desperate rider and a passionate hunter. The count, according to an old habit, drank a silver glass of hunting casserole before the hunt, ate and washed down with a half bottle of his favorite Bordeaux.

When testing models of r / y submarines in natural waters, there is a possibility of their loss due to low water transparency. Therefore, it became necessary to build a bathyscaphe equipped with a video camera.

I lost twice submarines on a career. Fortunately, both times with the help of a trawl I found them. For a more comfortable search for sunken boats, it was decided to build a bathyscaphe equipped with a video camera.
The body of the bathyscaphe is made of brass sheet 0.5 mm thick. Steel rings with holes around the perimeter are installed at both ends in the amount of 12 pieces. M4 threads are cut in the holes for fastening covers made of 5 mm thick plexiglass. The lids are fastened with bolts. A video camera with backlight diodes is installed on the side of the front cover. Connectors for powering running electric motors, a hose outlet for the tank, an antenna and video camera cable, as well as navigation lights and an electromagnet for buoy feedback are installed in the back cover. Electric motors are installed in sealed capsules with deadwoods. Two running electric motors are installed on the sides of the bathyscaphe. They also serve for turns. Two more electric motors are installed vertically - they are designed for maneuvering in depth within small limits. The immersion system is a compressor from an odometer, an air valve and a plastic bag from ketchup with a capacity of 05 liters installed outside of a strong case. The system works in this way: initially, the bathyscaphe is loaded with ballast until it is completely submerged with an empty package. To ascend, the compressor is turned on, which fills the bag with air from the hull, the volume of the bathyscaphe increases and it floats. When immersed, a valve is opened, which is located inside the case and the air from the bag is bled into the case. The bathyscaphe is immersed. The bathyscaphe is controlled by 4 channels by servos. There is no speed controller. Since the mass of the bathyscaphe is large enough, the tee and energy are decent. Therefore, the speed can be adjusted by briefly manipulating the stick. You don't feel jerks of the bathyscaphe's speed. All components are installed on a plywood panel, which is attached to the back cover. Bathyscaphe is equipped with a buoy that pops up in case of loss of the transmitter signal. There is a battery discharge control. In total, 3 groups of batteries are used. The first is 12 volts to power the running and vertical motors, the second is 6 volts to power the receiver, servos and compressor, the third is 6 volts to power the video camera. The camcorder is connected to the TV set with a 30 meter cable. The cable is very thin, silver-plated, wound on a reel. When checking the quality, it turned out that the signal is good, there are no complaints. Unfortunately, the tests of the bathyscaphe took place without connecting the cable, since there is nothing to watch in the pool. On top of the bathyscaphe, a superstructure imitating a diving boat is attached. It was made for fun. A boat floats and suddenly it sinks, then it swims under water and floats up. This is interesting, especially for children.

The section is very easy to use. In the proposed field, just enter the desired word, and we will give you a list of its meanings. I would like to note that our site provides data from various sources - encyclopedic, explanatory, word-building dictionaries. Here you can also get acquainted with examples of the use of the word you entered.

The meaning of the word bathyscaphe

bathyscaphe in the crossword dictionary

Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova.

bathyscaphe

A, m. Self-propelled apparatus for deep-sea research.

adj. bathyscaphe, th, th.

New explanatory and derivational dictionary of the Russian language, T. F. Efremova.

bathyscaphe

m. Self-propelled apparatus for deep-sea research.

Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998

bathyscaphe

Bathyscaphe (from Greek bathys - deep and skaphos - ship) deep-sea self-propelled apparatus for oceanographic, etc. research. It consists of a steel ball-gondola (crew of 1-3 people, instruments) and a float-body filled with a filler (usually gasoline) that is lighter than water. Buoyancy is controlled by dropping ballast and releasing gasoline. It is propelled by propellers driven by electric motors. The first bathyscaphe was built by the Swiss physicist O. Piccard in 1948. In 1960, the Trieste bathyscaphe reached the bottom of the Mariana Trench in the Pacific ca. (approx. 11 t. m).

Bathyscaphe

(from the Greek bathýs ≈ deep and skáphos ≈ ship), a deep-sea autonomous (self-propelled) apparatus for oceanographic and other research. B. consists of a light body - a float filled with a filler lighter than water (gasoline), and a steel ball - a gondola. The float contains tanks with ballast and rechargeable batteries. The gondola accommodates the B. crew, control equipment, an air regeneration system, a radio station for communications on the surface, an ultrasonic telephone, a television camera, and research instruments. Electric motors with propellers and lamps are installed outside. Modern submarines are equipped with devices for taking soil samples, photographic equipment, and remote-controlled manipulators for conducting underwater work. B.'s buoyancy is regulated by dropping solid ballast (usually steel shot) and releasing gasoline from a shunting tank.

The first B. (FNRS-2) was built and tested by the Swiss scientist O . Piccard in 1948. In 1953, Piccard and his son Jacques descended to B. Trieste to a depth of 3160 m. D. Walsh on the modernized B. "Trieste" reached the bottom of the Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean. so far remains the only means of human exploration of the ultimate depths of the ocean.

Lit .: Guo J., Vilm P., At a depth of 4000 m, trans. from English, L., 1960; Piccard J., Dietz R., Depth ≈ seven miles, trans. from English, M., 1963; Diomidov M. N., Dmitriev A. N., Underwater vehicles, L., 1966.

.═B. S. Yastrebov.

Wikipedia

Bathyscaphe

Bathyscaphe (Bathyscaphe) (from - deep and - ship) - an autonomous underwater vehicle for oceanographic and other research at great depths. The main difference between the bathyscaphe and the "classic" submarines is that the bathyscaphe has a light hull, which is a float filled with gasoline or other slightly compressible substance lighter than water to create positive buoyancy, carrying a strong hull underneath, usually made in the form of a hollow sphere - gondolas(an analogue of a bathysphere), in which equipment, control panels and crew are located under conditions of normal atmospheric pressure. The bathyscaphe moves with the help of propellers driven by electric motors.

Examples of the use of the word bathyscaphe in the literature.

The jungle camp is assembled, the collections are loaded into the mobile, the tents are rolled up and hidden in the biostation house, bathyscaphe Mashenka Belaya is packed in a backpack, Javad carefully holds a collection of butterflies on his knees.

Nose bathyscaphe hung over the cockpit, and the observation chamber was no more than six feet from the broken glass and practically at the same level.

A free-hanging guidedrop touched the bottom, but this did not compensate for the negative buoyancy bathyscaphe, as it was bound to happen, and the base of the observation chamber flopped heavily into the black mud.

He couldn't predict where the octopuses were heading, and bathyscaphe clearly inferior to live torpedoes both in speed and, especially, in maneuverability.

Admiral Perrin, - the correspondent began, - our viewers are interested to know why, for testing a new bathyscaphe selected ill-fated Italian liner?

Proceeding from the need to justify the expectations of his admirers and trustees, Professor Picard expressed a desire to take a direct part in the first, control dive bathyscaphe.

Professor Picard, a prisoner of the sea, turned on the lanterns to check bathyscaphe, and the sea lit up from below with a bright radiance.

He pointed to a part on the table, a simple solenoid switch that I had brought from bathyscaphe.

Whether the octopus left him when Lyudmila Nikolaevna and Valery moved to bathyscaphe, or then managed to turn on the lock chamber.

I will hang around on the ship of the Security Administration and from morning to night debug deep-sea bathyscaphe.

According to information we received today, a Japanese firm bought from navy France deep sea bathyscaphe.

Bathyscaphe drowned, cameras and records are dead, there are huge predators in the lake, some savage is fishing, but actually nothing special.

Then they open the shutters on the bunkers with ballast, the shot spills out, and bathyscaphe pop-up-at.

It was not difficult to figure it out: he would wake up and find that the restless satellite had disappeared, scold him and go in search of the ocean, then lower him into the crater bathyscaphe.

Bathyscaphe, in which they dived, took only the two of them on board, although there was still free space in it, and in the waiting room Daniel noticed several more people waiting for the transport.

If you have ever watched the famous films of the Cousteau team about undersea world, then you could not help but remember the amazing, similar to spaceships underwater vehicles - bathyscaphes. So what is interesting about the bathyscaphe, what can be explored with it? With the help of these ships, a person can dive into the depths of the ocean for scientific observations and knowledge of the mysterious depths of the oceans.

Name etymology

The bathyscaphe owes its name to Auguste Piccard, the inventor who invented this apparatus. The word is derived from a pair of Greek words that mean "vessel" and "deep". In 2018, the "deep-sea vessel" will celebrate its 80th anniversary.

The invention of the bathyscaphe

Piccard invented the deep submersible shortly after the end of World War II, in 1948. The predecessors of bathyscaphes were bathyspheres - deep-sea vehicles in the form of a ball. The first such vessel was invented in America in the 30s of the twentieth century and skillfully dived to depths of up to 1000 meters.

The difference between a bathyscaphe and a bathysphere is that the former are able to move independently in the water column. Although the speed of movement is low and amounts to 1-3 knots, but this is enough to fulfill the scientific and technical tasks assigned to the apparatus.

Before the war, the Swiss worked on a stratospheric balloon, and he got the idea to make an underwater vessel similar in principle to such devices. aircraft like an airship and an aerostat. Only in a bathyscaphe, instead of a balloon balloon, which is filled with gas, the balloon must be filled with some substance having a density less than that of water. Thus, the principle of operation of the bathyscaphe resembles a float.

Bathyscaphe device

How does a bathyscaphe work, what is a gondola and a float? Design various models bathyscaphe is similar to each other and includes two parts:

• light body, or as it is also called - a float;
• strong body, or the so-called gondola.

The main purpose of the float is to keep the bathyscaphe at the required depth. To do this, several compartments are equipped in a light body, filled with a substance that has a density lower than that of salt water. The first bathyscaphes were filled with gasoline, while modern ones use other fillers - various composite materials.

scientific equipment, various systems control and support, the crew of the bathyscaphe are placed inside a strong hull. Spherical nacelles were originally made of steel.

Modern submarines have a robust hull made of titanium, aluminum alloys or composite materials. They are not subject to corrosion and meet the requirements for strength.

What is the risk of diving on a bathyscaphe?

The main problem of all deep-sea vehicles and submarines is the huge water pressure, which increases with depth. The hull squeezes harder and harder, and the bathyscaphe locator evenly sinks down.

An insufficiently strong hull of an underwater vessel can be deformed or destroyed, which will lead to the sinking of the vessel and the loss of expensive research equipment and loss of life. Poorly designed batteries, large amounts of complex electronics, chemicals and materials from hull compression at great depths increase the likelihood of fire and accidents.

In addition, limited opportunities in the review of the space around the apparatus carry the threat of a collision of the bathyscaphe with rocks or other obstacles. The locator of a bathyscaphe, uniformly plunging vertically into the water column, cannot always detect them due to the peculiarities of the propagation of acoustic waves in the aquatic environment.

So the immersion of this ship is a complex and responsible operation that requires careful and advance preparation.

The first bathyscaphes

The first bathyscaphe, invented by O. Piccard, was called "FNRS-2", served in the French Navy for 5 years and was put out of action in 1953. As a filler in this apparatus, gasoline was used, which has a density 1.5 times lower than that of water.

The cabin of the bathyscaphe, as in aeronautics, called the gondola, had a spherical shape and a wall thickness of 90 mm. Two people could comfortably fit in it.

The main drawback of the FNRS-2 was the location of the hatch for entering the bathyscaphe. He was in the underwater part of the apparatus. It was possible to enter and leave the bathyscaphe gondola only if the device was on the carrier vessel.

The second model of the bathyscaphe was the FNRS-3. This apparatus began to be used for deep-sea research from 1953 until the 70s of the twentieth century. This ship has become a museum. Currently, FNRS-3 is located in France, in Toulon.

According to engineering calculations, the device, like its predecessor, could dive to depths of up to 4 kilometers. The ship had the same gondola design as the FNTS-2, but the rest of the model was significantly improved.

Specifications

Bathyscaphes of different generations can be compared using their technical characteristics.

			"Trieste" (modernized)	"Archimedes"	"Jiaolong"	Deepsea Challenger
Year of commencement of operation
				Italy, Germany, then USA		Private company from Australia
Gondola diameter (external/internal), mm.
Gondola wall thickness, mm
Dry weight, t
Float fluid used						syntactic foam
The volume of liquid in the float, l
Crew, people
Immersion depth, m

Bathyscaphe "Trieste"

What is this bathyscaphe famous for, what kind of ship is this can be understood in more detail further? At the beginning of 1960, Trieste made the first dive to the bottom of the Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean. This operation, codenamed "Project Nekton", was carried out by the US Navy in cooperation with the son of the inventor of the bathyscaphe, Jacques Picard.

Despite the stormy weather on January 26, the first dive to 10,900 meters in the history of mankind took place. The main discovery made by researchers that day is that there is life at the bottom of the Mariana Trench.

Bathyscaphe Deepsea Challenger

Named after a deep-sea trench, this submersible is famous for what James Cameron did on it in March 2012. The famous filmmaker reached the bottom of the Challenger Deep, another name for the Mariana Trench, on March 26.

It was the fourth descent into the deepest point of the ocean in the history of mankind, notable for being the longest in time and made by one person. The locator of the bathyscaphe, evenly plunging vertically into the abyss, examined the bottom, and the director gained inspiration to create a continuation of the fantastic film Avatar.

bathyscaphe locator

A hydroacoustic station is a bathyscaphe locator that evenly surveys the water column and detects rocks, bottom and other obstacles. This is perhaps the only means that allows you to "see", or rather "hear" under water. The locator of the bathyscaphe, which is evenly plunging to a depth, is, in fact, the ears of the apparatus.

Accidents with bathyscaphes

In August 2005, the bathyscaphe of the Navy sank off the coast of Kamchatka. Russian Federation. A deep-sea submersible with a crew of seven became entangled in fishing nets at a depth of about 200 meters.

Rescue ships arrived at the scene and tried to move the bathyscaphe to shallower depths, in order to then carry out a rescue operation with the help of divers. After unsuccessful attempts, Russian sailors turned to their British colleagues.

A joint Russian-British rescue operation using a deep-sea robot was successful, the entire crew was rescued, and the bathyscaphe was raised to the surface.